DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

(22nd JUNE TO 21st JULY-2023)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of

DIPLOMA
in
Electrical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DELHI SKILL AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNIVERSITY
PUSA CAMPUS

Under the Guidance of: Submitted by:

Mr. Vijay Kumar (D.M) Amit Kumar Prasad
Mr. Rajesh Dangolia (Foreman) 10821052
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am highly indebted to Mr. Vijay Kumar (Deputy Manager, 220/66 kV DTL A.I.S
substation PPK-III) for their invaluable support without which this project could
have not been worked out the way it has.

I am very thankful to Mr. Rajesh Dangolia (Foreman, 220/66 kV DTL A.I.S

substation PPK-III) who was very supportive throughout my training period and
helped me in understanding the basics and complexities of various topics that
made the quality of this report better.

I express my immense gratitude to each staff person who helped me directly or

indirectly in completion of the report.

I would like to thank our university forgiving us this wonderful opportunity to

undergo 1 month summer training.

Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and fellow trainees who have been a
constant source of inspiration & encouragement and provided support
whenever I needed the most.

AMIT KUMAR PRASAD

 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Delhi Transco Limited
1.2 DTL Network
1.3 Grid Diagram of Delhi

2. DTL PPK-III 220/66 kV Substation

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Single Line Diagram
2.3 Description of single line diagram
2.4 Equipment used in Substation

3. Description of Substation Equipments

3.1 Transmission lines
3.2 Insulators
3.3 Bus bars
3.4 Isolators
3.5 Transformers
3.6 Instrument Transformers
3.7 Circuit breakers
3.8 Lightning Arrestors

4. Protection Systems
4.1 Over Voltage Protection
4.2 Over Current Protection
4.3 Earth Fault Protection
4.4 Primary and Backup Protection
4.5 Relays
4.6 Fuses
4.7 Earthing System
4.8 Control Room
4.9 Battery Banks

5. PLCC and SCADA system

6. Operation & Maintenance of Substation
6.1 Maintenance Schedule
6.2 General Safety Precautions
6.3 Conclusion
References
 1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction to Delhi Transco Limited

Delhi Transco Ltd (DTL) came into existence on 1st July 2002. It was carved out
of Delhi Vidyut Board as a separate entity after restructuring of Power Sector of
Delhi and was accorded the status of State Transmission Utility (STU) of Delhi
state for all purposes. DTL is to discharge the functions of STU in accordance
with the Clause 39(2) of Indian Electricity Act 2003 for transmitting power by
establishing and operating efficient and reliable transmission network in the
Capital of India.

DTL as a State Transmission Utility (STU) of Capital city of Delhi is transmitting

Power from Central Sector Generating Stations as well as from Intra-State
Generating Stations and making it available for Delhi DISCOMs which in turn
makes it available for the citizens of Delhi at consumer end.

DTL has adopted latest technologies in the field of Transmission such Gas
Insulated Sub-stations (GIS) and laying underground 220 kV and 400 kV cables.

DTL has 4 Nos. 400 kV substations and 39 Nos. 220 kV sub-stations out of these
substations 1 No. 400 kV and 14 Nos.220 kV sub-stations have been built using
the GIS technology.
DTL has implemented Islanding Scheme for the state of Delhi which isolates the
Delhi system from Indian Grid in case of exigencies to save the Delhi system and
to ensure uninterrupted power supply to the essential load of Delhi even in case
of a failure of the Main Grid.

Being the capital of India and the hub of commercial activities in the northern
region, coupled with the prosperity of population, the load requirement of Delhi
has been growing at a much faster pace.

To ensure adequate and efficient power supply, DTL has been continuously
upgrading its technology such as implementation of XLPE 220 kV cable and
constructing GIS substation.
1.2 DTL NETWORK
1.3 Grid Diagram of Delhi

Substation

Electric power is delivered to the consumers and industries through a large

network of transmission and distribution. The transmission network is
inevitable long and high voltage carrying transmission line are necessary to
maintain a huge block of power from generating ends to various transmission
substations.

As we know transmission of electric power at high voltages minimizes losses

which occurs while transmitting electricity, but this high voltage needs to be
stepped down so that it could be utilised safely and efficiently. Therefore,
substations are the checkpoints where power is received and sent to the
receiver. A Substation serves as a point of connection between various power
system elements. It may be defined as an assembly of apparatus which is
installed to control transmission and distribution of electric power.
Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant
and consumers, there are different types of substations such as Transmission
substations, distribution substations etc.

The general functions of a substation are:

• To step up or step down the voltage, Voltage transformation.

• To convert ac into dc or vice versa, Power converting operation.
• To convert frequency, frequency converting operation.
• To switch on and off the power supply, Switching operation.

Out of these functions, Voltage transformation is the most important feature

of a substation

The substation includes the primary equipment such as transformers,

instrument transformers, etc. And secondary equipment such as control and
protection devices like relays.

In the primary side, a large number of breakers and isolators are used to allow
the system for maintenance and repair with a minimum interruption.
Conventional instrument transformers (CTs and PTs) are employed for
metering and protection. At the primary side instead of PTs CVTs are
employed, Capacitive voltage transformers

2. DTL 220/66 kV Substation PapanKalan-III

2.1 Introduction

DTL 220/66kV substation located at Dwarka sector 19 is an Air Insulated

substation (A.I.S). Here high voltage 220 kV electric power is received by any
two of the four incoming circuits.

The four incoming circuits are as follows:

• Bamnauli circuit 1
• Bamnauli circuit 2
• Dwarka circuit 1
• Dwarka circuit 2
Dwarka circuit 1 and Dwarka circuit 2 is employed for receiving power and
Bamnauli circuits were kept as a backup incoming power source.

Two power transformers are currently being used and the third power
transformer is to be installed in near future to meet the increasing power
demand of the region.

There is total 11 outgoing feeders through which power is supplied to

distribution companies and DMRC. These feeders transmit power to different
places:

1. Paschim Vihar
2. Goyala Khurd
3. G-2 Dwarka
4. Sagarpur
5. DMI CDC Ckt 1
6. DMI CDC Ckt 2
7. DMI CDC Ckt 3
8. DMI CDC Ckt 4
9. BSES G-6
10. BSES G-7
11. DMRC
2.2 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

This picture attached below shows the single line representation of Dwarka
PPK-III substation...

2.3 DESCRIPTION ABOUT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

➢ The incoming transmission lines are connected to the double bus bar
system through several equipment. All these lines can be loaded
simultaneously to share the load of the grid substation. In case there is a
breakdown of any one incoming line, the continuity of supply is
 maintained, and power supply is not affected as continuity of supply is
maintained.

➢ As seen in the single line diagram each incoming line is connected to the
bus bar in a sequence with several equipment. The equipment between
the incoming line bus bar is connected in a defined sequence as
following:

a. Line lightening arrestor

b. Bus post insulator (BPI)
c. Line capacitive voltage transformer
d. Line isolator
e. Line current transformer
f. Gas circuit breaker

➢ The substation has a double bus bar system, the incoming lines can be
connected to either of the two bus bars with the help of arrangement of
circuit breakers and isolators called bus coupler. The main advantage of
the bus coupler is that if any maintenance work has to be done on any
one bus bar the whole power supply is not affected and continuity of
supply is maintained.

➢ Each line bus bar at primary side is connected with a CVT (capacitive
voltage transformer) and each bus bar at secondary side relates to a PT
(potential transformer) for metering and protection purposes.

➢ The incoming 220 kV from the feeders passing through several equipment
is received by the transformer arrangement. Each transformer rated 160
MVA steps down the voltage level to 66 kV keeping the frequency and
power constant.

