A PRACTICAL SUMMER TRAINING

REPORT
ON

“DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED 220 KV GRID SUBSTATION

AT SARITA VIHAR”

NATIONAL POWER TRAINING INSTITUTE (NR)

BADARPUR, NEW DELHI

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF SUBMITTED BY:

MR. RAM SINGH (A.M.) MD. NAFIS IQBAL
MR. HANS KUMAR (J.E.) B.TECH. POWER ENGINEERING (5th SEM.)
ROLL NO. – 00315307511
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to Mr. Ram Singh (Asst. Manager, 220 KV DTL S/S
Sarita Vihar) for their invaluable support without which the project could have
not been worked out the way it has. I am very much thankful to Mr. Hans
Kumar (J.E. 220 KV DTL S/S Sarita Vihar) who helped me immensely in
understanding the basics and complexities of along with additions that made
the quality of report better.

I would also like to extend a note of thanks to all other employees of Delhi
Transco Limited who helped me directly or indirectly in successful
completion of my project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents & all my fellow
trainees who have been a constant source of encouragement & inspiration
during my studies & have always provided me support in every walk of life

MD. NAFIS IQBAL

 CONTENT

1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Delhi Transco Limited
1.2 DTL Network
1.3 Grid Diagram of Delhi
2. Introduction to Substation

3. 220/33/11 KV GIS Substation Trauma Centre

3.1 Single Line Diagram
3.2 Description of SLD
3.3 Parts of Substation
3.4 Equipments used in Substation
4. Description of Substation Equipments
4.1 Transmission Lines
4.2 Bus Bar
4.3 Isolators
4.4 Transformers
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Power transformer
4.4.3 Parts of Power Transformer
4.4.4 Transformer Cooling
4.4.5 Protection devices
4.4.6 Maintenance
4.4.7 Technical Specifications
4.5 Instrument Transformer
4.5.1 Current Transformer (CT)
4.5.2 Potential transformer (PT)
4.5.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)
4.6 Circuit Breaker (CB)
4.6.1 Types of CB
4.6.2 Technical Specification
4.7 Capacitor Bank
4.8 Insulator
4.9 Wave Trap

5. Protection System
5.1 Over Voltage Protection
 5.1.1 Ground Wire
5.1.2 Earth Screen
5.1.3 Lightning insulator
5.2 Over Current protection
5.3 Earth fault protection
5.4 Primary and back up protection
5.5 Relays
5.6 Fuses
5.7 Earthing System
6. Control Room
7. Battery Room
8. PLCC and SCADA System
9. Operation and maintenance of Substation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Maintenance activity
9.3 Maintenance Schedule
9.4 Maintenance Schedule Table of
9.4.1 Oil filled power transformer
9.4.2 SF6 Circuit Breaker
9.4.3 Relays and protection circuit
9.4.4 Arrestors
9.4.5 Transmission lines
9.5 Thermo Scanning
10. General Safety Precautions
11. Conclusion

References

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED
Delhi Transco Limited, a successor company of erstwhile Delhi Vidhyut
board, came into existence on 1st July 2002, as a State Transmission
Utility of the National Capital. After unbundling of DVB the distribution sector
has been handed over to private companies while the generation and
transmission are still with the government. Over the years, DTL has evolved
as a most dynamic performer, keeping pace with the manifold challenges
that confront the ever increasing demand-supply power situation and
achieving functional superiority on all fronts.

Being the capital of India and the hub of commercial activities in the
Northern Region, coupled with the prosperity of population, the load
requirement of Delhi has been growing at a much faster pace. Added to that,
being the focus of socio-economic and political life of India, Delhi is
assuming increasing eminence among the great cities of the world. Plus the
vgision- 2021, aiming to make Delhi global Metro politic and world class city
demand greater infrastructure to enrich many services of infrastructure
development. DTL has been responsibly playing its role in establishing.
Upgrading, operating and maintaining the EHV (Extra High Voltage)
network. DTL has also been assigned the responsibility of running the State
load Dispatch Centre (SLDC) which is an apex body to ensure integrated
operations of power system in Delhi. Delhi Transco is also committed to
promote energy conservation not only in its own establishments but also in
the entire Delhi. The company has done a lot to educate and sensitize the
general public about the need of energy conservation. Transmission loss
level has been reduced from 3.84 per cent in 200-203 to 1.38 per cent in
2009-10, which is one of the lowest transmission loss level in the country. To
ensure adequate and efficient power supply. DTL has been continuously
upgrading its biggest achievement has been its ability to handle the highest
ever peak demand of 4720 MW in July 2010. The total availability of its
transmission system stood 98.78%. The modern technologies are being
implemented in DTL by way of constructing GIS sub stations and laying
XLPE 220 KV cable by employing cable link techniques and would be the
largest network of its kind in India.

1.2 DTL NETWORK

It contains the line diagram of the DTL network which connects all the
networks of the 5 DISCOMs working in the Delhi region.

1.3 GRID DIAGRAM OF DELHI

2. INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTATION

Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating

current. The electric power produced at the power stations is delivered to
the consumers through a large network of transmission & distribution. The
transmission network is inevitable long and high power lines are
necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of generation to the
load centers to inter connected Power house for increased reliability of
supply greater.
An electrical substation is a part of an electricity generation, transmission
and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or
in reverse using transformers. It also serves as a point of connection
between various power system elements such as transmission lines,
transformers, generators and loads. To allow for flexibility in connecting
the elements, circuit breakers are used as high power switches. Electric
power may flow through several substations between generating plant
and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps. There
are different kinds of substation such as
Transmission substation, distribution substation, collector substation,
switching substation and some other types of substation. The general
functions of a substation may include:

➢ Voltage transformation
➢ Connection point for transmission lines
➢ Switchyard for network configuration
➢ Monitoring point for control center
➢ Protection of power lines and apparatus
➢ Communication with other substations and regional control center

Making an analogy with the human body, the role of substation in the
power system to address the above mentioned issues is pivotal: the
substations are the center of the “nervous, immune, musculoskeletal and
cardiovascular” subsystems of the entire power system “body”. The
“nervous” subsystem role of the substation is to allow the central system
to sense the operating states, view status of the equipment, and make
assessments of the system criticality. The “immune” subsystem role is to
develop self-defense means and sustain self healing strategies. The
“musculoskeletal” subsystem role is to maintain the system topology,
switch the equipment state and restore the power flows. The
“cardiovascular” subsystem role is to sustain normal power flow and
control the synchronization.
The substation includes the primary equipment (such as circuit breakers,
transformers, instrument transformers, etc.) and the secondary
equipment (monitoring, control and protection devices) which are
installed in control house.
In the primary side, a large number of breakers and disconnectors are
used in order to allow for maintenance and repair with a minimum of
interruption, which occupy large space. Oil-insulated transformers are
used to step-up or step-down the voltage level for purposes needed. Oil-
insulated transformers usually have big size and have potential explosion
problems. In addition, the maintenance is also elaborate and the noise of
those transformers is also a big issue. The breakers also need an
insulation media which may be oil, gas, or air.
Conventional current and potential transformers (CTs and VTs) are used
to convert the primary current and voltage to an operation range (0-5A
and 115V) for metering and protection. The CT saturation and open
secondary CT circuit safety issue are primarily of concern in such devices.
All interfaces between primary and secondary equipment are connected
by hard-wired cabling. Different length and types cables are bundled as
shown in Fig.1.2, which makes it labor intensive for future maintenance
and modification. In addition, due to the large number of wires in a highly
electromechanically “polluted” substation switchyard environment, the
wiring may experience significant electromagnetic interference (both
conducted and radiated).
3. 220/66/11 KV GRID SUBSTATION AT SARITA VIHAR:

The 220 KV Grid Substation at Sarita Vihar is a Air Insulated Outdoor

Substation. This is 220/66/11 KV Substation.There are four 220 KV
incoming feeders for this substation coming from:
1. Pragati Powers
2. Power Grid
3. BTPS CKT. No. 1
4. BTPS CKT. No. 2

3.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

3.2 DESCRIPTION ABOUT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Figure attached shows key diagram of a typical 220/66/11 KV Sarita Vihar
Grid Substation. The diagram of this grid station is explained as under:-
1) There are Four 220 KV incoming lines as one circuit from Pargati
powers, one circuit from Power Grid and two circuits from BTPS.
These four incoming lines are connected to the double bus bar
system through a number of equipments. All these lines can be
loaded simultaneously to share the grid station load. The four lines
arrangement increases the reliability of the system. In case there is
a breakdown of one incoming line, the continuity of supply can be
maintained by the other lines.

2) As in the single line diagram the each incoming is connected to the

bus bar in a sequence with a number of equipments. The
equipments between the incoming lines and the line bus bar is
connected in a defined sequence as following:

I. Line lightning Arrestor

II. Line capacitive voltage transformer (CVT).

III. Line Isolator

IV. Line Current Transformer

V. Line Circuit Breaker

3) The Substation has double bus bar system, one main bus bar and
the other spare bus bar. The incoming can be connected to either
bus bar with the help of an arrangement of circuit breaker and
isolators called Bus Coupler. The advantage of double bus bar
system is that if repair is to be carried on one bus bar, the supply
need not to be interrupted as the entire load can be transferred to
the other bus.

4) Each line bus bar is connected with Potential Transformer (PT) to

measure the bus bar voltage.

5) There is an arrangement in to step down the incoming 220 KV

supply to 66 KV by two transformer banks with capacity each of 100
MVA. The transformer bank can be connected to either of the line
bus bar through the bus changer Isolator connected between the
two buses. The 100 MVA Transformer is connected to line bus bar
through a number of equipments in as following defined sequence:

I. Isolator arrangement

II. Circuit Breaker

III. Current transformer

IV. Isolator arrangement

V. Lightning Arrestor (LA) and then

VI. 100 MVA transformer

6) The 100 MVA transformer steps down the 220 KV incoming to 66

KV and this output is connected to second bus bar arrangements
through a sequenced equipments as follows:

I. Lightning Arrestor (LA)

II. Isolator arrangement

III. Circuit breaker

IV. Bus bar isolator

7) The second bus bar arrangement is also a two bus bar system each
connected with Potential Transformer (PT). There is again a bus
coupler between the two bus bars to couple them. Here a Capacitor
Bank is provided to increase the incoming voltage if there is any
voltage drop in the incoming. It can enhance the incoming voltage
by 3 to 4 KV.
 8) From the 66 KV bus bar there are four outgoing circuits transmitting
power at 66KV to:

I. Mathura road circuit no.1

II. Mathura road circuit no. 2

III. DMRC circuit no. 1

IV. DMRC circuit No. 2

And there are two circuits for 66/11 KV transmission. These two 66
kV incomers from the 66 KV bus bar is fed to the two Transformers
of 20 MVA each.

9) The 20 MVA transformer steps down 66 KV into 11 KV and this 11

KV is supplied to a number of sub circuits from the 11 kV bus bar.
The 11 KV bus bar is also connected with a capacitor bank of 5
MVAR

3.3 PARTS OF SUBSTATION

The substation can be broadly divided into two parts:

➢ 220 kV outdoor yards.

