EXTENDED TWIN OPERATIONS

Royal Jordanian Airlines Crew Training Department

 ETOPS COURSE TOPICS

• Introduction
• Regulations
• ETOPS Approvals
• ETOPS Flight Dispatch
• Cre Proced
Crew Procedures
res
 INTRODUCTION

• What is ETOPS

• The benefits of ETOPS

• Th Milestones
The Mil
The Opportunity
pp y Presented by Technology
gy
 What is ETOPS?

The operation of twin engine aircraft over a route

that contains a point further than one hour's
hour s flying
time from an adequate airport at the approved
one
one--engine inoperative cruise speed
 The benefits of ETOPS

• Track shortening
g
• Reduced flight time
• Fuel savings
• Overall reduction in operating costs
Area of operation before ETOPS
Area of operation after ETOPS
The 60 minute Rule Limits Twin-Engine
The 120 minute Rule Limits Twin-Engine
The 180 minute Rule Limits Twin-Engine
 The Milestones

 1936: 100 miles of an adequate airport

 1953: FAA created 60-minute rule
 1985:: B767 first
1985 f 90 min ETOPS
O S operation
 1989: FAA AC 120-42A ETOPS rules
 1990: A300/A310 FAA ETOPS 180 approved
 1991: DGAC ETOPS 180 approved
 1993: JAA issues IL20/ AMJ 120-42
 1995
1995: A330 300 JAA type
A330-300 t d i approvall
design
 REGULATIONS

• Regulations relevant to ETOPS?

• Applicable regulatory sources

Why regulate ETOPS operations?

To achieve an Equal level of

Safety and Reliability
 Regulations relevant to ETOPS?

• Definitions

• Diversion Strategies

• ETOPS fuel planning requirements

• MEL, DDG
 Definitions
• Adequate Airport
• Suitable Airport
• ETOPS Enroute alternate
• Maximum diversion time
• Maximum diversion
distance
• ETOPS area of operation
• ETOPS entryt point
i t (EEP)
• ETOPS segment
• Equal time point (ETP)
• Critical point (CP)
• ETOPS EXIT POINT (EXP)
• One-Engine-Out Diversion
Speed
• Exposure Time
 Adequate Airport

• Runway Length
Length, Width,
Width Strength (for landing)
• ATC services
• Communications
• weather reporting
• NOTAM
• Lighting equipment
• One approach & one let down aid
• Rescue and Fire Fighting Services
 Suitable Airport

An Adequate Airport which satisfies the ETOPS

Dispatch Weather Minima in terms of ceiling and
visibility within the required period of suitability
 ETOPS Enroute Alternate

A Suitable Aerodrome is nominated and

indicated on the Operational Flight Plan for a
particular ETOPS flight as an aerodrome to which
a diversion can be safely accomplished
 Maximum Diversion Time

The maximum diversion time (120, or 180 minutes)

from an ETOPS enroute alternate authorized in an
operator’s Operations Specifications issued by
Authority.
Authority
 Maximum
a u Diversion
e s o Distance
sta ce

It is the maximum distance which can be

covered within the Maximum Diversion Time
based on:

a)) a Reference
R f Altitude,
Altit d
b) a Reference Weight
c)) the approved
pp one engine
g inop
p cruise speed
p

It is used to define the Area of Operations

 One Engine Out Diversion Speed

A d i l i di d l db

1. Establishing the area of ETOPS operations and any dispatch

limitations; and
2 Calculation
2. C l l ti off single
i l engine
i cruise
i speed d ffuell requirements;
i t ththe
approved single engine cruise speed is calculated in standard
atmospheric conditions (ISA) and in still air
 ETOPS Area of Operation

Area in which it is authorized to conduct a flight under

ETOPS regulations and is defined by the maximum
diversion distance from an adequate airport.
airport

330
 ETOPS Exit Point (EEP)

The point located on an ETOPS route at which the

aircraft would proceed beyond the declared 60
minute distance,, from the last available adequate
q
airport
 ETOPS ETP

Ap point on an ETOPS route that is located at an

equal flight time*, from two suitable Enroute
alternate airports.
p

*(in forecasted atmospheric conditions at 10,000 feet)

 ETOPS Exit Point (EXP)

An EXP is the point on the aircraft’s inbound

route where the aircraft is within 60 minutes
flying time at the approved single engine cruise
speed (under standard conditions in still air)
from an adequate airport(s). The EXP marks the
end of the ETOPS segment.
 Critical Point (CP)

