BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVT OF NCT, DELHI

SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
OF TRANSFORMER
IN
BSES RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED
In Partial Fulfillment of Three Year Diploma In

Electrical Engineering

Submitted By:-

AKASH KUMAR 1704091004

HARSH 1704091026

RAKESH KUMAR 1704091051

RAMESH KR. GUPTA 1704091052

SHIVAM KUMAR SAH 1704091059

SOURAV KUMAR 1704091060

NOVEMBER 2019

GURU NANAK DEV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SECTOR- 15, ROHINI

DELHI- 110089

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of
guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely
privileged to have got this all along the completion of my project.
All that I have done is only due to such supervision and
assistance and I would not forget to thank them.

. I owe my deep gratitude to our project guide Mr. Mridul Rawat,

who took keen interest on our project work and guided us all
along, till the completion of our project work by providing all the
necessary information for developing a good system.

I heartily thank our internal project guide, Dr. Ritu Grover, HOD,
Electrical Engg. For her guidance and suggestions during this
project work.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant

encouragement, support and guidance from all Teaching staffs of
Electrical Engineering which helped us in successfully completing
our project work. Also, I would like to extend our sincere esteems
to all staff in laboratory for their timely support.

From:-

Akash Kumar

Harsh

Rakesh Kumar

Ramesh Kumar Gupta

Sourav Kumar

Shivam Kumar Sah

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CONTENTS

 Introduction to BSES
 Substation
 Circuit Breaker
 Surge Arrestors
 Earth Switching
 Isolators
 Capacitor Bank
 Fuse
 Relays
 AB Wire
 Transformers
 Maintenance of Transformer
 Preventive Maintenance
 Conclusion
 References

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BSES: Brief Introduction
Following the privatization of Delhi’s power sector and unbundling of
the Delhi Vidyut Board in July 2002, the business of power
distribution was transferred to BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL)
and BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL). These two of the three
successor entities distribute electricity to 22.6 lakh customers in two
thirds of Delhi. The Company acquired assets, liabilities, proceedings
and personnel of the Delhi Vidyut Board as per the terms and
conditions contained in the Transfer Scheme

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL)

BYPL distributes power to an area spread over 200 sq kms with a
population density of 4230 per sq km. Its 10.4lakh customers are spread
over 14 districts across Central and East areas including Chandni

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Chowk, Daryaganj, Paharganj, Shankar Road, Patel Nagar, G T Road,
Karkardooma, Krishna Nagar, Laxmi Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Yamuna
Vihar, Nand Nagri and Karawal Nagar.

History / Origin of BSES Delhi

The first diesel Power Station was established in Delhi in the year
1905 when a private English Company by name M/s. John
Fleming was given permission to generate electricity under the
provisions of the Indian Electricity Act 1903. It was given the
responsibility both of generation and distribution of power in a
limited manner. That Company after obtaining license under the
provisions of Electricity Act
1903 had set up a small 2 MW Diesel set at Lahori Gate in Old Delhi.
Later on, this very Company was converted as Delhi Electricity Supply
and Traction Company.
In the Year 1911, the power generation was augmented by Steam
Generation.
In the year 1932, the management of Central Power House was handed
over to New
Delhi Municipal Committee (NDMC).
In the field of power generation and distribution, a major breakthrough
was achieved in 1939 when Delhi Central Electricity Power Authority
(DCEPA) was established. This Company was responsible for the
supply of power to the areas covered by Local Bodies, namely, the
Municipal Committees of Delhi, West Delhi and South Delhi, the
Notified Area Committees of Red fort, Civil Lines, Mehrauli,
Najaf Garh, amd the District Board of Delhi. The supply of electricity

5
to the Municipal Committees of Delhi- Shahdara and the Notified Area
of Narela was done by different private agencies.
In 1947 DCEPA took over a Private Limited Company by name Delhi
electric Supply & traction Company Limited.