➢ The 66 kV output is connected to second bus bar arrangement through a

sequenced equipments as follows:

a. Lightning arrestor (LA)

b. Isolators
c. Circuit breakers

➢ The second bus bar arrangement is also a two-bus bar system each
connected with a potential transformer (PT). There is again a bus coupler
 between the two buses to couple them. Here a capacitor bank is provided
to increase the incoming voltage if there is any voltage drop in the
incoming. It can enhance the incoming voltage by 3 to 4 kV.

➢ From 66 kV bus bar there are eleven outgoing circuits.

4.PARTS OF A SUBSTATION

The substation can be broadly divided into the following:

• 220 kV outdoor yard

• 66 kV outdoor yard
• Control room
• SCADA
• Battery banks

220 kV outdoor yard

This is the place where the substation receives the incoming power supply at
220 kV through the transmission lines. There are total incoming four incoming
feeders namely Bamnauli 1, Bamnauli 2, Dwarka ckt 1 and Dwarka ckt 2 out of
which two feeders are currently operational, these two feeders are Dwarka ckt
1 and Dwarka ckt 2.

❑ The Incoming 220 kV feeders are first connected to an oxide film Lightning
arrestor which serves the function of protection against lightning or any
abnormal high voltage conditions.

❑ After the lightning arrestor a capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT) is

provided for metering incoming voltage and protection.

❑ Current transformer (CT) is provided next for measuring the incoming

current.
 ❑ Line Isolator with Earth Switch is provided for disconnection of the circuit
at open load condition and earth switch for discharging the residual
voltage to the earth after the disconnection of load.

❑ Gas type circuit breaker is connected next to open or close the circuit in
normal and abnormal condition. It is a protection device and prevents
damage to equipment at any abnormal condition.

❑ From the circuit breaker the incoming feeder is fed to the 220 kV double
bus bar system through isolator arrangements so that the connection can
be changed from one bus to another one.

❑ The bus is connected to Capacitive Voltage Transformer for measuring the

line voltage and for protection purposes.

❑ A bus coupler is provided to interconnect both buses for load sharing and
it also makes the system more reliable.

❑ Now from the bus bars the power supply is fed to the transformers rated
160 MVA, 220/66 kV. These transformers step down the incoming 220 kV
to 66 kV. The 66 kV output is fed to the 66 kV double bus bar system.

❑ Gas type Circuit Breakers are connected to the transformer circuit to open
or close the circuit at any normal or abnormal condition. 

❑ Horn gap lightning arrestor is provided just before and after the
transformer circuits to protect it from any damage at abnormal condition.

This comprises of the 220 kV outdoor yard of the substation.

66 kV Outdoor Yard
 ❑ After the voltage transformation the output 66 kV is fed to the secondary
side bus bars. This is again a double bus bar system. The two buses are
coupled with the bus coupler.
❑ From the 66 kV bus bars eleven outgoing feeders are drawn and fed to
the consumers as mentioned above.

❑ All the circuits are connected through different switching, measuring and
protection equipment such as isolators, circuit breakers, lightning
arrestors, etc.

❑ Each 66 kV bus is connected to a potential transformer (PT) for

measurement of line voltage.

❑ CT is connected at required place for measurement of current and

protection purposes.

❑ The SF6 circuit breaker is aligned in the circuit for tripping whenever any
fault occurs in the circuit.

2.4 Equipment used in Substation

S.no Equipment Features/Location Function

1. Bus Bar Rigid tubular support on Receives power from
positions or flexible ACSR bus incoming feeders
bar supported from two ends and delivers to the
of strain insulator outgoing circuits.
2. Lightning Connected between phase Discharge the extra
Arrestor conductor and ground voltage to earth and
protect equipment
3. Isolator Located each side of circuit Provide isolation
breaker from the circuit
4. Earth Switch Mounted on the frame of Discharge the
isolators residual voltage to
the earth for safety
and repair work
could be carried out

5. Current Protection and measuring Step down the line

Transformer device current to
(CT) measurable values.
6. Potential Protection and measuring Steps down the line
Transformer device voltage to
(PT) measurable values
Can be used up to
100 kV
7. Capacitive Protection and measuring Steps down the line
voltage device voltage to
transformer measurable values,
(CVT) used for high
voltages, for more
than 100 kV
8. Circuit Depends on the voltage Switching the circuit
Breakers (CB) employed and quenching during any normal or
medium: LV, HV, EHV abnormal condition
9. Power Oil filled Transformer (160 Steps down the
Transformers MVA, 220/66 kV) incoming 220 kV to
66 kV
10. Earthing Earth mat and earth For safety of
system electrode equipment body and
discharging current
11. Insulators Resist the flow of current to Prevents leakage
support poles current, maintains
the path of current
12. Poles Supports the conductor Provides necessary
height to conductor
from ground
13. Lightning Ring type L.A parallel with To protect the circuit
arrestor line from lightning
14. Conductors ACSR Conductors Transmits power
from one place to
another
 15. Battery Banks Located indoors near to To provide the 220 V
control room valve regulated DC power supply to
acid battery is used. 108 relays and protection
numbers of 2 volts battery devices
each connected in series
16. Control Panel Associates with protection To control all
relays equipment from one
place
17. ACDB/DCDB Distribution board for AC and Responsible for
DC supply distribution of AC
and DC supply to the
substation

3. Description of Substation Equipments

3.1 Transmission lines

These are the conductors which transmits the extra high AC voltage (400 kV, 220
kV, 132 kV and 66 kV) from one substation to the other substation

There are various types of conductors used, the type depending upon the
requirement and other factors.
• For 400 kV lines Taran, Tulla and Marcullla conductor
• For 220 kV lines Moose conductor is used
• For 66 kV lines panther conductor is used

The material used for these conductors is A.C.S.R (Aluminium conductor Steel
Reinforced)

3.2 Insulators

Insulators are connected to the cross arm for supporting the conductor at the
desired distance from the ground. The insulator provides necessary insulation
between line conductors and the support structure. Thus, insulators prevent any
leakage current from line conductors to the earth.
 220 kV polymer Insulator

Porcelain Insulator

Insulators are required everywhere in power system. Some of the desired

properties of insulator are:

• It has large resistance and specific resistance.

• Large dielectric strength.
• High Mechanical Strength
• I am resisting high temperatures.
• It may not get change in nature due to temperature.
• It should not absorb water.
• It can be made in any shape.
• It cannot get fire simply.

3.2.1 Types of Insulators

Pin type Insulators

Pin type insulator consists of single or multiple shells that mounted on the
spindle to be fixed to the cross arm of the tower. Multiple shells are provided
to obtain a sufficient length of leakage path so that flash overvoltage between
conductor and pin type insulator is increased.

Pin type insulator is used for transmission and distribution of electric power at
voltage up to 33kv beyond 33kv operating voltage, pin type insulator become
too bulky and uneconomical.

Suspension type Insulators

Because of the limitations of pin type insulators for higher voltage, suspension
type Insulators are used. Suspension type insulator consists of one or more
insulator units connected together to form a string and hanged to the cross
arm of the supporting structure or tower and carry a power conductor at its
lowest extremity. This type of composite unit also called a string type insulator.

The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of the string while the other
end of the string is attached to the cross arm of the supporting structure.
In suspension types of insulators, each disc of porcelain is designed to operate
at 11KV, as operating voltage increases the number of discs connected in series
increases. e.g., 220 KV transmission the number of insulator disc required is 24.

Strain type Insulators

When there is a dead-end of the transmission line or there is a corner or sharp

curve on the line, the transmission line is subjected to greater tension. In order
to relieve the line of excessive tension, strain type insulators are used.

strain insulator consists of an assembly of suspension insulators as shown in

Figure. The discs of strain insulators are used in the horizontal plane.