➢ 66 kV outdoor yards.
➢ 11 kV indoor yards.
➢ Control room.
➢ SCADA room
➢ Battery room.

3.3.1 220 KV Outdoor Yard:

220 KV yard is an outdoor yard where 220 KV incoming is transformed

into 66 KV and connected to the bus bar arrangement on which four 66
KV outgoing feeder two circuit for DMRC and two circuits for Mathura
road. From the 66 KV bus bar two outgoing feeders are given as incomer
to the 66/11 KV yard. There are a number of switching, protection and
measuring equipments connected in the yard. These all equipments are
controlled from the Control Room.

Description about the 220 KV yard:

o There are four incoming feeders of 220 KV i.e. one from Pragati
Powers, one from Maharani Bagh and two from BTPS.
o Two buses named Bus-1 and Bus-2 of 220 KV each run in parallel
to which all the 220 KV incoming feeders are connected and also
the two 100 MVA transformers are connected to step down 220 KV
to 66 KV.
o The incoming 220 KV feeder is first connected to an Oxide Film
Lightening arrestor which protect all the other equipments from
Lightening and ground the lightening if falls on the incoming
feeders.
o After the Lightening Arrestor a Capacitor voltage transformer is
provided which serves the function of measuring and protection.
o A Wave Trap is provided to trap the waves which may be
dangerous to the instruments here in the substation.
o Current transformer (CT) is connected to drive the current
measuring equipment and also for protection i.e. for measuring and
protection.
o Line isolator with Earth switch is provided opening the circuit in no
load condition and earth switch (E/S) is to ground the extra voltage
which may be dangerous for any of the instrument in the substation.
o Circuit Breaker (SF6 CB) is connected in line to open or close the
circuit in normal and abnormal condition.
o From circuit breaker the incoming feeder is connected to the 220 kv
double bus bar system through isolator arrangements so that the
connection can be changed from one bus to other bus.
o The bus is connected with Potential Transformer for measuring the
line voltage and protection purpose.
o A bus coupler is provided to couple the two buses for load sharing
and line protection.
o The two transformer of 100 MVA, 220/66/11 KV are connected to
the 220 KV bus used to step down the voltage from 220 KV to 66
KV. This output is connected to the 66 KV bus bar.
o Circuit breaker (SF-6 CB) is connected in the transformer circuit to
open and close the circuit in no load and full load condition and in
normal and abnormal condition.
o Horn gap lightening arrestor is provided just before and after the
100 MVA transformers for protecting the transformer from
lightening.
3.3.2 66KV OUTDOOR YARD
o There are two incomers of 66 KV coming from 220KV yard
transformers. There are two buses of 66 KV in parallel and are
connected to the 66 KV incomers through isolator arrangements for
changing the connection from one bus to another.
o Here also a bus coupler is provided for coupling the buses for load
sharing and protection.
o The bus is connected with three capacitor banks of 20 MVAR for
power factor improvements and for increasing the incoming low
voltage by 3 to 4 KV.
o Form the 66 KV bus bar six outgoing feeders are connected as one
for Mathuara road circuit no. 1, one for Mathura road circuit no 2
and two for DMRC, and two circuits are connected to the two 20
MVA transformer.
o All the circuits are connected through deferent switching, measuring
and protection equipments like Isolators, CT, Circuit Breakers,
Lightening Arrestors.
o Two transformers of 20 MVA each of rating 66/11 KV are connected
to 66 KV bus by bus – selection Isolator.
o Each bus is connected to PT for measurement of voltage in line.
o CT is connected at required place for measurement of current and
protection of lines.
o The SF-6 CB (Circuit Breakers) is aligned in the circuit for tripping
whenever any fault occurs in the circuit.

3.3.3 11 KV INDOOR YARDS (VCB ROOM)

o There are two incomers of 11 KV coming from 66 KV yard

transformers of rating 20 MVA, 66/11 KV and are connected to two
11KV bus i.e. Bus no.1 and bus no.2.
o The 11 KV indoor substation is having vaccum circuit breaker (VCB)
in all the outgoing feeders.
o Capacitor banks of 5 MVAR are connected in each phase of the
Bus bar to increase the voltage level if there is any drop in incoming
voltage.
o There are 12 outgoing feeders connected to 11 KV bus. The
feeders are connected in a sequence as:
On first half bus connected feeders are:
➢ 400 KVA Local Transformer.
➢ 11 KV O/G Aali Village
➢ 11 KV O/G spare
➢ 11 KV O/G Saurav Vihar-1
➢ 11 KV O/G Indian Oil Corporation
➢ 11 KV O/G S/Stn. No. 22 Sarita ViIhar
o On second half bus :
➢ 11 KV O/G S/Stn. No. 21 Sarita ViIhar
➢ 11 KV O/G Sewage Pump
➢ 11 KV O/G Jaitpur
➢ 11 KV O/G Saurav Vihar- 2
➢ 11 KV O/G American Express
➢ 11 KV O/G Spare
o A bus coupler is provided between the two buses for load sharing
and line protection.
3.4 EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUBSTATION:-

S.NO EQUIP. CONS.FEATURE/LOCATION FUNCTION

.
1. BUS BAR Rigid tubular support on Receive power
positions or Flexible ACSR from incoming
bus bar supported from two and deliver
ends of strain insulator. power to O/G
ckt.
2. SURGE Connected B/W phase Discharge O/V
ARRESTOR conductor and ground first surge to earth
equip as seen from incoming and protect
O/H line and also near equipment.
transformer terminal.

3. ISOLATOR Located each side of CB. Provide isolation

from part for
MTC.
4. EARTH SWITCH Mounted on frame of isolators, Discharge
(E.S.) generally for such I/C each voltage on ckt to
bus earth for safety.
bar.
5. CURRENT Protection, measuring decided Step-down
TRANSFORMER by protective zone current
(C.T.) measurement requirements. measurement
front and control.
6. VOLTAGE Electro magnetic capacitive Step-down
TRANSFORMER feeder side of C.B. current
(V.T.) measurement
protection and
control.
7. CIRCUIT Depend on rated voltage LV, Switching during
BREAKER (C.B.) MV, HV, EHV depend on normal abnormal
quenching medium –SF6 MQ, and S.C. current.
AB etc.
8. SERIES Oil filled gapped core 1. Control low
REACTOR shielded, usually unswitched. loadperiod
voltage.
2. To
compensate
shunt capacitor
of T.L during low
load.
9. SHUNT Locate at receiving STN and 1. comp. rex
CAPACATOR DIST, substation. power.
Banks rated -132KV, 66KV, 2. P.F. improves.
400KV, 11KV switched during 3. VOH contran.
heavy load.
10. SEREIS 1. Capacitor bank located at Used for EHV
CAPACITOR send end or receive end of lines to improve
line. power
2. Provided with bypass C.B transformer.
and protect spare gaps.
11. TRANSFORMER Oiled filed 3 Setup / down
voltage.
12. MV/LT SW GR Inside swgrbling. AC power to
auxiliary stnlty
13. STATION Earth mat and earth electrode. For safe touch
EARTHING potential
SYTEM → Equipment
body earth.
→ discharging
current from SA
O/H shielding
and E.S.
14. INSULATORS Between the poles and Does not allow
conductors. Disc type shaped. the current to
pass through it.
15. POLES It is made by joining the heavy To provide
materials with the help of nuts necessary height
and bolts of requirement to conductor
shape and size wherever from which
necessary. current is
flowing.
16. CVT Consist of two to five windings CVT are used for
in parallel of line. line voltmeters,
synchronoscope,
protective
relays, tariff
 meter etc.
17. L.A. Ring type L.A. parallel in line. To drop the sky
lightening effect.
18. CONDUCTORS A.C.R.S. is used wherever Transmission
necessary. current form one
place to another.
19. BATTERY Located in separate room near To supply D.C.
BANKS to control room. for controlling
protection
system and
communication
equipments.
20. CONTROL Associate with protection To control all
PANEL relays locate in big hall. equipment of
substations.

4. DESCRIPTION OF SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS

4.1 TRANSMISSION LINES

In this category the EHV lines viz. extra high voltage lines of 400kv,
220kv, 132kv, and 66kv are considered. These high voltages are
transmitted from one sub-station to other sub-station through various
types of conductors.
For 400 KV line: Taran, Tulla and Marculla conductor.
For 220 KV line: Zebra conductor is used composite of Aluminum
strands and steel wires.
For 66kv, 33kv lines: Panther conductors is used composite of
Aluminum strands and steel wires.
The materials used in these conductors is generally Aluminum
conductor steel reinforced (ASCSR).

4.2 BUS-BAR

It is a conductor to which a no. of circuit is connected. In 220kv Najafgarh

there are two bus- bars running parallel to each other, one is main& other
is auxiliary bus.
The purpose of using two buses is only for stand by, in each of failure of
one bus we can keep the supply continue with help of other bus using
isolators.
According to bus voltage the material is used. T he most commonly used
material is Al, Cu. But Al. Is used because of its property & feature and
also it is cheap.

Figure Typical representations of bus bars

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED IN BUS BAR ARE AS FOLLOWS:-

PROPERTIES COPPER ALUMINIUM

Electrical resistively at 20 0.017241 0.0288

deg C

Temp coeff. of resistivity 0.00411 0.00403

Softening temperature 200 180

Thermal conductivity 0.923 0.503

Melting point 1083 657

When a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly

connected electrically bus-bar are used as the common electrical
component. Bus-bar are copper or aluminium bars and operate at
constant voltage. The incoming and outgoing lines in a sub-station are
connected to the bus-bars. The most commonly used bus-bar
arrangements in sub-station are:
I. Single bus-bar arrangement.
II. Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation.
III. Double bus-bar arrangement
I. SINGLE BUS-BAR SYSTEM: -

It consists of a single bus-bar and all the incoming and outgoing lines are
connected to it. The disadvantage of this type of system is that if repair is
to be done on the bus-bar or a fault occurs on the bus. There is a
complete interruption of the supply. This arrangement is not used for
voltages exceeding 33KV.

II. SINGLE BUS-BAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALISATION: -

In this arrangement the single bus-bar is divided in to sections and load is

equally distributed on all the sections. Any two sections of the bus bar
connected by a circuit breakers and isolators. It has two principle
advantages. Firstly, if a fault occurs on any section of the bus that section
can be isolated with out affecting the supply from other sections.
Secondly, repairs and maintenance of any section of the bus bar can be
carried out by de-energizing that section only, eliminating the possibility
of complete shutdown. This arrangement is used for voltage upto 33KV.

III. DOUBLE BUS-BARS SYSTEM: -

This system consists of two bus bars, a “main” bus bar and a “spare”
bus bar. Each bus bar has the capacity to take up the entire substation
load. The incoming and out going lines can be connected to either bus
bar with help of bus bar coupler which consist of a circuit breaker and
isolators. Ordinarily, the incoming and outgoing lines remain connected to
the main bus bar of fault occurring on it, the continuity of supply to the
circuit can be maintained by transferring it to spare bus bar.