Formation of Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking (DESU)

After the promulgation of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act
1957, the DSEB was dissolved and the functions of DSEB were
taken over by Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking (DESU), which
came into existence in 1958. After the formation DESU, the generation
and distribution of electricity to all the areas of Delhi came under DESU.

Formation of Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB)

The Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi vide
notification No. F.11 (10)/92-LSG /PF (II) dated 24.02.1997, issued
under the Electricity (Supply) Act,
1948, constituted a separate Electricity Board, i.e. the Delhi Vidyut
Board (DVB) for the NCT of Delhi w.e.f. 24.02.1997 for the purpose of
generation and distribution of
power to the entire area of NCT of Delhi except the areas falling
within the jurisdiction of NDMC and Delhi Cantonment Board.

Unbundling of Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB)

23,000 crores, Delhi government had to come up with a fast and viable
alternative. An alternative that would not only meet peoples aspirations in
terms of its end result but also be interesting enough for investors. And
thus began a step by step process of a never-before fundamental power
reform.

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Delhi Electricity Board Regulatory Commission (DERC) was constituted
in May 1999 whose prime responsibility was to look into the entire
gamut of existing activity and search for various ways of power sector
reforms.The DERC is even today a fully functional body which has since
issued tariff orders for annual revenue requirement .

This was followed with a Tripartite Agreement which was signed by the
government of Delhi, DVB employees to ensure the cooperation of
stakeholders in this reform process. The tripartite agreement sent off
very positive vibes to the people in general as well as to the investor
community about the sincere and hassle-free objectives of power
reforms.
Next, a two stage competitive bidding process of Request for
Qualification (RFQ) and Request for Proposal (RFP) was set into
motion for privatization of the distribution companies.
The bidders were selected on the basis of reduction of total Aggregate
Technical and Commercial of losses (AT & C) a unique feature of the
power sector reforms in Delhi. The bidders were required to bid on
the basis of efficiency improvement like reduction of AT & C losses
that they achieve year wise over a period of five years.
Finally Delhi Vidhyut Board was taken over by two giants the TATAs
and The Reliance ADA group ie. Reliance Energy Ltd. The two firms
took control of 51 per cent shares in the three distribution companies.
Distribution companies (Discoms), a generation (Genco), transmission
(Transco) and a holding company.

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SUBSTATION
A station in the power transmission system at which electric power is
transformed to a conveniently used form. The station may consist of
transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other auxiliary
equipment. Its main function is to receive energy
transmitted at high voltage from the generating station, by either
step-up or step- down the voltage to a value appropriate for local
use and provide facilities for switching. Substations have some
additional functions.

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 Fig.1 Transformer in Substation

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTION:
(1)Transformer substation: In this type of substation, electrical power is
received at one voltage and it is converted to the required voltage.
(2)Industrial substation: In this type of substation, power required for big
industrial estates is received from this substation.
(3)Switching substation: In such substation, voltage is not changed but
switching operation of power line is carried out.
(4)Frequency changer substation: In this type of substation, the power
frequency is changed. For A.C Traction, frequency is converted to 25Hz
from 50Hz.

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 Fig.2 Substation View

66/11KV OR 33/11KV DISTRIBUTION

SUBSTATION:

66KV/11KV distribution substation:

One 66KV line comes to the 66KV bus bars.
From the same bus bars, outgoing line is taken which goes to the other
substation.
66KV PT is connected to the 66KV bus bar through isolator.
A 66 KV/33KV, star delta transformer is connected to the 66KV bus
bars.

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Secondary winding is connected to 33KV tubular bus bars. Circuit
breakers and isolators are connected on each side of transformer.
Substation gets 440KV supply through 33KV/440KV station
transformer connected to 33KV bus bars.
33KV feeders are taken out from 33KV bus bars through isolators and
circuit breakers.
Two transformers each of 66KV/11KV, 10MVA are connected to 66KV
strain bus bars through isolators and circuit breakers.
11KV is taken to the control room through underground cable.
Number of 11KV feeders taken out from 11KV bus bars through
isolators and circuit breakers.

TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A POWER PLANT

SUBSTATION (SWITCHYARD)

CONNECT
CONNECT & DIS-CONNECT
CONNECT, DIS-CONNECT & DETECT
DETECT & TRANSFORM
DETECT & TRANSFORM
PROTECT & SAFETY
PROTECT

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 Fig. 3 View of switchyard

Components of Substation
 Potential Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Surge Arresters
 Earth Switching
 Capacitor Bank
 Fuse

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 Relay
 AB Wire
 Transformer

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Potential transformer is used to step down the voltage of power system

to a lower level to make is feasible to be measured by small rating
voltmeter i.e. 110 – 120 V voltmeter. A typical connection diagram of a

13
potential transformer is showing figure below.

Fig. No. 4
Primary of P.T. is having large no. of turns. Primary is connected across
the line (generally between on line and earth). Hence, sometimes it is
also called the parallel transformer. Secondary of P.T. is having few
turns and connected directly to a voltmeter. As the voltmeter is having
large resistance. Hence the secondary of a P.T. operates almost in open
circuited condition. One terminal of secondary of P.T. is earthed to
maintain the secondary voltage with respect to earth. Which assures the
safety of operators.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

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Current transformer is used to step down the current of power system to
a lower level to make it feasible to be measured by small rating
Ammeter (i.e. 5A ammeter). A typical connection diagram of a current
transformer is show in figure below.

Primary of C.T. is having very few turns. Sometimes bar primary is also
used. Primary is connected in series with the power circuit. Therefore,
sometimes it also called series transformer. The secondary is having
large no. of turns. Secondary is connected directly to an ammeter. As the
ammeter is having very small resistance. Hence, the secondary of
current transformer operates almost in short circuited condition. One
terminal of secondary is earthed to avoid the large voltage on secondary
with respect to earth. Which in turns reduce the chances of insulation
breakdown and also protect the operator against high voltage. More ever
before disconnecting the ammeter, secondary is short circuited through a
switch ‘S’ as shown in figure above to avoid the high voltage build up
across the secondary.

Fig. No. 5
CIRCUIT BREAKER

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They can be classified into:-
Oil circuit breaker (OCB)
Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6)
Vacuum circuit breakers (VCB)
Air circuit breaker (ACB)

In BSES, we use SF6 Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker in which SF6 under pressure gas is used to extinguish

the arc is called SF6 circuit breaker. SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride) gas has
excellent dielectric, arc quenching, chemical and other physical
properties which have proved its superiority over other arc quenching
mediums such as oil or air. The SF6 circuit breaker is mainly divided into
three types

 Non-puffer piston circuit breaker

 Single- puffer piston circuit breaker.

 Double-puffer piston circuit breaker.

The circuit breaker which used air and oil as an insulating medium, their
arc extinguishing force builds up was relatively slow after the movement
of contact separation. In the case of high voltage circuit breakers quick
arc extinction properties are used which require less time for quick
recovery, voltage builds up. SF6 circuit breakers have good properties in
this regards compared to oil or air circuit breakers. So in high voltage up
to 760 kV, SF6 circuit breakers is used.

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 Fig. No. SF6 Circuit Breaker

SURGE ARRESTORS
Whenever lighting surge occur, the high voltage passes through electrical
equipment. which might cause damage to them. Such devices are used to
provide the necessary path to ground for such surges, yet prevent any power
current from following the surge.