3.3 Bus Bars

Bus bar is defined as a conductor, or a group of conductors used for collecting
electric power from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing
feeders. In other words, it is a type of electrical junction in which all the incoming
and outgoing electrical current meets. Thus, the electrical bus bar collects the
electric power at one location.
The bus bar system consists of the isolator and the circuit breaker. On the
occurrence of a fault, the circuit breaker is tripped off and the faulty section of
the bus bar is easily disconnected from the circuit.
The substation at Dwarka PapanKalan-III employs double bus bar arrangement.
This bus bar arrangement uses bus coupler which connects the isolating
switches and circuit breaker to the bus bar. The bus coupler is also used for
transferring the load from one bus to another in case of overloading. The
following are the steps of transferring the load from one bus to another.
Aluminium is the most common material for bus bar construction as it is cheap
and have good conductivity.

Representation of Double Bus Bar arrangement

PROPERTIES COPPER ALUMINIUM

 Electrical 0.017241 0.0288
Resistivity (at
20’C)
Temp coefficient 0.00411 0.00403
of resistivity

Softening temp 200 180

Thermal 0.923 0.503

conductivity
Melting point 1083 657

It is clearly seen from the data above that copper is better conductor than
aluminium but due to its high-cost copper is not used and aluminium is
preferred.

3.4 Isolators

An isolator is a disconnecting switch is used upon same given part circuit. After
circuit breaker. Thus, isolators’ surge only prevents the voltage from being
applied to same given section of bus. These are essentially off load devices
although they can deal with small charging currents of bus bars and connections.
The design of isolators is closely related to the design of substations.

Isolator design is considered in the following aspects:

• Space Factor
• Insulation Security
• Standardization
• Ease of Maintenance
• Cost

It is required in substation to disconnect a

part of the system for general maintenance
and repairs. This is accomplished by
isolators. An isolator is essentially a knife
switch and is designed to open a circuit
under no load. In other words, isolator switches are operated only when the
lines in which they are connected carry no current. Isolators used in power
system are generally 3 poles

isolators having three identical poles each pole consist of two or three insulator
posts mounted on a fabricate support. The fixed and moving conducting parts
are of copper or aluminium rods. During the opening operation, conducting rods
swing apart and isolation is obtained simultaneously on all 3 poles. The three
poles are mechanically interlocked which operate together by operating a
common operating

Mechanism which may be:

Electric motor mechanism.
Pneumatic mechanism.

Isolator with Earth Switch

The earth switch is connected between the line conductor and earth. Normally,
it is opened when the line is connected. The earth switch is closed so that the
voltage trapped in line is discharge to earth. There some voltage lines due to
changing current. This voltage is significant in high voltage system. Before,
proceeding with the maintenance work. This voltage is discharged to earth by
closing the earth switch. Normally earth switches are maintained on the frame
of isolator.

3.5 TRANSFORMER
INTRODUCTION:

A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit
to another without changing the frequency. It works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction and can step up or step down the voltage level of an
alternating current (AC) supply. Power transformers are essential for the
transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical power in various sectors.

A power transformer is defined as a transformer that operates with high

voltages and currents in the power system network. It is mainly used to increase
or decrease the voltage level between the generator and the distribution
circuits. A power transformer has two or more windings that are magnetically
coupled through a core. A varying current in one winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the core, which induces a varying voltage in the other windings.
The ratio of the voltages in the primary and secondary windings depends on the
number of turns in each winding.

Basic parts of a transformer

These are the basic components of a transformer:

1. Laminated core
2. Windings
3. Yoke/ Tank
4. Tap changer
5. Oil Conservator
 6. Breather
7. Bushing
8. Cooling equipment
9. Buchholz Relay
10. Explosion vent
11. Protective devices

Laminated core
The core acts as a support to the winding in the transformer. It also provides a
low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. It is made of laminated soft
iron core to reduce eddy current loss and Hysteresis loss. The composition of a
transformer core depends on factors such as voltage, current, and frequency.
The diameter of the transformer core is directly proportional to copper loss and
is inversely proportional to iron loss. If the diameter of the core is decreased,
the weight of the steel in the core is reduced, which leads to less core loss of the
transformer and the copper loss increase. When the diameter of the core is
increased, the opposite occurs.

Windings

The windings consist of the current-carrying conductors wound around the

sections of the core, and these must be properly insulated, supported and
cooled to withstand operational and test conditions. Copper and aluminium
are the primary materials used as conductors in power-transformer windings.

While aluminium is lighter and generally less expensive than copper, a larger
cross section of aluminium conductor must be used to carry a current with
similar performance as copper. Copper has higher mechanical strength and is
used almost exclusively in all but the smaller size ranges, where aluminium
conductors may be perfectly acceptable.

In cases where extreme forces are encountered, materials such as silver-

bearing copper can be used for even greater strength.

Tank
They are constructed from welded sheet, steel, and larger ones from plain
boiler plates. The lids may be of cast iron, or waterproof gasket being used at
the joints. The fitting includes thermometer pockets, drain cock, rollers or
wheels for moving transformer position, eye bolts for lifting, conservators and
breathers, cooling tubes are welded in, but separate radiators are welded and
afterwards bolted. On the outside is applied with anti-corrosive primer paint
and final of synthetic enamel.

Tap changer
It is a normal fact that increase in load lead to decrease in the supply voltage.
Hence the voltage supplied by the transformer to the load must be maintained
within the prescribed limits. This can be done by changing the transformer
turns ratio.

The taps are leads or connections provided at various points on the

winding. The turns ratio differs from one tap to another, and hence
different voltages can be obtained at each tap.

• Off load tap changing

The below figure shows the off-load tap-changing transformer provided

with tappings (1 to 5) on the secondary winding. The position of the
movable arm on the first stud will give minimum secondary voltage and
on the fifth stud will give maximum voltage across secondary.

Off load tap changing

The disadvantage of this scheme is whenever the tapping is to change

load must be disconnected first from the transformer thus it is referred
to as off-load tap changing. This type of tap-changing cannot be used
where continuity of the supply to the load is the main priority and it is
 limited where there will be a need for only slight changes in the turn
ratio.

• On load tap changing

The drawback of off-load tap-changing can be overcome by using a

special arrangement of coil connections to the transformer known as the
on-load tap-changing of the transformer. The transformer connection
for on-load tap-changing is shown below.

On load tap changing

Oil conservator
A conservator tank can be defined as, a tank that is placed on the
transformer’s roof to provide sufficient space for oil expansion in the
transformer. The main function of the conservator tank of a transformer is,
once the transformer is loaded and the ambient temperature rises, then the
volume of the transformer oil will increase. So, it works like a reservoir for
insulating the transformer oil.

Conservator Tank
Construction of Conservator Tank
The shape of the conservator tank in the transformer is cylindrical where both
the ends of the oil container are closed. One side of the container is provided
with a large cover for cleaning and maintaining the tank.

The pipe of the conservator comes from the main tank of the transformer. It is
placed in the conservator tank at the bottom part. The head of this pipe in the
tank has a cap so that oil mud can be prevented and residue to come into the
main tank from the conservator tank.

Conservator Tank Construction

Generally, the fixing pipe of the silica gel breather goes into the conservator
tank from the top. When this pipe goes from the base, then it should be
projected well on top of the oil level in the tank. This arrangement ensures that
transformer oil does not flow into a silica gel breather even at the maximum
operating level.

Working
The working of the conservator tank is, once the transformer insulating oil
increases because of the ambient temperature and load, then the vacant space
on top of the oil level in the conservator is incompletely occupied through the
extended oil. As a result, the equivalent amount of air in that gap is pushed
away using a breather. Once the transformer load reduces, then the
transformer is turned off similarly, once the ambient temperature reduces, the
transformer oil contracts. This mainly occurs due to the outside air because it
enters the tank through a silica gel breather.
Breather

The silica gel breather of a transformer is a cylindrical container fitted to the

conservator tank through a pipeline that is filled with silica gel crystals to
absorb any moisture present in the air during the breathing action of the
transformer due to the expansion and contraction of transformer oil in the
transformer. The size of the breather depends on the volume of the
transformer main tank and quantity of transformer oil in the transformer. As
the transformer load varies, so too does the temperature. As the temperature
increases, the insulating liquid volume increases, and air is forced out of the
conservator tank. As the temperature decreases, the oil volume decreases, and
air is drawn back into the conservator tank via the silica gel breather. The silica
gel is a very good absorber of moisture, and freshly regenerated gel is very
efficient, it may dry down air to a dew point of below -40oC. A well-maintained
silica gel breather will generally operate with a dew point of -35oC if a large
enough quantity of gel has been used.