4.3 ISOLATORS

An isolator is a disconnecting switch is used upon same given part circuit

after circuit breaker. Thus isolators’ surge only has preventing the voltage
from being applied to same given section of bus.
These are essentially off load devices although they are capable of
dealing with small charging currents of bus-bars and connections. The
design of isolators is closely related to the design of substations. Isolator
design is considered in the following aspects:
o Space Factor
o Insulation Security
o Standardization
o Ease of Maintenance
o Cost

It is required in substation to disconnect a part of the system for general

maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by isolators. An isolator is
essentially a knife switch and is designed to open a circuit under no load.
In other words, isolator switches are operated only when the lines in
which they are connected carry no current. Isolators used in power
system are generally 3 pole isolator having three identical poles each pole
consist of two or three insulator posts mounted on a fabricate support.
The fixed and moving conducting parts are of copper or aluminium rods.
During the opening operation, conducting rods swing apart and isolation
is obtained simultaneously on all 3 poles. The three poles are
mechanically interlocked which operate together by operating a common
operating mechanism which may be:

1. Electric motor mechanism.

2. Pneumatic mechanism.
ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCH: -

The earth switch is connected between the line conductor and earth.
Normally, it is opened when the line is disconnected. The earth switch is
closed so that the voltage trapped in line is discharge to earth. There
some voltage lines due to changing current. This voltage is significant in
high voltage system. Before, proceeding with the maintenance work. This
voltage is discharge to earth by closing the earth switch. Normally earth
switches are maintained on the frame of isolator.

4.4 TRANSFORMER

4.4.1 INTRODUCTION:

A transformer is a static device by means of which electric energy from

one electrical circuit to another is transferred through the medium of
magnetic field and without change in the frequency.

A high voltage is desirable for transmitting large powers in order to

decrease the IR losses and reduce the amount of conductor material.
A very much lower voltage, on the other hand s required for distribution
, for various reasons connected with safety and convenience the
transformer make this easily and economically possible.

4.4.2 POWER TRANSFORMERS

 Power transformer is the main and major requirement of a sub-station
to step down the supply voltage. The rating of a transformer is taken
according to the load requirement.

4.4.3 Parts of power transformer:

i. Transformer core
ii. Windings
iii. Tank
iv. Conservator
v. Breather
vi. Bushing
vii. Air Cell
viii. Tap Changer and O.L.T.C.
ix. Cooling Equipments

i. CORE: - It not only supports the winding also

provides the low reluctance path for the magnetic circuit. It is made up
of cooled rolled grain oriented (C.R.G.O.) alloy. Steel is in the form of
lamination on that the iron losses could be avoided.

ii. WINDING: - Windings are arranged in concentric

formation with lower voltage winding next to core. Tertiary winding is
placed next to the core over L.V. winding H.V. main winding are
placed.

Various types of windings are used for coils these are as follows:-
 a. Low voltage winding - Spiral or helical
b. High voltage winding - Partially inverted disc / layer winding.
c. Tertiary winding - Spiral / Helical / Disc
d. Tapping winding - Inter wound spiral or helical paper covered
insulated copper strips or continuously cable are used for making
winding.

iii. TANK: - They are constructed from welded sheet

steel, and larger ones from plain boiler plates. The lids may be of cast
iron, or waterproof gasket being used at the joints. The fitting includes
thermometer pockets, drain cock, rollers or wheels for moving
transformer position, eye bolts for lifting, conservators and breathers,
cooling tubes are welded in, but separate radiators are welded and
afterwards bolted. On the outside is applied with anti corrosive primer
paint and final of synthetic enamel.

iv. CONSERVATOR: - As the temp. Of oil increases or

decreases there is continuous rise and fall in volume. For this an
expansion vessel (conservator) is to transformer tank having the
capacity of oil level equal to 75% of total oil.
o Conservator is provided to tank core of the expansion and
contraction of oil, which takes place during normal operation of the
transformer.
o Wherever specified flexible separators or oil cell if provided in the
conservator can prevent direct contact of air with the transformer
oil.
o A smaller oil expansion vassal is provided for the on load tap-
changer.
o Magnetic oil level gauge is fitted on the main conservator which can
give alarm / trip in the event of the oil falling below the pre-set level
due to any reason.
v. BRAETHER:

Both transformer oil and

celluloses’ paper are
highly hygroscopic
.Paper being more
hygroscopic than
mineral oil .The
moisture, if not
excluded from oil
surface in conservator,
this will find its way
finally into paper
insulation and causes
reduction insulation
strength of transformer
to minimize this the
conservator is allowed to breath only through silica gel colomin ,which
absorb the moisture in air before it enters the conservator air surface

vi. BUSHING: -
 Up to a voltage of 33kv,
ordinary porcelain insulators
can be used. Above this
voltage the of conductor or oil
filled terminal bushing, or a
combination of two has to be
considered .Of course, any
type of conductors can be
effectively insulated by air
provided that it is at a
sufficient Distance from other
conducting bodies and
sufficiently to prevent corona
phenomena.
The high voltage connections
pass from the winding to
terminal bushing. Thermal
bushings up to 36kv class, 3150 Ampere are normally of plain
Porcelain and Oil communicating type .Higher current rated bushings
and bushings of 52kv class and above will be of oil impregnated paper
condenser type. The oil inside the condenser bushings and will not be
communicating with the oil inside the transformer oil level gauge is
provided on the expansion chamber of the condenser bushings.
Oil in the condenser bushing is hermetically selected and it should not
be disturbed in normal operation. Oil level and oil leakage may be
checked regularly.

vii. AIR CELL: -

It is a flexible rubber bag placed inside the conservator and floats on

the oil surface. Air cell inflates or deflates surface of the air cell and the
inner cell of air cell is provided with ozone resistant .The dry air is
sucked and do not come in contact with oil, this eliminates the
possibility of contamination for oil filling.
viii.
TAPCANGER.

Tap changer are of two

types:-
a) On-load Tap changer.
b) Off-load Tap changer.

ON LOAD TAP CHANGER: -

As the name implies it sets a

tap for adjusting the secondary voltage in the condition of on ‘load’. It is
generally connected to the primary side due to current. The tap is
connected to the diverter switch of the tap changer. It may be manually
operated or motor drive unit is initiated by a push button or relay. The
diverter switch diverts the current. The break in the current prevented by
transmission resistance tap changer.

On load tap changer is the device for changing the tapping connections of
a winding, whilst the transformer is connected is on load
When the transformer is connected to a system it is some time necessary
to vary the voltage on the secondary side to meet the load demands,
as such transformer tap changer must be capable to varying the turn
ratio without interruption of supply. On a double wound transformer the
best position to place the tapping is at the neutral end of high voltage
winding .The positioning of the tapping on the lower voltage winding is not
applied on account of high current rating which would result.
The tapping of the windings are brought out through a terminal board to a
separate oil filled compartment, in which the on- load tap changer selector
is housed. As the selector must not break current ,a further separate oil
filled compartment is provided to house the diverter switch which breaks
the load current by an interrupted arc forming carbon ,therefore the oil I
the diverter switch compartment must be prevented from missing with
the oil in the main tank.
The tap changer is operated by a motor operated driving mechanism by
local or remote control and a handle is fitted for manual operation in an
emergency.
As the changing must take place on load, the contact for the tap changer
are so arranged that before one tapping is left , contact must be made
with the next . This could cause a short circuited no. of turn and large
current are prevented by the use of resistor or reactors.
IV.4.4 COOLING EQUIPMENT: -
Transformer is having a single or mixed cooling of ONAN, ONAF,
OFAF, and OFAN by means of radiators, fans, pumps, & heat
exchanger etc.
In Power transformer cooling are of following Types:
1. ONAN with 50% efficiency
2. ONAF with 70% efficiency
3. OFAF with 100% efficiency

o For ONAN/ONAF cooling, oil flow through the winding and

external cooler unit attached to the tank by themo-Syphonic
effect.
o For OFAF/ODAF/OFWF cooling, the oil is directed through the
winding by oil pumps provided in the external cooler unit.
o External cooler unit /units consists of passed Steel sheet
radiators mounted directly on the tank or separator cooler
banks for air –cooled transformer and oil to water heat
exchangers for water cooled transformer.
 4.4.5 PROTECTIVE DEVICES:

1. Buccholtz relay
2. Pressure relief valve
3. Oil temperature indicator
4. Oil level indicator
5. Winding temperature indicator
6. Dehydrating Breather
7. Earthing Arrangements
relay
Buccholtz

1. BUCHHOLTZ RELAY: -
It is used for protection of oil filled transformer from incipient faults below
oil level. It is installed between tank and conservator. In this relay two
mercury contacts are provided. The device comprises of a cast iron
housing containing the hinged floats, one in upper part other in lower
part. Each float is filled with the mercury switch; leads of a switch are
connected to a terminal box for tripping.

APPLICATIONS:-
 Double element relays can be used in detecting miner fault in a
Transformer
The alarm element will operate, after a specified volume of gas has
collected to give an alarm indicator.

Examples incipient faults are:-

1. Shorted laminations
2. Broken-down core bolt insulation
3. Bad contacts
4. Over heating of part of winding,

2. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE:

In case of major faults in the transformer like short circuit in the
winding .The internal P.R.V. is build up to a very high level which may
result in rapture of tank to avoid this P.R.V. provided.
A device for avoiding high oil pressure build up inside the transformer
during fault a condition is fitted on the top of the tank. The pressure
relief device allows rapid release of excessive pressure that may be
generated in the event of a serious fault.
This device is fitted with an alarm trip switch.

3. OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: -

It is the distance thermometer operated on principle of liquid expansion. It
indicates the top oil temp. At marshaling box. The connection between the
thermometer and the dial indicator is made by steel capillary tube. The
bulb is enclosed in the pocket and the pocket is situated on transformer’s
hottest oil region. The pocket is to be filled with oil. It has two switches
one for alarm and other for tripping.
▪ ALARM = 95 DEG.
▪ TRIPPING = 110 DEG.
 It is consist of a sensor bulb capillary tube and a dial thermometer the
sensor bulb is fitted at the location of hottest oil .That sensor bulb and
capillary tube are fitted with evaporation liquid. The vapor pressure varies
with temperature and is transmitted to a burden tube inside the change in
pressure which is proportional to the temperature.

4. WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: -

It also operates on principles of liquid expansion. It indicates the top oil
temp. At marshalling box hot spot temp. Of winding. The winding hot spot
of top oil temp. Difference is simulative by means of CT current fed to
the heater coil fitted at top senses the top oil temp. Thus, it’s temp.
Reading is proportional to the load current and oil temp.

o FANS ON = 60 deg C
o PUMP ON = 75 deg C
o ALARM = 90 deg C
o TRIP = 100 deg C
Winding temperature relay indicates the winding temperature of the
transformer and operates on the principle of thermal imaging and it is not
actual measurement.
Winding temperature indicators consist of sensor bulb placed in oil filled
pocket in the transformer tank top cover. The bulb is connected to the
instrument having by means of two flexible capillary tubes. One capillary
tube is connected to the measuring below of the instrument and the other to
compensation below. The measuring system is filled with a liquid which
changes its volume with rising temperature inside the instrument is filled
with a heat resistance which is fed by a current proportionate to the current
flowing through the transformer winding.
The instrument is provided with maximum temperature indicator the heating
resistance is fed by current transformer associated to the loaded winding of
the transformer .The increase in the temperature of the resistance is
proportionate to that of the winding. The sensor bulb of instrument is located
in the hottest oil of the transformer the winding temperature indicates a
temperature of hottest oil plus the winding temperature rise above hot it
.i.e. the hot spot temperature.