The surge arrester does not absorb all of the high voltage that passes
through it. It simply diverts it to the ground or clamps it to minimize the

17
voltage that passes through it. The secret to the arresters success in
diverting lightning or high electrical surges is the MOV or the Metal
Oxide Varistor. MOV is a semiconductor that is highly sensitive to
voltage. At normal voltages, the MOV works as an insulator and does
not allow current to pass through. But at high voltages, the MOV acts as
a conductor. It works as a switch that is open when there are a standard
AC voltage and a switch that is closed when lightning or high voltage is
present

Fig. 5 Surge Arrestor

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EARTH SWITCHING
Earth Switching is the process of completing a circuit path,
thereby reducing the voltage difference between the equipment and
its surroundings. Even after isolator operation there may be some
residual charges on the bus which may harm the personnel going
for maintainence. So before commencing maintainence we have to
ground the isolated bus too to avoid any mishappenings Main function
of earth switch is to ground the isolated bus/conductor. It is
interlinked with isolator, when isolator opens the circuit, earthswitch
is closed & when isolator closes the circuit, earthswitch is opened.

Fig. Earth Switching

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ISOLATOR

It is one type of mechanical switch used to isolate a fraction of the

electrical circuit when it is required. Isolator switches are used for
opening an electrical circuit in the no-load condition. It is not proposed
to be opened while current flows through the line. Generally, these are
employed on circuit breaker both the ends thus the circuit breaker repair
can be done easily without any risk.

Fig. 6 Isolator

As already discussed the main purpose of an isolator is safety

because if a fault occurs in one section of a circuit or power supply
then electrical isolator is used as a switch to keep apart that section from
other sections of system to perform repair work. In similar scenario,

20
isolators also ensure safety of workers in regular maintenance and
service of the power system separate.

CAPICATOR BANK
A Capicator Bank is a group of several capacitors of the same
rating that are connected in series or parallel with each other to
store electrical energy . The resulting bank is then used to
counteract or correct a power factor lag or phase shift in an
alternating current (AC) power supply. They can also be used in a
direct current (DC) power supply to increase the ripple current
capacity of the power supply or to increase the overall amount of
stored energy.

Fig. 7 Capacitor Bank

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Fuse
A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive
current through it for sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit
under normal operating conditions. In electronics and electrical
engineering a fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide
overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a
metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it,
thereby interrupting the current. It is a sacrificial device; once a fuse has
operated it is an open circuit, and it must be replaced or rewired, depending
on type.
Fuses have been used as essential safety devices from the early days of
electrical engineering. Today there are thousands of different fuse designs
which have specific current and voltage ratings, breaking capacity and
response times, depending on the application. The time and current
operating characteristics of fuses are chosen to provide adequate protection
without needless interruption. Wiring regulations usually define a
maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits. Short circuits,
overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure are the prime reasons for
fuse operation.

Fig.8 Fuse
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RELAY
RELAY are used for disconnecting the circuit by manual or automatic
operation. Relay consist of a coil which is excited or energized, such that
contacts of relay are closed, which breaks the connection with connected
equipment.

Fig. 9 Relay

Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay
universally used on all oil immersed transformers having rating more
than 500 kVA. Buchholz relay is not provided in relays having rating
below 500 kVA from the point of view of economic considerations.

USE
Buchholz relay is used for the protection of transformers from the
faults occurring inside the transformer. Short circuit faults such as
inter turn faults, incipient winding faults, and core faults may occur

23
due to the impulse breakdown of the insulating oil or simply the
transformer oil. Buchholz relay will sense such faults and closes the
alarm circuit.

OPERATION
Operation of the Buchholz relay is very simple. Whenever any minor
fault occurs inside the transformer heat is produced by the fault currents.
The transformer oil gets decomposed and gas bubbles are produced.
These gas bubbles moves towards the conservator through the pipe line.
These gas bubbles get collected in the relay chamber and displaces
oil equivalent to the volume of gas collected. The displacements
of oil tilts the hinged float at the top of the chamber thereby the
mercury switch closes the contacts of the alarm circuit.
The amount of gas collected can be viewed through the window
provided on the walls of the chamber. The samples of gas are taken and
analyzed. The amount of gas indicates the severity of and its color
indicates the nature of fault occurred. In case of minor faults the float at
the bottom of the chamber remains unaffected because the gases
produced will not be sufficient to operate it.
During the occurrence of severe faults such as phase to earth faults and
faults in tap changing gear, the amount of volume of gas evolves will be
large and the float at the bottom of the chamber is tilted and the trip
circuit is closed. This trip circuit will operate the circuit breaker and
isolates the transformer.