Bushing
The Bushing of power transformer is a type of porcelain or ebonite post
insulator put on the top or side of the transformer tank through which
connections are made to the external circuit.

Bushing on the top of transformer

Cooling of transformer
Two types of cooling methods:
1. ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural)
In oil natural air forced cooling of the transformer, the heat generated by the
core and windings of the transformer is transferred to the walls of the tank and
to the radiator through the natural circulation of the oil. Now, the forced air is
directed over cooling elements (tank, radiator, tubes, fins etc.) of the
transformer. Hence, the transformer is cooled by the natural circulation of oil
and blast of air.

2. ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced)

In this method of cooling, the heated oil is circulated from the top of the
transformer tank to a heat exchanger and the blast of air is forced through the
heat exchanger by turning on a fan. Then, the cool oil is returned to the
bottom of the transformer tank.
This method of cooling is used for higher rating transformers like transformers
which are used in substations and generating stations.

Buchholz relay
A Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on oil-filled power transformers
and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a
“conservator”. Buchholz relays are used as a protective device, as they are
sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure that can occur inside the equipment
they protect. Buchholz relays are a type of gas detection relay. Buchholz relays
have two main elements.
The upper element consists of a float. The float is attached to a hinge in such a
way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil level in the
Buchholz relay container. A mercury switch is fixed on the float. The alignment
of the mercury switch hence depends upon the position of the float. The lower
element consists of a baffle plate and a mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a
hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of the Buchholz relay in a
transformer in such a way that when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in
high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along with the mercury switch
attached to it, will change.
Explosion vent
Explosion vent is a metallic safety pipe or plate used to protect an equipment
or building against excessive explosion-incurred internal pressure. It is also
known as rupture panel. It prevents explosion by releasing excessive pressure
to the atmosphere. It is installed on the main tank and its level is normally
mentioned above the level of the conservator tank. It is only installed in high
rated power transformer. It is simple and efficient protective system.

Protective devices

1. Oil temperature indicator

 2. Oil level indicator
3. Pressure relief valve
4. Winding temperature indicator
5. Dehydrating breather
6. Earthing arrangements

Oil temperature indicator

It is the distance thermometer operated on the principle of liquid expansion. It

indicates the top oil temperature. At marshalling box, the connection between
the thermometer and the dial indicator is made by a steel capillary tube. The
bulb is enclosed in the pocket and the pocket is situated on transformer’s
hottest oil region. This pocket is to be filled with oil. It has two switches one for
alarm and the other one for tripping.

• Alarm- 95 degrees Celsius

• Tripping- 110 degrees Celsius

Oil level indicator

An oil level indicator is a device used to monitor the oil level inside a
transformer tank or conservator. It can display the oil level directly or through
a leakage-proof magnetic clutch. An oil level gauge is necessary to maintain the
correct oil level in a transformer, as if the oil level falls below the level of the
radiator inlet, flow through the radiator will cease, and the transformer will
overheat.

Pressure relief valve

A pressure relief valve is a safety or protection device designed to limit the
pressure rise inside a tank, avoids the high oil pressure build up inside the tank,
preventing excessive mechanical stress of the walls. This valve allows rapid
release of excessive pressure that may build up in the event of a serious fault.

Winding temperature indicator

The winding temperature indicator (WTI) of a transformer is a sensor bulb
placed in an oil-filled pocket in the transformer tank cover, connected to the
instrument housing by two flexible capillary tubes. It operates on the principle
of thermal imaging. The WTI indicates the winding temperature and oil
temperature of the transformer and operates the alarm, trip, and cooler
control contacts.

• Fans on at 60 degrees Celsius

• Pump on at 75 degrees Celsius
• Alarm at 90 degrees Celsius
• Trip at 100 degrees Celsius

Dehydrating breather

The dehydrating breather is a device that removes moisture from air entering
oil-filled transformers or conservators. The breather is automated to
regenerate the silica gel desiccant at a user selectable time interval, relative
humidity (RH) or PPM thresholds, reducing unnecessary maintenance costs
over time. Alarms and digital communications allow for remote monitoring of
moisture levels and breather status.
Earthing arrangements

A) Core Earthing

Connecting leads from core and end frame are terminated at the top of the
cover, by connecting them to tank cover, core and frame becomes earthed.
Insulation resistance between the leads from core and end frame or between
leads from core and earth point can be checked by 500 volts megger. Leads
from end frame are brought out and properly earthed for end frame.

B) Tank to Tank Earthing

Tank to tank Earthing done by connecting a copper braid between tank rim and
tank cover with the help of the bolts used to tight the tank cover and tank
together.

C) Earthing of Tank

For Earthing of tank nut-bolts are required to make the perfect connection
between the pads on tank and external Earthing strip.

Maintenance & Operation

In order to avoid fault and disturbance, it is important that a careful and

regular supervision and control of the transformer and its components is
planned and carried out.

The frequency extent of supervision and control is dependent on climate and

environment and service condition.
Specifications of Transformer

160 MVA 220/66 kV power Transformer (BHEL make)

Table of valves used in the Transformer

 Oil filling instructions for Transformer

3.6 Instrument Transformers

Instrument Transformers are used in AC system for measurement of electrical
quantities i.e., voltage, current, power, energy, power factor, frequency.
Instrument transformers are also used with protective relays for protection of
power system. Basic function of Instrument transformers is to step down the
AC System voltage and current. The voltage and current level of power system
is very high. It is very difficult and costly to design the measuring instruments
for measurement of such high-level voltage and current.
 Generally measuring instruments are designed for 5 A and 110 V. The
measurement of such very large electrical quantities, can be made possible by
using the Instrument transformers with these small rating measuring
instruments. Therefore, these instrument transformers are very popular in
modern power system.

Examples of instrument transformers are:

• Current Transformer (CT)

• Potential Transformer (PT)
• Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)

3.6.1 Current Transformer (CT)

High line current can be reduced to low current values which can be easily
measured with the help of normal ammeters. To measure very high current of
the running line without disturbing it, a split core type current transformer is
used. It is basically a step-up transformer, the primary winding consists of
thicker conductors having a smaller number of turns, sometimes only a straight
conductor also serves as the primary winding. The secondary winding consists
of thin conductors having a greater number of turns.

The primary winding is connected in series with the line and the MI is
connected across the current transformer. The secondary winding of the CT
should never leave open, if kept open no current will flow through the
secondary winding.

Properties of a CT
• CT steps down high line current into lower values
• CT is connected in series with the line carrying current to be measured
and therefore the primary current is dependent on the load connected
to the system.
• The primary winding consists of thick conductor with a smaller number
of turns
• The secondary winding consists of thinner conductor with more turns.
• A CT is basically a step-up voltage transformer.
• Ammeter is connected directly across the secondary winding terminals.
The CT has five different cores through which five secondary coils are drawn
out. Among these coils one is connected to measuring instrument, one is
earthed, and remaining others are connected to protective relays.

Therefore, a CT is not useful for metering purpose but also for protection
purposes.

The figure below shows the name plate of a primary side 220 kV Current
Transformer.