5. OIL LEVEL INDICATOR :-

This indication is manufactured for considering Transformer Applications:

1. It can also be used as Content Gauge on other tanks where level of

liquid inside the tank in required to be indicated continuously on a
dial.
2. The position of indicator on the conservator can be selected to
3. Suit site condition. Float mechanism passes through the hole in pad.
4. Indicator can be mounted in titled position towards ground
(max.300degree) for easy viewing by fixing mounting pad at desired
angle.
5. One mercury switch is provided for low level alarm. The Normally
Open switch closes when oil level drops to 10mm above Empty land
i.e. 75mm from bottom of conservator.
6. Loads from mercury switch are brought into a terminal box
positioned at the bottom of indicator.

6. DEHYDRATING BREATHER: -
The conservator or the air cell is connected to the outside atmosphere
through the breather (silica gel) to make sure that the air in the
conservator or cell is dry. When silica is saturated with moisture its color
changes to pink. It can be made reusable by heating it at 100 deg C. for
48 hours.

7. EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS :-
a) Core Earthing

Connecting leads from core and end frame are being terminated at the
top of the cover, By connecting them to tank cover, core and frame
becomes earthed .Insulation resistance between the leads from core and
end frame or between leads from core and earth point can be checked by
500 volts megger. Leads from end frame have been brought out for
proper earthing for end frame.

b) Tank to Tank Earthing :

Tank to tank cover earthing is done by connecting copper braid between
tank rim and tank cover with the help of the bolts used to tight tank cover
and tank together.

c) Earthing of Tank

For earthing of tank nut-bolts & studs are required to make perfect
earthing between pads on tank and external earthing strip.

4.4.6 Maintenance & Operation

In order to avoid fault and disturbance, it is important that a careful and

regular supervision and control of the transformer and its components is
planned and carried out.

The frequency extent supervision and control is dependent on climate and

environment and service condition.

POSSIBLE LEAKAGE

After energizing of the transformer, a certain setting may appear in

painting joint.
Rust damage, Touch damage up painting a regular inspection of the
external surface treatment of the reactor should be carried out. Possible
rust damage is removed and the surface treatment restarted to original
state by means of primer and finish paints that are dispatched with the
transformer.
THRERMO SYPHON FILTER
Thermo siphon filter is provided on large capacity, oil filled Power
Transformer for keeping the moisture level of insulating oil at a very low
level. At the time of initial erection and commissioning of transformer,
most of the moisture present in the oil is removed by not oil circulation.
The moisture absorption of oil is eliminated by direction the our breather
in by the transformer during its operation through silica gel desiccant. Air
cell in conservator avoids direct of oil with air and there by eliminating the
chance of moisture absorption.
It is a well known fact that water is released to the oil for the paper
insulation due to ageing process. Thermo siphon filter helps in removing
this moisture from oil. When the Transformer is on load, the thermos
phonic action of liquid causes circulation of oil through the filter. The
absorbent filled in the Thermo siphon filter absorb moisture and keep the
oil dry.

4.4.7 SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS

1. 100 MVA, 220/66/11KV power transformer no. 1 & no. 2 (BHEL)
make.

1.Types of cooling ONAN ONAF OFAF

2.Rating HV & LV 50 70 100

(MVA)

3.Rating TV (MVA) 16.67 23.33 33.33

4.No load voltage 220 220 220

HV (kv)

5.No load voltage 66 66 66

LV(kv)

6.Noload voltage 11 11 11
TV(kv)

7.Line current 131.37 183.92 262.74

HV(Amp)

8.Line current LV 437.90 613.07 875.81

(Amp) at 66kv

9.Line current LV 875.81 1226.13 1751.62

(Amp) at 33kv

10.Line current TV 875.81 1226.13 1751.62

(Amp)

11. Temp. rise oil 50 50 50

( deg C)

12. Temp. rise 55 55 55

winding (degC)

4.5. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER: -

Transformer used A.C. measurement i.e. voltages current, power and
energy in conjunction with the relevant instrument. Transformer small
capacity transformer. There are two types:
1. Current transformer.
2. Potential transformer.
3. Capacitor Voltage transformer.

ADVANTAGES OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:-

1. The size of I.T. is reduced or say moderate because the

secondary
Of C.T. is designed for 5A. And of P.T. for 110V.
2. The replacement of damaged instrument is easy.
3. Several instruments can be operated from a single I.T.
4. Low consumption of metering circuit.
5. Accessibility on H.T. is easy.

Instrument transformer is used to measure AC at generating station,

station at transmission line in conjunction with AC measuring instruments.
They are classified according to the use are referred to as current
transformer (CT) & potential transformer (PT).

Functions: -

1. They serve to extent the range of AC measuring instrument.

2. They serve to isolate the measuring instrument from high
Voltage

4.5.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER: -

High current line can be reduced to low current to measure easily with the
help of normal ammeter. To measure the very high current of the
running line with out distributing it, a spilt core type current transformer
is used. It is step up transformer the primary windings consist of thicker
conductor having less number of turns. Some time, only a straight
conductor also serves the purpose of primary winding. The secondary
winding is done with thicker conductor having more number of turns.
The primary winding is connected in series with the line and the M I is
connected across the secondary of the current transformer. it should
be clearly understood that the secondary winding of the current
transformer is never opened. It should be always short circuit i.e. the
secondary is
open, there is no current in the secondary winding hence, the M.M.F. of
primary will not be opposed and the cares will have high flux which will
cause high E.M.F. Induced or the primary and secondary winding. This
E.M.F. Is dangerous and may give sever shock.
The secondary of the current transformer should be earthed to avoid the
danger of shock to the operator.
The current transformer is kept in category of instrument transformers.
The CT’s are used to reduce / stepping down A.C. from high value to
lower value for measurement / protection / control.

A 'CT' has following essential parts: -

1. Magnetic core made up of continuously wound strip nickel iron alloy

of CRGO material.
2. Winding having several turns wound on the insulated core.
3. A bar primary passing through the winding of core and terminal.
4. Insulated porcelain at primary insulator.
5. Synthetic region or oil insulation.

PROPERTIES OF CT:

o The CT measures the current.

o The current transformer is used with primary winding.
o Connected in series with the line carrying the current to be
measured and therefore primary current is dependent upon load
connected in the system.
o The primary winding of a very few turns, and therefore there is no
appreciation drop across it.
 o The secondary winding has large no. Of turns, exact no. Being
determined by the turn ratio.
o Ammeter of wattmeter current coil is connected directly across
secondary winding terminals.
o Thus CT operates at secondary terminal near by being short-
circuited.
o One of the terminals of secondary winding is earth in order to
protect – instrument and personal in the vicinity in event of
insulation breakdown.

WORKING: - The CT has three coils different purposes.

a) Measurement: - The secondary given 5A / 1A current which operates

the ammeter to note the current reading
b) Protection: - The 5A / 1A current is sent to the relay and if the current
exceeds this limit then the relay operates and sends signal to the C.B.
which then operates.
c) Differential
d) Spare

SPECIFICATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: -

Specification of 220 kV side CT –

a) Standard - IS 2705
b) Highest system voltage (kv) - 245
c) Insulation level (kv) - 460/1050
d) Frequency - 50 Hz
e) Rated primary current - 600A
f) ST current KA/ sec - 27 /1

Terminals Ratio Amp. Rating class VA Kvp / Amp

1s1-1s2 300/1 5P20 60 1200V/0.04A
600/1
1s1-1s2
2s1-2s2 300/1 5P20 60 1200V/0.04A
2s1-2s2 600/1
3s1-3s2 300/1 5P20 60 1200V/0.04A
3s1-3s2 600/1
4s1-4s2 600/1 .5 60 ....................
4s1-4s2

4.5.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: -

Similar to CT it is another type of instrument transformer. It is also known
as CVT (capacitor voltage transformer). It is used for measurement and
protection. Potential transformer is used to operate voltmeter, the
potential coil of wattmeter and relay from high voltage line. The
primary oftransformer4 is connected across the line carrying the
voltage to be measured and the voltage circuit is connected across the
secondary winding to measure high voltage line.
The transformer is used to measure the high voltage known as potential
transformer. The primary of the potential transformer is having more
number of turns of fine wire and secondary is having less number of turns.
The potential transformer is step down transformer the P.W is connected
across the line and S.W across the meter to measure the line voltage.
The
P.W when connected to line carry some current, which produces the
magnetic flux. The S.W is linked with this flux causing the induction some
voltage (generally 110V in case P.T.) this voltage defects the voltmeter or
the secondary of the P.T.
The scale is directly calibrated to obtain the actual voltage. The
secondary of the P.T. is always connected to earth.

They may be of one phase or three phase. Electromagnetic P.T. In which

primary and secondary are wound on magnetic core in usual
transformers.

SOME TERMS RELATED TO P.T

(a) Rated Voltage: The voltage of the P.T., which it can withstand.
(b) Rated Transformer Ratio: The ratio of rated primary voltage
to the rated secondary voltage.
(c) Rated secondary voltage: e.g. 130/ root (3) = 63.3 VAR.

4.5.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformer:-

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power
systems to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage
signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its
most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across
which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the
device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and
further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective
relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal
for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least
one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or
protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for
measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use
of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first
capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in
series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of
capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small
voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary
terminals.

CVT 220 kV rating

Type: WP-245 V

Operating voltage: 220/√3 kV

Voltage factor: 1.5 V for 30

sec. Test voltage: 460 kV

Test impedance 1050 kv peak

Ellec cap: 4400±10% PF of 50 H ±

5% Nominal intermediate voltage 20/√3 kv

Spark over voltage: 36 kv

Voltage divider ratio 220000/√3 /20000/√3

Total thermal burden: 1000 VA

Temperature categ: 10 to 55°C

Total weight: 900 Kg.

4.6. CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is equipment which can be open are closed a circuit

under a normal as well as fault condition. It is so desired that it can be
operated manually or by remote control under normal condition and
automatically under fault condition. For the latter operation a relay is used
in the circuit breaker. A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and
moving contacts, called electrodes. Under normal operating condition,
these contacts remain closed and will not open automatically until and
unless the system becomes fault. The contacts can be opened manually
or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of
the system, the trip coils of the circuit breaker get energized and
moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening
the circuit. the basic construction of any circuit breaker requires the
separation of the contacts in any insulating fluid, when serves two
function:-

 It extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit
breaker open.

 It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each

contacts to earth. Many insulating fluids are used for arc extinction
and the fluid chosen depend upon the rating and type of the circuit
breaker.