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 Fig. 10 Operation of Buchholz Relay

AB wire
Aerial bundled cables (also aerial bundled conductors or simply
ABC) are overhead power lines using several insulated phase
conductors bundled tightly together, usually with a bare neutral
conductor. This contrasts with the traditional practice of using
uninsulated conductors separated by air gaps. This variation of overhead
power lines utilizes the same principles as bundled conductors,
except that they are closer together to the point of touching but
each conductor is surrounded by an insulating layer (except for the
neutral line).

The main objections to the traditional design are that the multiple
conductors are considered unappealing, and external forces (such as
25
high winds) can cause them to touch and short circuit. The resultant
sparks have been a cause of bushfires in drier climates. In the India
where some supplies to rural property are converted to PME/MEN
from TT Earthing system concerns have been expressed that the
lower conductor alone may be broken, (by high vehicle or falling tree for
example) but with the upper phase conductors intact. This is a
potentially dangerous fault condition. With ABC, a simultaneous
disconnection of all conductors is more likely.
In moister climates, tree growth is a significant problem for
overhead power lines. Aerial bundled cables will not arc over if
touched by tree branches. Although persistent rubbing is still a
problem, tree-trimming costs can be reduced.
Areas with large trees and branches falling on lines are a problem for
aerial bundled cables as the line degrades over time. Due to the
very large strain forces cracking and breaking insulation can lead to
short circuit failures which can then lead to ground fires due to dripping
of molten insulation.

Transformer

Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers AC electrical

power from one circuit to the other circuit at the constant frequency, but
the voltage level can be altered that means voltage can be increased or
decreased according to the requirement. A transformer is a passive
electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a
varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive
force across a second coil wound around the same core. Electrical
energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a metallic
26
connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction
discovered in 1831 described the induced voltage effect in any coil due
to changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.

Fig. 12 Transformer

Transformers are used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to

another through electromagnetic induction. They are used either to
step up or step down voltage levels.
A transformer is made of several different parts that function in
their own different ways to enhance the overall functioning of a
transformer. These include core, windings, insulating materials,
transformer oil, tap changer, conservator, breather, cooling tubes,
Buchholz Relay and explosion vent. The core, windings, insulating

27
materials and transformer oil are seen in almost every transformer,
while the other components are seen in transformers that are more than
50 KVA.

Parts of Transformer:-

Fig. 13 Parts of Transformer

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1.CORE
The core of the transformer is used to support the windings. It is made of
soft iron to reduce eddy current loss and Hysteresis loss, and provides
low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. The diameter of a
transformers core is directly proportional to copper loss and inversely
proportional to iron loss.

Fig. 14 Core Of Transformer

2. Windings
Windings consist of several copper coil turns bundled together, each
bundle connected to form a complete winding. Windings can be based
either on the input-output supply or on the voltage range. Windings
that are based on supply are classified into primary and secondary
windings, meaning the windings to which the input and output voltage is

29
applied respectively. On the other hand, windings based on voltage
range can be classified into high voltage and low voltage windings.

Fig. 15 Winding on Core

30
3. Insulating materials
Insulating materials like papers and card boards are used to isolate
primary and secondary windings from each other as well as the
transformer core. These windings are made of copper due to high
conductivity and ductility. High conductivity minimizes
the amount of copper needed and minimizes losses. Moreover, high
ductility results in easy bending of conductors into tight winding around
the core that also minimizes the amount of copper and volume of winding.