3.6.2 Potential Transformer (PT)

A potential transformer (P.T.) is an instrument transformer which is used for the
protection and measurement purposes in the power systems. A potential
transformer is mainly used to measure high alternating voltage in a power
system.
Potential transformers are step-down transformers, i.e., they have many turns
in the primary winding while the secondary has few turns. The figure shows a
typical potential transformer for the measurement of high alternating voltage.
From the figure, a P.T. is a well-designed step-down transformer.
The stepped down voltage by the Potential transformer can be measure using a
low range AC voltmeter. The potential transformer has shell type construction
of its magnetic core for better accuracy. One end of the secondary winding of
the potential transformer is grounded to provide the proper protection to the
operator.
The primary winding of the potential transformer is connected across the high
voltage power line whose voltage is to be measured and a low-range AC
voltmeter (usually 0-110 V) is connected across the secondary winding of the P.T

3.6.3 Capacitive Voltage Transformer

The capacitive voltage transformer step-down the high voltage input signals and
provide the low voltage signals which can easily measure through the measuring
instrument. The Capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) is also called capacitive
potential transformer.
The capacitive potential divider, inductive element and the auxiliary transformer
are the three main parts of the capacitive potential transformer.
CVT is rated for high voltage levels above 100 kV, while PTs aren’t designed for
such large values. CVT’s offer the advantage that the voltage divider capacitor,
being itself relatively smaller and lighter, configuration makes the transformer’s
iron core much smaller in size, and hence more economical, versus what it would
be if a pure magnetic transformer would be used.
Also, the CVT’s can be tuned to the fundamental frequency of the line, and the
capacitance prevents the inductive fire-back of the coils in the transformer when
a breaker trips. PTs can’t provide such advantage.
 A Capacitive Voltage Transformer

3.7 Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is a switching device that interrupts the abnormal or fault

current. It is a mechanical device that disturbs the flow of high magnitude (fault)
current and in additions performs the function of a switch.
A circuit breaker can be operated manually or by remote control under normal
conditions and automatically under abnormal conditions.
Circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts
are touching each other and carrying the current under normal conditions when
the circuit is closed. When the circuit breaker is closed, the current carrying
contacts, called the electrodes, engaged each other under the pressure of a
spring.
The basic construction of any circuit breaker requires separation of contacts in
any insulating fluid, this insulating medium serves the following function:
• It regulates the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit breaker
is operated.
• It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each
contact to earth. Many insulating mediums are used for arc extinction and
the medium chosen depends upon the rating and type of power system.

The insulating medium commonly used in a circuit breaker are:

1. Air at atmospheric pressure
2. Ultra-high vacuum
3. Oil
4. Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)

All of the circuit breakers at primary side as well as secondary side at DTL PPK-
III Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) type.

SF6 Gas Type Circuit Breaker

 Name plate reading of Circuit Breaker

7.1 Sulphur Hexafluoride type Circuit Breaker

In SF6 circuit breakers, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc
quenching medium. The SF6 is an electro-negative gas and has a strong
tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a
high-pressure flow of SF6 gas, and an arc is struck between them. The
conducting free electrons in the arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form
relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc
quickly builds up enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc. The SF6
circuit breakers have been found to be very effective for high power and high
voltage service.

3.7.2 Advantages of SF6 Circuit Breaker

Due to the superior arc quenching properties of SF6 gas, the SF6 circuit
breakers have many advantages over oil or air circuit breakers. Some of them
are listed below:
• Due to the superior arc quenching property of SF6, such circuit breakers
have very short arcing time.
• Since the dielectric strength of SF6 gas is 2 to 3 times that of air, such
breakers can interrupt much larger currents.
• The SF6 circuit breaker gives noiseless operation due to its closed gas
circuit and no exhaust to atmosphere, unlike the air blast circuit breaker.
• The closed gas enclosure keeps the interior dry so that there is no
moisture problem.
• There is no risk of fire in such breakers because SF6 gas is non-
inflammable.
• There are no carbon deposits so that tracking and insulation problems
are eliminated.
• The SF6 Circuit breakers have a low maintenance cost, light foundation
requirements and minimum auxiliary equipment.
• Since SF6 breakers are totally enclosed and sealed from the atmosphere,
they are particularly suitable where explosion hazard exists e.g., coal
mines.

Working Of A SF6 Circuit Breaker

3.8 Lightning Arrestors

Grounding wire running over the tower or substation provides good protection
to the electrical system against direct lightning stroke, but they fail to provide
protection against traveling high voltage or current waves that reach to
terminal equipment. The lightning arrester or surge arresters provide
protection against such waves.
The lightning arrestor provides an easy conductive path with relatively low
impedance for the flow of current which the system voltage increases more
than the desired value and against its original properties of an insulator at
normal operating voltage.
A lightning arrestor should have following desired characteristics:
• It should not earth any current on the working voltage of the system in
other words it should behave as an insulator it must provide at normal
operating voltage.
• It must provide a conducting path as and when abnormal transient
voltages occur on the system.
• It must be capable to carry the discharge current without getting any
damage to the equipment protected under abnormal conditions.
3.8.1 Types of Lightning Arrestors

• Road Gap Arrester

• Sphere Gap Arrester
• Horn Gap Arrester
• Multiple-Gap Arrester
• Impulse Protective Gap
• Electrolytic Arrester
• Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester
• Valve Type Lightning Arresters
• Thyrite Lightning Arrester
• Auto valve Arrester
• Oxide Film Arrester
• Metal Oxide Lightning Arresters

3.8.2 Working of Lightning Arrestor

When a travelling wave reaches the arrestor, its sparks over at a certain
prefixed voltage as shown in the figure below. The arrestor provides a
conducting path to the waves of relatively low impedance between the line
and the ground. The surge impedance of the line restricts the amplitude of
current flowing to ground.
The lightning arrester provides a path of low impedance only when the
travelling surge reaches the surge diverter, neither before it nor after it.

3.8.3 Location of Lightning Arrester

The lightning arrester is located close to the equipment that is to be protected.

They are usually connected between phase and ground in an AC system
In an extra-high voltage AC system, the surge diverter is used to protect the
generators, transformers, bus bars, lines, circuit breakers, etc.
 4 Protection Systems
There are different measures adopted to protect the equipments of power
system against over voltage and heavy short circuit current.

Causes of Over Voltage:

A) Internal causes:
• Switching surges
• Arcing grounds
• Insulation failure
• Resonance

B) External Causes
• Lightning
Lightning stroke can affect the system in two ways i.e.,
Direct stroke
Indirect stroke

Protection against Over Voltage

It has been seen that the internal causes in increase in the voltages of power
system almost double to that of the normal operating voltage whereas
external causes may increase the voltage level several times (of the order of
200 MVA) to that of the normal operating voltage of the system for a
reasonable length of time and to provide protective devices for the voltage
having more value than this.
The devices used for these purposes are:

• Ground Wires
• Earth Screens
• Lightning Arrestors or Surge Diverter

Ground Wire
To protect the transmission lines against direct lightning stroke, one or more
bare conductors are run at the top of the tower known as ground wires. These
wires are earthed at regular intervals preferably at every tower the area of
cross section of ground wire is based upon their mechanical strength rather
than their electrical conductivity. These wires should have high mechanical
strength and should be non-corrosive in nature.
The ground wires not only take the lightning of the direct strokes but also
provides a certain amount of electrostatic screening. This reduces the voltage
induced in the line conductors by lightning due to neighbouring clouds. They
also provide effect in attenuating any travelling wave that may be set up in the
lines, by acting as a short circuited secondary of the line conductors.
The main limitations to ground wires are the additional cost and the possibility
of the wire rupture and falling on the line conductors and causing a direct short
circuit.

Earthing Screen
A network of copper conductors earthed at various points, and placed over
and above all around the substation is known as earthing screen. It provides an
electrostatic shield against external fields and protects the system. It protects
the system from direct lightning strokes but does not provide any protection
against any high voltage waves which may still reach at the terminals of
equipment.