The insulating fluids commonly used are :-

 Air at atmospheric pressure
  Compressed air

 Ultra high vacuum

 Oil which produces hydrogen for arc extinction

 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements

4.6.1 TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

I. SULPHUR HEXAFLURIOD (SF6 )

In such circuit breaker sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as arc quenching
medium. The SF6 is electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to
absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker an opened in a high
pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between them. The
conducting free electrons in arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form
relatively immobile negative ions . This loss of conduction electrons in the
arc quickly builds up enough insulating strength.The SF6 circuit breaker
has been found to be very effect able for high power and high voltage
services.SF6 has excellent insulating strength because of its affinity for
electrons i.e whenever a free electrons collides with the neutral gas
molecules to form negatives ions, the electrons is absorbed by the neutral
gas molecules may occur in two ways
SF6 + e -> SF6
SF6 + e -> SF5 + F
The negative ion formed are relatively heavier as compared to free
electrons and therefore under a given electric field the ions do not attain
sufficient energy to lead cumulative ionization in the gas.

WORKING

In closed position of the breaker, the contacts remains surrounded by SF6

gas at a pressure of about 6KG/sq.cm. When the breaker operates, the
moving contact is pulled apart and arc is structure between the contacts.
The movement of the moving contacts is synchronized with the opening of
the valve, which permits SF6 gas at 15Kg/sq.cm pressures from the
reservoir to the arc interruption chamber. The high- pressure flow of SF6
rapidly absorbs the electrons in the arc path to form immobile negative
ions, which ineffective as charge carriers. Thus, medium between the
contacts quickly built up high dielectric strength and cause the extinction
of the arc, after the breaker operates.
 II. VACCUM C IRCUIT BREAKER:

In such breakers (degree f vacuum being from 10 -7 to 10-5 tore) is used as

arc quenching medium. Since vacuum offers the high insulating strength,
it has superior quenching properties then any other medium e.g when
contacts of the breaker are opened n vacuum , the interruption occurred
first current zero with dielectric strength between the contacts building at
a rate of 1000th of times higher then that obtained with other circuit
breaker . Thus a vacuum arc is different from the general class of low &
high pressure arc . In the vacuum arc the neutral atoms, ions and
electrons do not come from the medium in which the arc is drawn but
they are obtained from the electrodes themselves by evaporating its
surface material , because of the large mean free path for the electrons ,
the dielectric strength of the vacuum is a 1000 times more than when the
gas is used as the interrupting
medium .

III. MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT

BREAKER (MOCB)
One of the important development
in the design of oil circuit breaker
has been to reduce the amount of
oil needed. The other advantages
are reduction in tank size ,
reduction in total weight and
reduction in cost . It used minimum
amount of oil and is only used for
arc extinguishing the current
conducting parts are insulated by
porcelain or organic insulated material. Low oil circuit breaker employees
solid materials for insulations purpose and uses a small qty.of oil which is
just sufficient for arc extinguishing .By using suitable arc control devices,
the arc extinguishing can be further facilitated in low circuit breaker.
venting.

IV. Air blast circuit breaker

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit
type multi break constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are
some of the main features of air blast circuit breakers. A compressors
plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver. The air
blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces,
where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used
for interconnected lines and important lines where rapid operation is
desired.

Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker

High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air
reservoir. Air is taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow
insulator columns are mounted on the reservoir with valves at their basis.
The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the top of the
hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three
arc extinction chambers to each other in series and the pole to the
neighboring equipment. Since there exists a very high voltage between
the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers
assembly is mounted on insulators.
Specifications of SF6 Circuit Breaker
1. Gas circuit breaker: high voltage side (220KV)
Type 220-SFM-40A
Voltage rating: 220kv
Rated lightening impulse withstand voltage: 1050 kVp
 Rated short circuit breaker current: 40 kA
Rated operating pressure: 16.5 kg/cm2-g
Rated Gas pressure: 6 kg/cm2-g
First pole to clear factor 1.3
Rated duration of short circuit current is 40 kA for 30 sec.
Rated ling charging breaker breaking current 125 Amp
Rated voltage 245 kV
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Rated normal current 2500
Amp Rated closing voltage: 220
V dc Rated opening voltage
220 V dc Total Weight with
Gas: 3900 Kg.
2. Gas circuit breaker: low voltage side (66
KV) Type 70-SFM-32B
Voltage rating: 72.5 kv
Rated lightening impulse withstand voltage: 350 kVp
Rated short circuit breaker current: 31.5 kA
Rated operating pressure: 16.5 kg/cm2-
g Rated Gas pressure: 5 kg/cm2-g
First pole to clear factor 1.3
Rated duration of short circuit current is 31.5 kA for 3 sec.
Rated ling charging breaker breaking current 125 Amp
Rated voltage 72.5 kV
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Rated normal current 2500
Amp Rated closing voltage: 220
V dc Rated opening voltage
220 V dc

4.7. CAPACITOR BANK

The capacitor bank provides reactive power
at grid substation. The voltage regulation
problem frequently reduces so of circulation
of reactive power.
Unlike the active power, reactive power can
be produced, transmitted and absorbed of
course with in the certain limit, which have
always to be workout. At any point in the
system shunt capacitor are commonly used
in all voltage and in all size.
Capacitors are used to control the level of the voltage supplied to the
customer by reducing or eliminating the voltage drop in the system
caused by inductive reactive loads.
An AC system cannot function with the highest transmission capability at
minimum cost and at the highest efficiency unless the reactive
compensation is carefully applied. The capacitor i.e. VAR is installed in
receiving substation, load substation for fast, staples control of reactive
power compensation of voltage control .

Capacitor banks are installed following purposes:

o To improve the power factor of the system & there by regulating the
system voltage
o Reactive power compensation
o To reduce the loss
o Increased voltage level at the load
o Reduced system losses
o Increase power factor of loading current

Fig.13.1-Capacitor Bank

Benefits of using the capacitor bank are many and the reason is that
capacitor reduces the reactive current flowing in the whole system
from generator to the point of installation.
The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power

4.8 INSULATOR
The insulators are connected to the cross arm of supporting structure and
the power conductor passes through the clamp of the insulator. The
insulators provide necessary insulation between line conductors and
supports and thus prevent any leakage current from conductors to earth.
In general, the insulator should have the following desirable properties:
 High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor
load, wind load etc.

 High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to

avoid leakage currents to earth.

 High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that

dielectric strength is high.

 High ratio of puncture strength to flash over.

These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened

glass. Poly come type insulator [solid core] are also being supplied in
place of hast insulators if available indigenously. The design of the
insulator is such that the stress due to contraction and expansion in any
part of the insulator does not lead to any defect. It is desirable not to allow
porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard metal screw thread.
TYPE OF INSULATORS:
1. Pin type

2. Suspension type

3. Strain insulator

PIN TYPE:

Pin type insulator consist of a single or multiple shells adapted to be

mounted on a spindle to be fixed to the cross arm of the supporting
structure. When the upper most shell is wet due to rain the lower shells
are dry and provide sufficient leakage resistance these are used for
transmission and distribution of electric power at voltage up to voltage 33
KV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 KV the pin type insulators thus
become too bulky and hence uneconomical.

SUSPENSION TYPE:

Suspension type insulators consist of a number of porcelain disc

connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. Its working
voltage is 66KV. Each disc is designed for low voltage for 11KV.

Fig.-Suspension type insulator

STRAIN INSULATOR:
The strain insulators are exactly identical in shape with the suspension
insulators. These strings are placed in the horizontal plane rather than the
vertical plane. These insulators are used where line is subjected to
greater tension. For low voltage lines (< 11KV) shackle insulator are used
as strain insulator.

Fig.4.3-Strain type insulator

Post type insulator

Post insulators have metal bolt down base as opposed to threads. Many early multipart lines are
line post insulators as replacements. Post insulators are also used in
substations to insulate high voltage switching gear and transformers.
There is no hobby numbering system for post insulators yet. Most
insulators are used for bus bars. Post insulators consist of porcelain body,
cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is the
threaded so that the bus bars can be directly to cap.

4.9 Wave Trap:

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high
frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote
substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the
substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).
It is a device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as
noise or other interference, of a wave. Wave trap is an instrument using
for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps the
unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum.
It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves
which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the substation.
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the
telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleportation signals
and in addition, voice and data communication signals.
The Line trap OFFERS HIGH IMPEDANCE TO THE HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION
SIGNALS thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus
bars. If there were not to be there, then signal loss is more and
communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.
Fig. -Wave Trap

5. PROTECTION SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION: -

There are different schemes adopted for the protection of various

equipment of power system against Over Voltage and heavy short circuit
current.

CAUSES OF OVER-VOLTAGE: -

The over-voltage may occur in the power system due to.

1. Internal causes
2. External causes

INTERNAL CAUSES: -

A. Switching surges
B. Arcing grounds
C. Insulation failure
D. Resonance
EXTERNAL CAUSES OF OVER-VOLTAGES: -

LIGHTNING: -

An electrical discharge in our between clouds, between the separate

charge in the same cloud or b/w cloud and earth is caused lightning.
There are two main ways in which lightning stoke can effect a line i.e.
1. Direct stroke
2. Indirect stroke

5.1 PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGES

It has been seen that the internal causes in increase the voltages of the
power system really double to that of the normal operating voltage where
as the external causes may increase the voltage several times (of the
order of 200 MV) to that of normal operating voltage of twice the value of
normal operating voltage of the system for a reasonable length of time
and to provide protective devices for the voltage having value more than
this.
Those devices are known as over voltage protection devices. The
common device used for the protection of power system against over–
voltages is:
1. Ground wires
2. Earth screens
3. Lightning arrestors of surge diverters

5.1.1 GROUND-WIRE: -

To protect the transmission lines against direct lightning stroke, one of

more bare conductors are run at the top f the tower known as ground
wires. These wires are earthed at regular intervals preferably at every
tower. The area of cross section of ground wires is based upon their
mechanical strength rather than electrical conductivity. These should
have high mechanical strength and be-non-corrosive.
The ground wires not only take the burnt of the direct strokes but also
provide a certain amount of electrostatic screening. This reduces the
voltage induce in the line conductors by the discharge of a neighboring
cloud. They also provide additional protective effect in attenuating any
travelling wave that may be set up in the lines, by acting as short
circuited secondary of the line conductors.
The main objections to the ground wires are; the additional cost and the
possibility of the wire cracking and falling on the line conductors causing a
direct short-circuit.

5.1.2 EARTHING SCREEN: -

A network of copper conductors earthed at various points, and placed

over and above all the substation is known as earthing screen. It provides
an electrostatic shield against external fields and protects the system.
It protects the system from direct lightning strokes but does not provide
any protection against high voltage waves which may still reach at the
terminals of equipment.

5.1.3 LIGHTNING ARESSTOR OR SURGE DIVERTER: -

The lightning arrestor or surge diverters is a device which an easy

conducting path or relatively low impedance path for the flow of current
which the system voltage increases more than the designed value and
against it is original properties of an insulator at normal voltage .
A lightning arrestor voltages as on insulator at normal voltages but
provides as easy path for the flow of current at abnormal voltages. A good
lightning arrestors or surge diverter should have the following.
(a) It should not take any current on the working voltage of the system
in other words it should act as an insulator at normal working
voltages.
(b) It must provide a conducting path as and when abnormal transient
voltages occur on the system.
(c) It must be capable to carry the discharge current with out getting
damage it self under abnormal conditions.