4. Conservator
The conservator is an airtight metallic cylindrical drum fitted
above the transformer that conserves the transformer oil. It is vented at
the top and is filled only half with the oil to allow expansion and
contraction during temperature variations. However the main tank
of the transformer with which the conservator is connected is
completely filled with the oil through a pipeline.

5. Breather
The breather is a cylindrical container filled with silica gel, which is
used to keep the air that enters the tank moisture-free. This is because
the insulating oil when reacts with moisture can affect the insulation and
cause internal faults, which is why it is a must to keep the air free from
moisture. In the breather, when the air passes through the silica gel, the
moisture contents are absorbed by the silica crystals.

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6. Tap changer

To balance voltage variations within the transformer, tap changers

are used. There are two types of tap changers — on load and off load.
In on load tap changer — on load and off load. In on load tap changers,
tapping can be changed without isolating transformer from the
supply, while in off load, the transformer needs to be
disconnected from the supply

Fig.17 Tap Changer

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7. Transformer OIL
The transformer oil insulate as well as cools the core and coil assembly.
The core and winding of transformer must be completely immersed in
the oil that normally contains hydrocarbon minerals oils.

8. Cooling tubes
As the name suggests, cooling tubes are used to cool the
transformer oil. The circulation of oil within the transformer may
be natural or forced. In the case of natural circulation, when the
oil temperature rises, the hot oil naturally moves to the top and
cold oil moves down, while in case of forced circulation, an eternal
pump is used.

Fig. 18 Cooling Tube

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9. Buchholz Relay
Placed over the connecting pipe that runs from the main tank to
conservator tank the Buchholz Relay senses the faults occurring
within the transformer. It operates by the gases emitted due to
decomposition of transformer oil during internal faults. Thus, this device
is used to sense and in turn protect the transformer from internal faults.

Maintenance of Transformer
Transformer is the heart of any power system. Hence preventive
maintenance is always cost effective and time saving. Any failure to the
transformer can extremely affect the whole functioning of the
organization.

Maintenance Procedure
1. Sludge, dust, dirt, moisture can be removed by filtration.
2. Oil when topped up shall be of the same make. Otherwise it may lead to
sludge formation and acidic contents.
3. Insulation resistance of the transformer should be checked once in 6
months.
4. Megger values along with oil values indicate the condition of transformer.
5. Periodic checking of any loose connections of the terminations of HV &
LV side.
6. Breather examination. Dehydration of Silica gel if necessary.
7. Explosion vent diaphragm examination.

34
8. Conservator to be cleaned from inside after every three years.

9. Cleanliness in the transformer yards with all nests, shrubs removed.

For OIL
 Oil level checking. Leakages to be attended.
 Oil BDV & acidity checking at regular intervals. If acidity is between
0.5 to 1mg
KOH, oil should be kept under observation.

BDV, Color and smell of oil are indicative.

For Bushing
1. Bushings should be cleaned and inspected for any cracks.
2. Dust & dirt deposition, salt or chemical deposition, cement or acid
fumes depositions should be carefully noted and rectified.

Failure and Causes

 Insufficient Oil level.
 Seepage of water in oil.
 Prolonged Over loading.
 Single Phase loading.
 Unbalanced loading.
 Faulty Termination (Improper sized lugs etc)
 Power Theft.

35
 Prolonged Short Circuit.
 Lack of installation checks.
Faulty design
Poor Workmanship
Improper formation of core.
Improper core bolt insulation.
 Burr to the lamination blades
Improper brazing of joints.
 Burr /sharp edges to the winding conductor.
Incomplete drying.
 Bad insulation covering.

Insufficient cooling ducts in the winding.