Lightning Arrestors
Lightning arrestors are installed at various spots before and after the
transformers, circuit breakers, at starting of each incoming line feeders and at
the distribution side feeders also.
Lightning arrestors protects the equipment from damage by surge voltages or
lightning.

DIRECTION OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION: -

The over-current protection can be given directional feature by adding
directional over-current protection responds to over currents for a particular
directional flow if power flow is in the opposite directions the directional over
current protection remains un-operative. Directional over current protection
comprises over current relay and Power directional relay in a single relay
casing the power directional relay does not measure the power but is arranged
to respond to the directional operation of relay is used where the selectivity
can be achieved by directional relaying. The directional relay recognizes the
direction in which fault occurs relative to the location of the relay. It is set such
that it actuates for fault occurring in one directional only. It does not act for
faults occurring in the other direction another interesting example of
directional protection are that of reverse power protection of generator.

DIRECTIONAL EARTH-FAULT PROTECTION: -

In the directional over-current protection coil of relay is actuated from
secondary current of line CT. Whereas the current coil by residual current. In
directional over-current relays. The voltage coil is actuated by secondary of line
VT. In directional earth-fault relay, the voltage coil is actuated by the residual
voltage. Direction earth fault relay sense the direction which earth fault occurs
with respect to the relay location; and it operates for fault in a particular
direction. The directional earth fault relay (single phase unit) has two coils. The
polarizing quantity is obtained either from residual current (Irs = Ia + Ib+ Ic) or
residual voltage (Vrs = Vae + Vbe + Vce), where Vae, Vbe, Vce are phase
voltage. One of the coils is connected in residual current circuits. This coil gets
current during earth faults. The other coil gets residual voltage. The coil
connected in potential transform secondary circuit gives a polarizing field.

PRIMARY AND BACK UP PROTECTION: -

There are times when the primary protection may fail. This could be due to
failure of CT/VT or relays, pr failure of circuit breaker one of the possible
causes of the circuit breaker failure is the failure of the trip-battery due to
inadequate maintenance.

Relays
A relay is a low-powered device used to activate a high-powered device. Relays
are used to trigger circuit breakers and other switches in substations and
transmission and distribution systems. The electrical quantities which may
change under fault condition are:
• Voltage
• Current
• Frequency
• Phase angle

Through the change in one or more of these quantities, the fault signals their
presence type and location to the protective relay is obtained. Moving detect
the fault, the relay operates close the trip circuit of the breaker. This result in
the opening of the breaker and disconnect the fault section.

TYPES OF RELAYS

Basically, relays are based on two principals: -

• Electromagnetic attraction
• Electromagnetic induction
1.Over Current Relay: - It is used in over current scheme. Over current
protection is the name given to protected relay scheme devised to rise in
current in a protected circuit.
2.Differential Relay: - A differential relay is one that operates when the vector
difference of two or more quantities exceeds pre-determined value.
3.Oil Surged Relay
4.Buccholtz relay
5.Gas operated relay

RELAYS OF 160 MVA TRANSFORMER

• OLTC Buccholtz relay
 • Main Buccholtz relay
• Differential relay
• Restrict earth fault relay
• Over current relay

FEEDER RELAYS:
• Out of step blocking relay
• Directional current relay
• Directional earth fault relay
• Fuse failure relay
• Auxiliary relay type
• Tripping relay
• Instantaneous Earth Fault relay

Basic Circuit Diagram of a Relay

Protection Relays
 1. Differential Relay
The differential relay is one that operates when there is a difference between
two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. In the
differential relay scheme circuit, there are two currents come from two parts
of an electrical power circuit. These two currents meet at a junction point
where a relay coil is connected. According to Kirchhoff Current Law, the
resultant current flowing through the relay coil is nothing but the summation
of two currents, coming from two different parts of the electrical power circuit.
If the polarity and amplitude of both the currents are so adjusted that the
phasor sum of these two currents, is zero at normal operating condition.
Thereby there will be no current flowing through the relay coil at normal
operating conditions. But due to any abnormality in the power circuit, if this
balance is broken, that means the phasor sum of these two currents no longer
remains zero and there will be non-zero current flowing through the relay coil
thereby relay being operated.

2 Distance Relays
Distance relays are the protecting equipment that functions based on the
distance of the fault point on the transmission line. The distance is calculated
from the generating unit. Based on the distance, the impedance is calculated by
evaluating the fault voltage and fault current.
The major principle of distance relay is it functions depending on the distance of
fault in the transmission line. Its operation depends on the impedance between
the point of fault and the point where the relay is installed. The impedance
between the point of fault and the location of the relay is calculated based on
the voltage and currents of the transmission line during the fault case. The
impedance at that particular point becomes the operating quantity for the relay.

3 DIRECTIONAL (OVER CURRENT OR EARTH FAULT) RELAY

The non directional relay can operate for fault flow in either direction. In order
to achieve operation for the fault flowing in a specific direction, it is necessary
to add a directional element to the non-directional element. Such a relay which
responds to fault flow in a particular directional is called a directional relay.

4. IDMT RELAY:
The IDMT relay work on the induction principle, where an aluminium or copper
disc rotates between the poles of electromagnet and damping magnet. The
fluxes induce eddy current in the disc which interact and produce rotational
torque. The disc rotates to a point where it operates a pair of contact that breaks
the circuit and removes the fault condition.

3. Restricted Earth Fault Protection Relay

The REF protection method is a type of “unit protection” applied to
transformers or generators and is more sensitive than the method known as
differential protection. An REF relay works by measuring the actual current
flowing to earth from the frame of the unit. If that current exceeds a certain
pre-set maximum value of milliamps (mA) then the relay will trip to cut off the
power supply to the unit. Differential protection can also be used to protect
the windings of a transformer by comparing the current in the power supply’s
neutral wire with the current in the phase wire. If the currents are equal, then
the differential protection relay will not operate. If there is a current
imbalance, then the differential protection relay operates. REF protection is
applied on transformers in order to detect ground faults on a given winding
more sensitively than differential protection.

4. TRIPPING RELAY:
This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense
any fault in the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the
faulty section.

5. Auxiliary Relay
An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert.

FUSES
Fuse is an essentially a short piece of metal (or a fusible material) inserted in a
circuit which melts when a predetermined value of current flows through it
and thus breaks the circuits. The protective element of the fuse is a fuse-link
inserted in series with the circuit being protected. The most generally material
used for fuse element is a low melting point material such as tin, lead or zinc.
Fuses may be low voltage type or high voltage type: low voltage can be further
divided into two classes namely semi-enclosed rewire able fuse and the
cartridge type fuse.

EARTHING SYSTEM
The provision of an Earthing system for an electric system is necessary for the
following reason.

• In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightening discharge or

other system fault. These parts of equipment, which are normally dead, as for
as voltage, are concerned do not attain dangerously high potential.
• In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to
stabilize the potential of circuit with respect to earth. The resistance of
Earthing system is depending on:
• Shape and material of earth electrode used.
• Depth in the soil.
• Specific resistance of soil surrounding in the neighbourhood of system
electrodes.

PROCEDURE OF EARTHING:
Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough capacity
to deal with more faults current. The resistance of earth and current path
should be low enough to prevent voltage rise between earth and neutral. The
earth electrode must be driven into the ground to a sufficient depth to as to
obtain lower value of earth resistance. To sufficient lowered earth resistance, a
number of electrodes are inserted in the earth to a depth, they are connected
to form a mesh. The resistance of earth should be for the mesh in generally
inserted in the Earth at 0.5m depth the several points of mesh then connected
to earth electrode or ground conduction. The earth electrode is metal plate
copper is used for earth plate.