TYPES OF LIGHNING ARRESTORS: -

There are many types of lightning arrestors which are used to protect the
power system against over-voltage some of them are:
1. Rod gap arrestor
2. Horn gap arrestor
3. multi gap arrestor
4. Thyrite arrestor
5. Electrolytic arrestor
6. Oxide film arrestor
 7. Expulsion type arrestor
8. Value type arrestor

Lightning arresters are protective devices for limiting surge voltages due
to lightning strikes or equipment fault or other events, to prevent damage
to equipment and disruption of service. Also called surge arresters.

Lightning arresters are

installed on many different
pieces of equipment such
as power poles and towers,
power transformers, circuit
breakers, bus structures,
and steel superstructures
in substations.

VARIOUS OTHER KINDS

OF PROTECTION

5.2 DIRECTION OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION: -

The over-current protection can be given directional feature by adding

directional over-current protection responds to over currents for a
particular directional flow if power flow is in the opposite directions the
directional over current protection remains un-operative.
Directional over current protection comprises over current relay and
power directional relay in a single relay casing the power directional relay
does not measure the power but is arranged to respond to the directional
operation of relay is used where the selectivity can be achieved by
directional relaying. The directional relay recognizes the direction in which
fault occurs relative to the location of the relay. It is set such that it
actuates for fault occurring in one directional only. It does not act for
faults occurring in the other direction another interesting example of
directional protection are that of reverse power protection of generator.

5.3 DIRECTIONAL EARTH-FAULT PROTECTION : -

In the directional over-current protection coil of relay is actuated from

secondary current of line CT. where as the current coil by residual current.
In directional over-current relays. The voltage coil is actuated by
secondary of line VT. In directional earth-fault relay, the voltage coil is
actuated by the residual voltage. Direction earth fault relay sense the
direction which earth fault occurs with respect to the relay location; and it
operates for fault in a particular direction. The directional earth fault relay
(single phase unit) has two coils. The polarizing quantity is obtained either
from residual current (IRS = Ia + Ib+ Ic) or
Residual voltage (VRS = Vae + Vbe + Vce), where Vae Vbe Vce are phase voltage.
One of the coils is connected in residual current circuits. This coil gets
current during earth faults. The other coil gets residual voltage. The coil
connected in potential transform secondary circuit gives a polarizing field.

5.4 PRIMARY AND BACK UP PROTECTION: -

There are times when the primary protection may fail. This could be due
to failure of CT/VT or relays, pr failure of circuit breaker one of the
possible causes of the circuit breaker failure is the failure of the trip-
battery due to inadequate maintenance.

5.5 RELAYS
A relay is a low-powered device used to activate a high-powered device.
Relays are used to trigger circuit breakers and other switches in
substations and transmission and distribution systems.

The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are:
1. Voltage
2. Current
3. Frequency
4. Phase angle

Through the change in one or more of these quantities, the fault

signals there presence type and location to the protective relay is
obtained. Moving detect the fault, the relay operates close the trip
circuit of the breaker. This result in the opening of the breaker and
disconnect the fault section.

TYPES OF RELAY

Basically relay are based on two principal:-

o Electromagnetic attraction
o Electromagnetic induction
But different relay based on this are used in this S/S such as:

Differential
RESE/F +O/L
relay
Protection relay
O/F protection

+FFR Group A
Breaker failure
relay trip relay

O/Cprotection CB trouble relay

relays
Group Btrip relay

DRearth switch
relay

1. Over Current Relay: - It is used in over current scheme. Over current

protection is the name given to protected relay scheme devised to rise
in current in a protected circuit.
2. Differential Relay: - A differential relay is one that operates when the
vector difference of two or more quantities exceeds pre determined
value.
3. Oil Surged Relay
4. Buccholtz relay
5. Gas operated relay

RELAYS OF 100 MVA AND 20 MVA TRANSFORMERS

o OLTC Buccholtz relay

o Main Buccholtz relay
o Differential relay
o Restrict earth fault relay
o Over current relay
FEEDER RELAYS:

o Out of step blocking relay

o Directional current relay
 o Directional earth fault relay
o Fuse failure relay
o Auxiliary relay type
o Tripping relay
o Instantaneous Earth Fault relay

Protection Relays

1. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY: -

A differential relay is “the relay that operates when the vector difference
of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre determined
amount.” Almost every type of relay when connected in a certain way can
be made to operate as differential relay, mast of the differential relays are
of the “current differential type.” Fig.1 shows the over current relay used
as “differential relay” and operates when the currents at two points of the
system are unusual. For example of the current on at two ends of
alternator, windings are unusual. There is either a fault to earth or b/w
phases. When there is continuous over current and the current over
current and the current on both sides are equal, than the relay will not
sense the fault. It will sense fault only if there is a difference of current on
two sides of circuit.
A very important disadvantage in simple balance system is due to
inequalities of current transformers. Hence the differential CT’s should not
be erroneous or should be identical.
This disadvantage can also be overcome by using a based beam
relay. Fig : Differential Relay

2. DISTANCE RELAYS: -

Distance or impedance relays should have the least position spread in

value of operating impedance or reactance. Any deviation of Z from the
impedance setting canal bring about variation in the operation zone
length of the relay it effects the reliability of the relay operation and
venders the co-ordination of the protection on then adjoining circuit much
more difficult. Hence for this reason the fictitious operating impedance
should not exceed impedance setting.

3. DIRECTIONAL (OVER CURRENT OR EARTH FAULT ) RELAY :-

4.
The non directional relay can operate for fault flow in either direction. In
order to achieve operation for the fault flowing in a specific direction, it is
necessary to add a directional element to the non directional element.
Such a relay which responds to fault flow in a particular directional is
called a directional relay

5. IDMT RELAY:
The IDMT relay work on the induction principle, where an aluminum or
copper disc rotates between the poles of electromagnet and damping
magnet. The fluxes induce eddy current in the disc which interact and
produce rotational torque. The disc rotates to a point where it operates a
pair of contact that breaks the circuit and removes the fault condition.
 6. RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAY:

The REF protection method is a type of "unit protection" applied to

transformers or generators and is more sensitive than the method known
as differential protection.

An REF relay works by measuring the actual current flowing to earth from
the frame of the unit. If that current exceeds a certain preset maximum
value of milliamps (mA) then the relay will trip to cut off the power supply
to the unit.

Differential protection can also be used to protect the windings of a

transformer by comparing the current in the power supply's neutral wire
with the current in the phase wire. If the currents are equal then the
differential protection relay will not operate. If there is a current
imbalance then the differential protection relay operates.
REF protection is applied on transformers in order to detect ground faults
on a given winding more sensitively than differential protection.

7. TRIPPING RELAY:

Figure Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main
relay sense any fault in the system, it immediately operates the trip
relay to disconnect the faulty section

AUXILIARY RELAY:
 Auxiliary Relay
An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the
employee.

5.6 FUSES :
Fuse is a essentially a short piece of metal ( or a fusible material )
inserted in a circuit which melts when a predetermined value of current
flows through it and thus breaks the circuits .The protective element of the
fuse is a fuse-link inserted in series with the circuit being protected . The
most generally material used for fuse element is a low melting point
material such as tin, lead or zinc .Fuses may be low voltage type or high
voltage type : low voltage can be further divided into two classes namely
semi- enclosed rewire able fuse and the cartridge type fuse.

5.7 EARTHING SYSTEM

The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by
the following reason.
 In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightening
discharge or other system fault. These parts of equipment, which
are normally dead, as for as voltage, are concerned do not attain
dangerously high potential.

 In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order

to stabilize the potential of circuit with respect to earth.

The resistance of earthing system is depending on:

 Shape and material of earth electrode used.

 Depth in the soil.

 Specific resistance of soil surrounding in the neighbourhood of

system electrodes.
PROCEDURE OF EARTHING:
Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough
capacity to deal with more faults current. The resistance of earth and
current path should be low enough to prevent voltage rise between earth
and neutral. The earth electrode must be driven in to the ground to a
sufficient depth to as to obtain lower value of earth resistance. To
sufficient lowered earth resistance a number of electrodes are inserted in
the earth to a depth, they are connected together to form a mesh. The
resistance of earth should be for the mesh in generally inserted in the
earth at 0.5m depth the several point of mesh then connected to earth
electrode or ground conduction. The earth electrode is metal plate copper
is used for earth plate.

NEUTRAL EARTHING:
Neutral earthing of power transformer all power system operates with
grounded neutral. Grounding of neutral offers several advantages the
neutral point of generator transformer is connected to earth directly or
through a reactance in some cases the neutral point is earthed through an
adjustable reactor of reactance matched with the line.
 The earth fault protection is based on the method of
neutral earthing.

 The neutral earthing is associated switchgear.

The neutral earthing is provided for the purpose of protection arcing

grounds unbalanced voltages with respect to protection from lightening
and for improvement of the system.

An earthed neutral system has the following advantages

:- A ) It provides a better protection against earth faults.
B) It ensures nearly constant voltage of healthy phases because
neutral point is not shifted.
C ) This system provides a better reliability of service .
D ) It is safer for personal and equipment.
E) It requires lesser maintenance expense as compared to the
unearthed neural (isolated system.
F) In the system, transient voltages produced are very small.
G ) Ground fault relaying is simple . The earth may be utilized to
operate protective relays to isolate the fault.
H ) Persistent arcing ground can be eliminated by employing protective
gear.
SAFETY EARTHING :-
It is required to provide protection to the operating staff working in the
yard and sub station from any injury during fault condition by keeping
the voltage gradient with
in safe limits. The above two parts have common earth mat from which
flat iron risers are taken out to connect all the non-current carrying metal
parts of the equipment. At the same
time the earth mat conductor rise to voltage, which is equal to the
resistance of the earth mat multiplied by ground fault current. This
difference of potential results in voltage gradients.

6. CONTROL ROOM

Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located in

the control building, also called the dog house. These are used to control
the substation equipment to send power from one circuit to another or to
open or to shut down circuits when needed.

Fig. -Control Room

MEASURING INSTRUMENT USED:
 ➢ ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted energy
meters are fitted to the panel to different feeders the energy
transmitted is recorded after one hour regularly for it MWHr,
meter is provided.

➢ WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power

exported from GSS.

➢ FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder

there is the provision of analog or digital frequency meter.
➢ VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase
voltage .It is also available in both the analog and digital
frequency meter.

➢ AMETER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also

available in both the forms analog as well as digital.

➢ MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the

control panel to record the average power over successive
predetermined period.
➢ MVAR METER: It is to measure the reactive power of the circuit.