Maintenance Technique

The maintenance techniques to be adopted should meet the following

criteria:
 Field staff should be able to carry out such tests and interpret the test
results.
Testing procedure to be evolved after detailed discussions with the
supplier of the equipment and testing equipment.
Written procedure to be made available to the operating staff.
36
Maintenance of Equipment should Include
 Overhauls
 Diagnostics
 Painting
 Mechanical Aspects
 Use of correct lubricants as specified by the manufacturer

Transformer Overhauls

Overhauling of a transformer is normally undertaken either if it is faulty

(internal) or at the end of 10 - 12 years of its service by way of
periodic maintenance. It is advisable to review and analyze the
periodical DGA values to check any abnormal variation and healthiness
of the transformer. The procedure for periodic overhauling of
transformer dealt herewith is applicable for bell type tank
construction transformers. Periodical overhauling (POH) of transformer
can be done either at site (TSS) or in traction repair shop or through
trade. In case overhauling is undertaken at TSS, Railways shall
construct a temporary shed of asbestos or tarpaulin after
removing bell tank so that the dust is not ingressed by the active
parts of the transformer during overhauling. In case overhauling is done
in traction repair shop or through trade, the active part shall be kept
under cover to protect the same from dust. The transformer should

37
not be opened during rainy /cloudy weather for
inspection/repair/overhaul.

Fig. 19 Overhaul of Transformer

Diagnostics Test
Diagnostic tests are conducted on transformers to confirm the
transformers ability to continue functioning properly and to
reduce the chance of failure. Transformer diagnostic tests
include:

 Turns-ratio tests are used to determine the number of turns

in one winding in relation to the number of turns in the other
windings of the same phase. This is done as an acceptance test
and maintenance test. This test applies to all types of
transformers. The test is performed on all no-load taps. If the
transformer has a Load Tap Changer (LTC), the ratio
should be tested for each LTC position. This test is

38
used to determine if a transformer has any shorted turns or
improper connections.
 Winding resistance tests are performed on all taps for
acceptance testing. Maintenance tests are performed on the tap
in use. Winding resistance values should be temperature
corrected and compare to within 1% of factory or previously
obtained results.
 Excitation current tests are used to detect shorted turn-to-
turn insulation, short-circuited core laminations, loosening
of the core clamping, or improper winding connections. A
typical excitation current test data
pattern for a three-legged core is two similar current
readings and on lower current reading. Note: liquid filled
transformers should have the insulating liquid tested.

39
 Fig. 20 Diagnostics Test

Some of the shortcomings in operation and

maintenance of Distributions Transformers:

 Transformers oil level is not maintained which may lead to flash

over.

40
  Not filtering the oil.

 Breaker for L.V. Protection removed or not provided at the time of

installation.

 Inadequate protection from overloads and short circuits

 Non-Maintenance of silica gel breather leading to ingress of

moisture.

 No factual data is collected on loading of the transformers.

 Transformer is not properly earthed.

 Broken bushings are not replaced.

 Unbalanced loading on different phases due to single phasing for

load

 Long LT lines, loose LT lines, trees touching LT lines cause

 Frequent short circuits and over load.

.

The following need to be checked at regular intervals.

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 Connections

 Fuses

 Oil level, oil leakage, and condition

 Bushings, Loadings, Earth resistance

 Rod gaps

 Protective equipment —LTCB, LAs, and A.B. Switches etc.

 Breather and silica gel.

Preventive Maintenance Ensures

 Proper Tree clearances

 Proper condition of LT lines (like avoiding loose spans, maintaining clearances

etc.)

 Oil level.

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 Oil dielectric strength.

 Earth Resistance value (Less than 5 ohms)

 Effective operation of fuses

CONCLUSION

This training work is outcome of immense dedication and hardwork of

not one but many people. The thing which we got to to learn in this
project work are really important as well as very helpful in our
future. The theory in our collage and universities are way different than
the actual world. The thing which we got to learn practically are
very different than the theory. In fact there are several things
which we got to learn in field would never have been learnt
theoretically.

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REFERANCES

www.electrical4u.com

www.electricalnotes.com

www.studyelectrical.com

www.electrocus.com

www.wikipedia.com
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