NEUTRAL EARTHING:
Neutral Earthing of power transformer all power system operates with
grounded neutral. Grounding of neutral offers several advantages the neutral
point of generator transformer is connected to earth directly or through a
reactance in some cases the neutral point is earthed through an adjustable
reactor of reactance matched with the line.
• The earth fault protection is based on the method of Neutral Earthing.
• The neutral Earthing is associated switchgear. The neutral Earthing is
provided for the purpose of protection arcing grounds unbalanced voltages
with respect to protection from lightening and for improvement of the system.
An earthed neutral system has the following advantages: -

A) It provides a better protection against earth faults.

B) It ensures nearly constant voltage of healthy phases because neutral point is
not shifted.
C) This system provides a better reliability of service.
D) It is safer for personal and equipment.
E) It requires lesser maintenance expense as compared to the unearthed
neural (isolated system.
F) In the system, transient voltages produced are very small.
G) Ground fault relaying is simple. The earth may be utilized to operate
protective relays to isolate the fault.
H) Persistent arcing ground can be eliminated by employing protective

SAFETY EARTHING: -
It is required to provide protection to the operating staff working in the yard
and substation from any injury during fault condition by keeping the voltage
gradient within safe limits. The above two parts have common earth mat from
which flat iron risers are taken out to connect all the non-current carrying
metal parts of the equipment. At the same time the earth mat conductor rises
to voltage, which is equal to the resistance of the earth mat multiplied by
ground fault current. This difference of potential results in voltage gradients.

Control Room
Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the
control building, also called the dog house. These are used to control the
substation equipment to send power from one circuit to another or to open or
to shut down circuits when needed.
Measuring Instruments used:
• ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted energy meters are
fitted to the panel to different feeders the energy transmitted is
recorded after one hour regularly for it MWhr, meter is provided.
• WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power
exported from GSS.
• FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder there is
the provision of analog or digital frequency meter.
• VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage .It is
also available in both the analog and digital frequency meter.
• AMMETER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available
in both the forms analog as well as digital.
• MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the control
panel to record the average power over successive predetermined
period.
• MVAR METER: It is to measure the reactive power of the circuit.

Battery Room
Battery is the heart of power system control and protection as all the power
system protection equipment and the communication equipments works on
D.C supply. In the event of failure of station supply if standby D.C supply is not
available then it will be dangerous for the breaker and other protective
equipment so also the communication system will be great hampered and
during such emergency there will be no communication for help or to transmit
information to the concerned authorities and the fault would be attended very
late.
Thus, battery installation, its commissioning and subsequent maintenance
plays very important role. Batteries are to be installed in a room in close
vicinity of control room. This room should be constructed in a such a way that
it is well ventilated, and the dimension of the room should be such that it can
easily accommodate the stands provided for supporting desired number of
cells. There should be adequate provision for artificial lightning and the
windows should be located in such a way that direct sunlight on the cells be
avoided. Exhaust fan for ventilation of gases, when on quick charge at high rate
possible. Room temperature should be maintained b/w 20 C to 35 C for getting
best results. Higher temperature reduces the capacity. Battery cells should be
arranged on the stands in such a way that each cell can be easily accessed for
any maintenance purpose viz., inspection, topping up, etc.,
Battery room should always be kept dry as damp room is dangerous due to
possible leakages from the battery. Storage of the battery is the most
dependable source of supply of DC power required for closing and tripping of
CB , RELAY, signalling equipment, remote control apparatus, telephone service,
SCADA, emergency light etc. Battery room is the heart line of D.C. system. In
case of failure of the A.C. system the control system should remain operative
so we use D.C. control system through DC set.

Maintenance of Battery
• For effective and trouble free services of station batteries following
maintenance activities are suggested:-
• Battery Room and Ventilation
• Herein battery rooms door are kept closed, exhaust fan checked for air
circulation, metal structures checked for corrosion and painted if
necessary.
• Intercell Connectors and Terminals
• Terminals cleaned for corrosion and sulphation.
• Charge output of charging equipment is adjusted for normal
conditioning of battery, ampere meter should show as fraction of
ampere.
• Annual Maintenance
• Voltage of each cell which should be b/w 2.15 to 2.2 V per cell during
trickle charge is checked.
• Electrolyte
• Electrolyte level and add distilled water as it is necessary, specific gravity
and electrolyte is checked. Keep the distilled water container and keep
some storage of distilled water always ready for topping.
VRLA Battery
A Valve regulated lead–acid (VRLA) battery, commonly known as a sealed
lead–acid (SLA) battery,[1] is a type of lead–acid battery characterized by a
limited amount of electrolyte (“starved” electrolyte) absorbed in a plate
separator or formed into a gel; proportioning of the negative and positive
plates so that oxygen recombination is facilitated within the cell; and the
presence of a relief valve that retains the battery contents independent of the
position of the cells.

5 Power line communication & SCADA System

Delhi Transco Limited (DTL) has a very large network of high voltage
transmission lines in whole Delhi. Transmission lines transfer power from
power houses to substations and from one substation to many other
substations or vice versa. Power is generated at low Voltage (of the order of
3.3KV to 25KV) and is stepped-up to high voltage (765KV, 400KV, 220KV &
132KV) for evacuating power into the grid network through transmission lines.

Transmission of Data
Below in figure, main equipment from substation/power house to its subLDC
has been shown
Current Transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers (PTs), installed on
transmission lines, provide inputs to transducers of SIC (Supervisory interface
& Control) & RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) panel. Circuit breakers & isolators’
status are extended up to SIC panel. If for such extension extra potential free
contacts are not available in the Control Panels, Contact Multiplying Relays
(CMRs) are used to provide potential free contacts. The output of RTU is
connected to the communication equipment, through Modem. In between
substation & subLDC, a communication link has been shown. Telephone
exchanges are connected with the communication equipment. Such
communication links can be of any type.
DTL has got its own three different type of communication systems, i.e. PLCC
(Power Line Carrier Communication), microwave and fibre-optic. Modem
output at receive side is connected with the CFE (Communication End Frame).
Its output is connected with data takes over. Each RTU is automatically polled
by Server of Sub LDC to obtain each data of repeats at least once in 10 sec and
is stored in the database of subLDC. This data is processed in database formats
and is retrieved for different applications. These formats or graphics are
displayed or printed as per requirement. At sub LDC, System Control Officers
use this data to monitor and analyse position of the grid.

Communication for Power System

Following are mainly three inter-related areas of functions in DTL for
management of power system:
• Telecommunication
• SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System.
• EMS- Energy Management System

SCADA SYSTEM
In SCADA system measured values, i.e., analogue (measured value) data (MW,
MVAR, V, Hz Transformer tap position), and Open/Closed status information,
i.e., digital data (Circuit Breakers/Isolators position i.e., on/off status), are
transmitted through telecommunication channels to respective sub-LDCs. For
this purpose, Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) at 400KV, 220KV sub-stations have
been installed. System values & status information below 66 KV have not been
picked up for data transmission, except for 33KV Bus isolator position and LV
side of generators. Secondary side of Current Transformers (CT) and Potential
Transformer (PT) are connected with ‘Transducers’. The output of transducers
is available in dc current form (in the range of 4mA to 20mA). Analogue to
digital converter converts this current into binary pulses. Different inputs are
interleaved in a sequential form and are fed into the CPU of the RTU. The
output of RTU, containing information in the form of digital pulses, is sent to
subLDC through communication links. Depending upon the type of
communication link, the output of RTU is connected, directly or through
modem, with the communication equipment. At subLDC end, data received
from RTU is fed into the data servers. In general, a SCADA system consists of a
database, displays and supporting programmes. In DTL, subLDC use all major
functional areas of SCADA except the ‘Supervisory Control/Command’
function. The brief overview of major ‘functional areas’ of SCADA system is as
below:

1) Communications – Sub-LDC’s computer communicates with all RTU

stations under its control, through a communication system. RTU polling,
message formatting, polynomial checking and message retransmission
on failure are the activities of ‘Communications’ functional area.
2) Data Processing – After receipt of data through communication system
it is processed. Data process function has three sub-functions i.e. (i)
Measurements, (ii) Counters and (iii) Indications.
3) Alarm/Event Logging – The alarm and event logging facilities are used by
SCADA data processing system. Alarms are grouped into different
categories and are given different priorities. Quality codes are assigned
to the recently received data for any ‘limit violation’ and ‘status
changes’. Alarms are acknowledged from single line diagram (or alarm
lists) on display terminal in LDCs.
4) Manual Entry – There is a provision of manual entry of measured values,
counters and indications for the important sub-station/powerhouse,
which are uncovered by an RTU or some problem is going on in its RTU,
equipment, communication path, etc.
5) Averaging of Measured Values – As an option, the SCADA system
supports averaging of all analogue measurements. Typically, the
averaging of measured values over a period of 15 minutes is stored.
 6) Historical Data Recording (HDR) – The HDR, i.e. ‘archive’, subsystem
maintains a history of selected system parameters over a period of time.
These are sampled at a pre-selected interval and are placed in historical
database. At the end of the day, the data is saved for later analysis and
for report generation.
7) Interactive Database Generation – Facilities have been provided in such
a way that an off-line copy of the SCADA database can be modified
allowing the addition of new RTUs, pickup points and communication
channels.
8) Supervisory Control/Remote Command – This function enables the
issue of ‘remote control’ commands to the sub-station equipment e.g.
circuit breaker trip command. As such, related/associated equipment
have not been ordered.
9) Fail-over – A ‘Fail-over’ subsystem is also provided to secure and
maintain a database of devices and their backups. The state of the
device is maintained indicating whether it is ‘on-line’ or ‘failed’. There is
a ‘backup’ system, which maintains database on a backup computer and
the system is duplicated.

SLDC Minto road has a large and active ‘Mimic Board’ in its Control room. This
mimic board displays single line diagram of intra State transmission system i.e.
grid network of 400KV, 220KV and important 66 KV substations, transmission
lines, thermal powerhouses. Outgoing feeders, shown in the mimic board,
have ‘achieve’ (LED display) coloured indications, of three different colours, to
show the range of power flow at any moment i.e. ‘Normal’, ‘Nominal’ or
‘Maximum’ of its line capacity. For new substations and lines, displays in active
and passive forms are required to be made in the Mimic diagram. But, Mimic
Board has a limitation that it cannot incorporate/add large volume of displays
for substations/power houses/transmission lines in ‘active’ form due to space
constraint and congestion. Due to this Mimic Board is going to be
supplemented with a Video Projection System (VPS) at SLDC, Minto Road in
near future. Also in SLDC & subLDC, displays of single line diagrams of RTU sub-
stations/power house are viewed on VDUs of large size (21”).
6 Operation and Maintenance of 220KV Substation

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Maintenance is a key activity for utilities in order to assure the proper
operation of the networks. And it implies a huge amount of human and
economic resources. Saving Maintenance costs means that it is needed to
proper operation of substation equipments. The availability of reliable and
quality power has made the job of substation more important. This can be
achieved by establishing the new substation, with most efficient and reliable
equipments and taking more care in their operation and maintenance.
Maintenance may be defined as the upkeep of the substation electrical
equipment in proper working and efficient condition to derive the Reliable and
efficient operation, optimum utilization Availability of quality power, reduced
down time, detection of premature faults, Minimizing revenue losses etc. To
meet the above requirement, the equipment has to be checked, attended to,
trouble shoots and operated under specified conditions. A large percentage of
failure of electrical equipment are due to deterioration of insulation, loose
contact, abnormal operating condition etc. Many of these failure can be
anticipated by regular application of simple tests and timely maintenance . If
the fault condition leading to failure is detected in the early stage itself, the
extent of damage can be reduced and the equipment can be reconditioned
and put back in to service. Any abnormality will be followed by warming signal
like variation in sound, excess temperature, vibration, sparks, blown out fuses,
frequent trappings, tripping before full load. The detection of incipient faults in
electrical equipment depends up on use of proper diagnostic tools, its effective
use, correlation and proper interpretation of test results and observation
based on experience, manufacturers guidance etc.
MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY
• Corrective or breakdown maintenance: Corrective or breakdown
maintenance is carried out as and when necessary. This applies only to
low value and auxiliary equipments, breakdown of which does not affect
the continuity of power supply.
• Preventive maintenance: Preventive maintenance calls for advance plan
is made to carry out preventive maintenance. The advantage lies in
uninterrupted power supply, increased availability of the equipment and
reduction in maintenance cost.
• Condition based maintenance: Condition base maintenance is based on
condition assessment of the equipment by tests ON or OFF the line. This
is ideal for prevention of equipment failure and other associated
consequent damages.
• Reliability centred maintenance: Reliability centred maintenance is
generally carried out on old equipment by conducting ‘ remaining life
assessment studies’ and based on economics, life extension techniques
are adopted without sacrificing reliability and availability. The
maintenance costs are also reduced.
• Equipment failure analyses: Equipment failure analysis is the major
responsibility of maintenance personnel to prevent repeated failure of
equipment and provide inputs foe necessary change in design
parameters, new equipment design, quality control plan, erection and
subsequent maintenance technique.
• Techniques for reducing down time: Techniques of reducing down time
play a vital role in continuity of power supply. Hot line maintenance of
one line of double circuit\ line with other circuit in live condition,
deployment of emergency restoration system etc., is few examples.
• Spare management: Spares management ensures availability of right
spares most frequently required and at the right location and thereby
help immediate restoration of power supply.
• Documentation/ computerization on maintenance: The documentation
is a record of the type of maintenance activity carried out, any
abnormalities noticed during checking etc., chronologically documented
and computerized for further analysis and action.
6.2 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
Maintenance schedule is categorized into daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and
yearly maintenance schedules.
Maintenance Schedule of 160 MVA Power Transformer
• Check and re-condition of silica jelly.
• Check the working cooling fans, pumps
• Release gas from BH relay
• Clean the bushing, radiator, body etc.,
• Check Earthing connection
• Check jump connections
• Check OLTC motor drive and control panel
• Lubricate bearing and cleaning
• Check the gear box oil level
• Check operation of limit switch, sequence switch with
• Transformer in off conditions
• Check gasket joints for oil leakage

6.3 GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTION REQUIRED

• Don’t wear loose garments; they get caught leading to accidents.
• Long and unruly hairs are dangerous particularly when working near
revolving part.
• Do not smoke near prohibited area.
• Keep the work area clean, dry and free of obstructions.
• Do not touch or operate equipment unless are authorized so.
• Lubricate the M/C part with both hands. Use cotton waste brush etc.
• Ensure all guards in position before M/C working on job.
• Ensure all machines control of the machine is in your access.
• Ensure all tools are in good conditions. Look and report any accident
hazard.
• For any injury whether small or big get first aid first.
 Conclusion

It has been really a knowledgeable experience pursuing summer training at

DTL Papankalan- III 220/66 KV sub-station. It is beyond doubt, DTL is not only a
transmission company but also offers vocational training to engineering
students as well as professionals.
This phase of practical training has proved to be quite fruitful, beneficial in
every respect. It provided an opportunity to encounter big and sophisticated
equipments of the Sub-Station. The architecture of the Sub-Station and the
way various equipments are linked together to work as a unit and
methodological approach in working off whole substation is controlled renders
the impression that engineering is not just learning the structured description
and working of various equipments, but greater part is of planning proper
management.
It was definitely a knowledgeable experience and pride to be a part of DTL PPK-
III for such a short period of time.
No doubt it showed that mere theoretical and bookish knowledge need to be
supplemented with able practice knowledge. And this opportunity to gain
practical knowledge, imparted by very able personals of DTL was a remarkable
learning experience.