7. BATTERY ROOM

Battery is the heart of power system control and protection as all the
power system protection equipment and the communication equipments
works on D.C supply. In the event of failure of station supply if standby
D.C supply is not available then it will be dangerous for the breaker and
other protective equipment so also the communication system will be
great hampered and during such emergency there will be no
communication for help or to transmit information to the concerned
authorities and the fault would be attended very late. Thus battery
installation, its commissioning and subsequent maintenance plays very
important role.

Batteries are to be installed in a room in close vicinity of control room.

This room should be constructed in a such a way that it is well ventilated
and the dimension of the room should be such that it can easily
accommodate the stands provided for supporting desired no. of cells.
There should be adequate provision for artificial lightning and the
windows should be located in such a way that direct sunlight on the cells
be avoided. Exhaust fan for ventilation of gases, when on quick charge at
high rate possible.

Room temperature should be maintained b/w 20 C to 35C for getting

best results. Higher temperature reduces the capacity. Battery cells
should be arranged on the stands in such a way that each cell can be
easily accessed for any maintenance purpose viz., inspection, topping up
etc.
Battery room should always be kept dry as damp room is dangerous due
to possible leakages from the battery.
Storage of the battery is the most dependable source of supply of DC
power required for closing and tripping of CB , RELAY, signaling
equipment, remote control apparatus, telephone service, SCADA,
emergency light etc.
Battery room is the heart line of D.C. system. In case of failure of the A.C.
system the control system should remain operative so we use D.C.
control system through DC set.

Maintenance of Battery

For effective and trouble free services of station batteries following

maintenance activities are suggested:-
o Battery Room and Ventilation
o Herein battery rooms door are kept closed, exhaust fan checked for
air circulation, metal structures checked for corrosion and painted if
necessary.
o Base or Racks
o Wooden racks checked for cracks and deterioration, base pads for
deterioration.
o Cells and Jars
o Leaky jars checked for cracks replaced if necessary, clean jars-
wash covers are wiped out. Plates inspected for signs of
deterioration.
o Intercell Connectors and Terminals
o Terminals cleaned for corrosion and sulphation.
o Charge
o Output of charging equipment is adjusted for normal conditioning of
battery, ampere meter should show as fraction of ampere.
o Annual Maintenance
 o Voltage of each cell which should be b/w 2.15 to 2.2 V per cell
during trickle charge is checked.
o Electrolyte
o Electrolyte level and add distilled water as it is necessary, specific
gravity and electrolyte is checked. Keep the distilled water container
and keep some storage of distilled water always ready for topping.

INITIAL SP. FINAL SP. ACID QUANTITY WATER QUANITY

GRAVITY GRAVITY
1· 840 1· 190 18 87
1· 825 1· 400 40 66
1· 825 1· 190 18 86
1· 400 1· 190 45 56

TECHNICAL PARTICULARS:

1. A.C. input 415 v +10% three phase 50 c/s

2. No. of cells 110
3. DC output 110 cells while (a) float charger capable of
supplying a load of 18 amp. floating cells of 2.65v per cell
(b) Boost charge 220 v load at
a max. Of charging current of 20
amp.

8. Power line communication & SCADA

system
Delhi Transco Limited (DTL) has a very large network of high voltage
transmission lines in whole Delhi. Transmission lines transfer power from
power houses to substations and from one substation to many other
substations or vice versa. Power is generated at low Voltage (of the order
of 3.3KV to 25KV) and is stepped-up to high voltage (765KV, 400KV,
220KV & 132KV) for evacuating power into the grid network through
transmission lines.
Transmission of Data

Below in Figure 1, main equipment from substation/power house to its

subLDC has been shown in a very simple form.

Figure 1: Transmission of Data from substation/Power house to subLDC

Current Transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers (PTs), installed

on transmission lines, provide inputs to transducers of SIC (Supervisory
Interface & Control) & RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) panel. Circuit
breakers & isolators' status are extended up to SIC panel. If for such
extension extra potential free contacts are not available in the Control
Panels, Contact Multiplying Relays (CMRs) are used to provide potential
free contacts. The output of RTU is connected to the communication
equipment, through Modem. In between substation & subLDC, a
communication link has been shown. Telephone exchanges are
connected with the communication equipment. Such communication links
can be of any type. DTL has got its own three different type of
communication systems, i.e. PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication),
microwave and fibre-optic. Modem output at receive side is connected
with the CFE (Communication End Frame). Its output is connected with
data takes over. Each RTU is automatically polled by Server of Sub LDC
to obtain each data of repeats at least once in 10 sec and is stored in the
database of sub LDC. This data is processed in database formats and is
retrieved for different applications. These formats or graphics are
displayed or printed as per requirement. At sub LDC, System Control
Officers use this data to monitor and analyze position of the grid.

Communication for Power System

Following are mainly three inter-related areas of functions in DTL for

management of power system:
A) Telecommunication

B) SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System.

C) EMS- Energy Management System

A) TELECOMMUNICATION

There are three different types of telecommunication systems in UPPTCL

i.e.

i. Microwave Communication System,

ii. Fibre-optic Communication System,

iii. PLCC-Power Line Carrier Communication.

Voice Frequency (VF) channels of all these systems have been

integrated/interconnected to make a hybrid communication system.
Microwave & Fibre Optic are multi-channels communication systems and
are also called 'Wideband communication system'. PLCC is single
channel communication system.

SCADA SYSTEM

In SCADA system measured values, i.e. analogue (measured value) data

(MW, MVAR, V, Hz Transformer tap position), and Open/Closed status
information, i.e. digital data (Circuit Breakers/Isolators position i.e. on/off
status), are transmitted through telecommunication channels to
respective sub-LDCs. For this purpose Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) at
400KV, 220KV sub-stations have been installed. System values & status
information below 66 KV have not been picked up for data transmission,
except for 33KV Bus isolator position and LV side of generators.
Secondary side of Current Transformers (CT) and Potential Transformer
(PT) are connected with 'Transducers'. The output of transducers is
available in dc current form (in the range of 4mA to 20mA). Analogue to
digital converter converts this current into binary pulses. Different inputs
are interleaved in a sequential form and are fed into the CPU of the RTU.
The output of RTU, containing information in the form of digital pulses, is
sent to subLDC through communication links. Depending upon the type of
communication link, the output of RTU is connected, directly or through
Modem, with the communication equipment. At subLDC end, data
received from RTU is fed into the data servers. In general, a SCADA
system consists of a database, displays and supporting programmes. In
DTL, subLDCs use all major functional areas of SCADA except the
'Supervisory Control/Command' function. The brief overview of major
'functional areas' of SCADA system is as below:

1. Communications - Sub-LDC's computer communicates with all

RTU stations under its control, through a communication system.
RTU polling, message formatting, polynomial checking and
message retransmission on failure are the activities of
'Communications' functional area.
2. Data Processing - After receipt of data through communication
system it is processed. Data process function has three sub-
functions i.e. (i) Measurements, (ii) Counters and (iii) Indications.

 'Measurements' retrieved from a RTU are converted to engineering

units and linearised, if necessary. The measurement are then
placed in database and are checked against various limits which
if exceeded generate high or low limit alarms.

 The system has been set-up to collect 'Counters' at regular

intervals: typically 5 or 10 minutes. At the end of the hour the units
is transferred into appropriate hour slot in a 24-hour archive/history.

 'Indications' are associated with status changes and protection. For

those statuses that are not classified as 'alarms', logs the change on
the appropriate printer and also enter it into a cyclic event list. For
those statuses, which are defined as an 'alarms' and the indication
goes into alarm, an entry is made into the appropriate alarm list, as
well as in the event list and an audible alarm is generated in the
sub-LDC.

3. Alarm/Event Logging - The alarm and event logging facilities are

used by SCADA data processing system. Alarms are grouped into
different categories and are given different priorities. Quality codes
are assigned to the recently received data for any 'limit violation'
and 'status changes'. Alarms are acknowledged from single line
diagram (or alarm lists) on display terminal in LDCs.

4. Manual Entry - There is a provision of manual entry of measured

values, counters and indications for the important sub-
station/powerhouse, which are uncovered by an RTU or some
problem is going on in its RTU, equipment, communication path,
etc.

5. Averaging of Measured Values - As an option, the SCADA system

supports averaging of all analogue measurements. Typically, the
 averaging of measured values over a period of 15 minutes is stored
to provide 24 hours trend.

6. Historical Data Recording (HDR) - The HDR, i.e. 'archive',

subsystem maintains a history of selected system parameters over
a period of time. These are sampled at a pre-selected interval and
are placed in historical database. At the end of the day, the data is
saved for later analysis and for report generation.

7. Interactive Database Generation - Facilities have been provided

in such a way that an off-line copy of the SCADA database can be
modified allowing the addition of new RTUs, pickup points and
communication channels.

8. Supervisory Control/Remote Command - This function enables

the issue of 'remote control' commands to the sub-
station/powerhouse equipment e.g. circuit breaker trip command.
As such, related/associated equipment have not been ordered.

9. Fail-over - A 'Fail-over' subsystem is also provided to secure and

maintain a database of devices and their backups. The state of the
device is maintained indicating whether it is 'on-line' or 'failed'.
There is a 'backup' system, which maintains database on a backup
computer and the system is duplicated.

SLDC Minto road has a large and active 'Mimic Board' in its Control room.
This mimic board displays single line diagram of intra State transmission
system i.e. grid network of 400KV, 220KV and important 66 KV sub-
stations, transmission lines, thermal powerhouses. Outgoing feeders,
shown in the mimic board, have 'achieve' (LED display) colored
indications, of three different colors, to show the range of power flow at
any moment i.e. 'Normal', 'Nominal' or 'Maximum' of its line capacity. For
new substations and lines, displays in active and passive forms are
required to be made in the Mimic diagram. But, Mimic Board has a
limitation that it cannot incorporate/add large volume of displays for
substations/power houses/transmission lines in 'active' form due to space
constraint and congestion. Due to this Mimic Board is going to be
supplemented with a Video Projection System (VPS) at SLDC, Minto
Road in near future. Also in SLDC & subLDCs, displays of single line
diagrams of RTU sub-stations/power house are viewed on VDUs of large
size (21").
9. Operation and Maintenance of 220KV
Substation
9.1. INTRODUCTION

Maintenance is a key activity for utilities in order to assure the proper

operation of the networks. And it implies a huge amount of human and
economic resources. Saving Maintenance costs means that it is
needed to proper operation of substation equipments. The availability
of reliable and quality power has made the job of substation more
important. This can be achieved by establishing the new substation,
with most efficient and reliable equipments and taking more care in
their operation and maintenance. Maintenance may be defined as the
upkeep of the substation electrical equipment in proper working and
efficient condition to derive the Reliable and efficient operation,
Optimum utilization Availability of quality power, reduced down time,
Detection of premature faults, Minimizing revenue losses etc. To meet
the above requirement, the equipment has to be checked, attended to,
trouble shoots and operated under specified conditions. A large
percentage of failure of electrical equipment are due to deterioration
of insulation, loose contact, abnormal operating condition etc. many of
these failure can be anticipated by regular application of simple tests
and timely maintenance . If the fault condition leading to failure is
detected in the early stage itself, the extent of damage can be
reduced and the equipment can be reconditioned and put back in to
service. Any abnormality will be followed by warming signal like
variation in sound, excess temperature, vibration, sparks, blown out
fuses, frequent trappings, tripping before full load. The detection of
incipient faults in electrical equipment depends up on use of proper
diagnostic tools, its effective use, correlation and proper interpretation
of test results and observation based on experience, manufacturers
guidance etc.

9.2. MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY

1. Corrective or breakdown maintenance: Corrective or breakdown
maintenance is carried out as and when necessary. This applies only to
low value and auxiliary equipments, breakdown of which does not affect
power supply continuity.
2. Preventive maintenance: Preventive maintenance calls for advance
plan is made to carry out preventive maintenance. The advantage lies
in uninterrupted power supply, increased availability of the equipment
and reduction in maintenance cost.

3. Condition based maintenance: Condition base maintenance is

based on condition assessment of the equipment by tests ON or OFF the
line. This is ideal for prevention of equipment failure and other associated
consequent damages.

4. Reliability centered maintenance: Reliability centered maintenance

is generally carried out on old equipment by conducting ‘ remaining life
assessment studies’ and based on economics, life extension techniques
are adopted without sacrificing reliability and availability. The
maintenance costs are also reduced.

5. Equipment failure analyses: Equipment failure analysis is the major

responsibility of maintenance personnel to prevent repeated failure of
equipment and provide inputs foe necessary change in design
parameters, new equipment design, quality control plan, erection and
subsequent maintenance technique.

6. Techniques for reducing down time: Techniques of reducing down

time play a vital role in continuity of power supply. Hot line maintenance
of one line of double circuit\ line with other circuit in live condition,
deployment of emergency restoration system etc, is few examples.
7. Spare management: Spares management ensures availability of right
spares most frequently required and at the right location and thereby help
immediate restoration of power supply.

8. Documentation/ computerization on maintenance: The

documentation is a record of the type of maintenance activity carried out,
any abnormalities noticed during checking etc, chronologically
documented and computerized for further analysis and action.

9.3. MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

Maintenance schedule is categorized into daily, weekly, monthly,
quarterly and yearly maintenance schedules.

Power transformer (100 MVA, 20MVA)

 ➢ Check and re-condition of silica jelly.
➢ Check the working cooling fans, pumps
➢ Release gas from BH relay
➢ Clean the bushing, radiator, body etc.,
➢ Check earthing connection
➢ Check jump connections
➢ Check OLTC motor drive and control panel
a) Lubricate bearing and cleaning
b) Check the gear box oil level
c) Check operation of limit switch, sequence switch with
transformer in off conditions
d) Check gasket joints for oil leakage

HT Circuit breakers
➢ Clean the porcelains
➢ Check the connections for loose contact
➢ Check tripping through relays
➢ Check the wiring for loose contact
➢ Vermin Proofing of control box
➢ Check annunciation scheme
➢ Lubricate moving/link mechanisms wherever recommended
by manufacturer
➢
HT: CT’s, PT’s & Lightning arresters.
➢ Clean the porcelain and metal body
➢ Check connection both primary and secondary for tightness
➢ Check oil level
➢ Take IR values
➢ Check earth connection for proper contact

11 kV Switchgears
➢ Clean the breakers, panels and bus bars thoroughly, clean
insulators with CTC or Petrol
➢ Check II values of the bus bars and individuals, breakers
between phases and earth
➢ Check operation of breakers on local remote through relay
and corresponding annunciation
➢ Check and lubricate operating mechanism wherever
necessary
➢ Tighten the terminal connection of all auxiliary circuit and
wiring
 ➢ Check all earth connections between the panel and
electrodes for tightness and check the contact resistance of
earth connection.
➢ Check contact travel, contact erosion in VCB
➢ Check 11 kV CT’s and PT’s connections

Isolator
➢ Check jump connection and replace PG clamps, if necessary
➢ Check the alignment of isolator
➢ Cleaning and applying petroleum jelly to contacts

GOS-HR fuses –Station yard Earthing

➢ Check clean and grease the GOS and check contacts for
erosion, clean insulator
➢ Check operation for proper closing of the insulator
➢ Check the fuses and renew the same wherever HR fuses are
provided
➢ Check the earth resistance of earthing mat and all
individual earthing if any, the resistance should be within the
prescribed limit, otherwise action should be taken to Bering
the same to within limit immediately as it is very important
aspect for the safety of the equipment in any station.

TABLE 9.4.1: Maintenance Schedule for Oil-Filled Power

Transformers

Maintenance or Test Recommended Interval

Review equipment ratings 5 years

Preventive maintenance As Per manufacturer’s

recommendations

Transformer physical inspection Annually

Bushings – visual inspection Quarterly and 3-5 years

Bushings - check oil level Weekly

Bushings – cleaning 3-5 years

Transformer and bushings 3-5 years (6 months to 1 year for
- Doble test suspect bushings)

Transformer and Annually

bushings– infrared scan

Insulating oil - DGA, Annually after first year of

physical, and chemical tests operation

Leakage reactance, Turns Ratio If problems are indicated by other

tests, SFRA test tests

Cooling fans – inspect and test Annually

Oil pumps and motors - Annually

inspect and test

Heat exchangers – inspect Annually

Conservator and bladder - inspect 3-5 years

Top oil and Annually inspect and infrared

winding scan 3-5 years calibrate
thermometers
Oil level indicator operation 3-5 years

Pressure relief device Annually inspect and perform

function test 3-5 years check oil
leaks

Sudden pressure relay Annually inspect and perform

function test 3-5 years test per
manufacturer’s recommendations

Buchholz relay Annually inspect and

Inspect foundation, rails, perform function test
trucks Inspect foundation, 3-5 years
rails, trucks

TABLE 9.4.2: Maintenance Schedule of SF6 Breaker

Maintenance or Test Recommended Interval

Review equipment rating 5 years

Preventive maintenance Per manufacturer’s instruction

manuals

Record gas pressure and Monthly

temperature, compare with
tolerances

Record operations counter Monthly

Visual inspection Monthly, annually,5 years

Check foundation, grounds, paint 5 years

Check external screws, Annually

bolts, electrical terminals
tight
Contact resistance test, power 5 years, if required by
factor insulation test, motion manufacturer
analyzer, trip test, moisture test on
gas

Verify operation and calibration of 5 years

temperature and pressure
switches and gauges

Check lube points, heater 5 years

operation, tightness of terminals,
linkages screws, bolts; latch,
linkage, operating mechanism
adjustments

Overhaul breaker with new 5 years10 to 15 years or 4,000 to

seals, contacts, nozzles 10,000
operations (more frequent if high
current operation)

Overhaul disconnect, 15 years or 5,000 to 10,000

grounding, and breaking operations
switches
Gas cart maintenance Per manufacturer’s instruction
 manuals

TABLE 9.4.3: Maintenance Schedule for Relays and Protection

Circuits

Recommended Interval
Maintenance or Test
Fault/load study and
5 years
recalculate settings

Electro-mechanical relays Upon commissioning

Calibration and functional testing years

Solid-state relays Calibration Upon commissioning 1 year after

and functional testing
Microprocessor relays calibration
and functional testing
Protection circuit functional test,
including lockout relays
commissioning and every 3
years
Upon commissioning 1 year
after commissioning and every
8-10 years
Immediately upon
and/or upon any changes and every
3-6 years

Check red light lit for lockout Daily

relay and circuit breaker coil
continuity

Lockout relays Cleaning and 5Years

lubrication

TABLE 9.4.4: Maintenance Schedule for Arresters

Maintenance or Test Recommended

Interval

Review equipment rating 5 years

Visual inspection with binoculars Quarterly to semiannually

Clean insulator and check 3-6 years Ambient dependent

connections
3-6 years Ambient dependent

Doble test (power frequency 3-6 years Ambient dependent

dielectric loss, direct current [DC]
insulation resistance, power
factor)
Replace all silicon carbide As soon as possible
arresters with metal oxide varistor
type
Infrared scan Annually

TABLE.9.4.5: Maintenance Schedule for Transmission Lines

Maintenance or Test Recommended Interval

Review equipment ratings 5 years

Visual inspection with binoculars Semi -annually

Infrared scan Annually

9.5 THERMO SCANNING

A sub station having worth crores of rupees can be scanned in two days
time for which charges for scanning comes around Rs. 30,000. By thermo
scanning any incipient fault can be identified in its initial stages if thermo
scanning is done on regular interval.
Thus damage of equipment worth of crores of rupees can be avoided
and also this technique prevents disruptions of power to
Customers in case of damage of equipment.

This is done with thermo vision camera based on FLIR system.

Thermo graphic Inspection:
During the thermo-visual inspection of sub-station equipment, several hot
spots are noticed and these spots are due to loose joints. The
temperature difference between the hot spots and normal spot is reported
and this aspect indicates the severity of the fault. Four types of fault are
graded from zero to three indicating normalcy to sever fault.
GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTION REQUIRED

(a) Don’t wear loose garments; they get caught leading to

accidents.
(b) Long and unruly hairs are dangerous particularly when
working near revolving part.

(c) Do not smoke near prohibited area.

(d) Keep the work area clean, dry and free of obstructions.

(e) Do not touch or operate equipment unless are authorized

so.

(f) Lubricate the M/C part with both hands. Use cotton waste
brush etc.

(g) Ensure all guards in position before M/C working on job.

(h) Ensure all machines control of the machine is in your

access.

(i) Ensure all tools are in good conditions. Look and report any
accident hazard.

(j) For any injury whether small or big get first aid first.
 CONCLUSION

It has been really a knowledgeable experience pursuing training at DTL,

220 KV Sarita Vihar sub-station. It is beyond doubt; DTL is not only an
industry in itself but also offers vocational training to engineering
graduates as well as professionals.

This phase of practical training has proved to be quiet fruitful, beneficial in

every respect. It provided an opportunity to encounter big and
sophisticated equipments of the Sub-Station.

The architecture of the Sub-Station and the way various equipments are
linked together to work as a unit and methodological approach in working
of whole s/s is controlled renders the impression that engineering is not
just learning the structured description and working of various
equipments, but greater part is of planning proper management.
It was definitely a knowledgeable experience and pride to be a part of 220
kv Sarita Vihar s/s for such a short period of time.
No doubt it showed that mere theoretical and bookish knowledge need to
be supplemented with able practice knowledge. And this opportunity to
gain practical knowledge, imparted by very able personals of DTL at Srita
Vihar, New Delhi was a learning experience.

220 KV JAGITYAL-1
MVA
160

220 KV Vemunur
132 KV
MVA
160
220 KV

BUS COUPLER
 NTPC AUTO-3
(250MVA)

NTPC AUTO-4 (250MVA)

220 KV
JAGITYAL-3

220KV RSS (Malyalpally) Single line diagram

220 KV RAMPUR

220 KV MEDARAM

220 KV
220 KV RFCL

220 KV MANTHANI

220 KV DURSHED-1

220 KV DURSHED-2
220KV JAGITIAL-2

220KV MURMUR

220KV MANDAMARRI

NTPC AUTO-5 (315MVA)

NTPC AUTO-2
(315MVA)