A CP is the point along a route at which the

diff
difference b
between
t th
the standard
t d d ffuell expected
t d tto
be on board (fuel to continue) and the required
ETOPS diversion
di i fuel
f l (fuel
(f l to
t divert)
di t) is
i minimum
i i or
negative. (The CP is usually, but not always, the
l t ETP)
last
 Exposure Time

Period during which a diversion scenario is forecasted

to be horizontally exposed to icing conditions for a
certain duration
 Diversion Strategies

• Standard

• Obstacle

• Fi d Speed
Fixed S d

The Fixed Speed Strategy is the one used for:

• Determining the Maximum Diversion Distance (Area of Operations)

• Comparing fuel requirements and helping to establish the Critical Fuel Scenario
Diversion Strategies
 ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements

The minimum fuel to be carried must be the higher of:

• Standard Fuel Planning Requirements

• ETOPS Critical Fuel Scenario Requirements

Standard Fuel Planning Requirements
 ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements
The Critical Fuel Scenarios

Decompression 1 Eng Inop &

Decompression

HIGHEST

Most Critical Fuel Scenario

ETOPS Fuel Planning
Depressurization Scenario
 ETOPS Fuel Planning
1 Engine Out + Depressurization Scenario
 ETOPS Fuel Planning

ETOPS fuel planning requirements must also include:

• Contingency fuel (as per company policy)

• Fuel for Anti-ice use and the effect on unheated surfaces

(if exposure to icing is anticipated at 10,000ft)

• MEL items (such as the use of the APU as a required power

source)
 (MEL)
( )&(
(DDG)
)

Minimum Equipment List (Airbus)

Must include restrictions for ETOPS

"For
For ER
ER" or "Except
Except for ER
ER“
Or
“E t d d O
“Extended Overwater
t flight
fli ht is
i prohibited”
hibit d”
Airbus - MEL example
 ETOPS APPROVALS

• Manufacturer Approvals

• Operator Approvals

• Policy of Regulatory Approvals

 Operator Approvals

ETOPS Type Design Approval:

• ETOPS Type
yp Design
g Eligibility
g y

• ETOPS Type Design Capability

• ETOPS Capability Statement

 ETOPS Type
yp Design
g Eligibility
g y

Includes design features such as:

• Propulsion system reliability

• Electrical sources redundancy / APU design
• Emergency / Standby electrical generator
• Minimum crew workload operating
p g systems
y
• Systems redundancy
• Time limited equipments
Propulsion System Reliability
APU Design
Time limited equipments
 References

Equipment
q p A320 A319 A330 A340

Cargo C C
Category 2.01.20 p1 2.01.20 p1
Cargo Fire 1 + 285 min 1 + 285 min
Bottles
1.26.50 p3 1.26.50 p3
 ETOPS type Design Capability

In service, aircrafts must demonstrate a certain

level of actual performance reliability such as:

– In-flight engine shutdowns (IFSD)

– Diversions and air turn backs
– Un commanded power changes and engine surges
Un-commanded
– Inability to obtain the desired thrust levels
– ETOPS critical system malfunctions
Technical Transfer Analysis
y
 ETOPS Capability Statement

Design Eligibility and Capability information can be found in:

• Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)

• Configuration, Maintenance and Procedures for Extended Range

Operation (CMP)

• Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)

 Operator Approval

Operator achieve their by submitting an Approval Plan

to the regulatory
g y authorityy of the State of Registry
g y and
are based on:

• Aircraft
Ai ft capability
bilit statement
t t t

• Crew training and qualification

• Maintenance procedures and practices
 Policy of Regulatory Approvals

• 120 min is the maximum initial

approval that may be granted
by an operator’s
operator s “Approval
Approval
Plan”
• 180 min is granted through “in
in
service experience”
• Manufacture/Operator ETOPS
approval can be REVOKED
– serious single event (e g IFSD)
(e.g.
– series of related events
 ETOPS FLIGHT DISPATCH

• Required Documentation

• Single
Si l ETOPS Alternate
Alt t Operations
O ti considerations
id ti
 Required Documentation

The BRIEFING PACKAGE must be constructed to include:

• The OFP shall contain:
– “ETOPS Flight” Denotation
– Critical fuel scenario computations
– ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements
– EEP, ETP, & EXP
– Windows of Suitabilityy ((based on ETOPS Dispatch
p Wx Requirements)
q )

• Adequate En-route Alternate (NOTAM)

• Plotting chart or orientation chart with area of operations limit
Critical Fuel Scenario Computations
 ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements

Standard Fuel Planning ETOPS Fuel Planning

Requirement Requirement

HIGHEST

Minimum Block Fuel

EEP,, ETP,, & EXP
 Windows of Suitability
(based on ETOPS Dispatch Wx Requirements)

ETOPS Alternates must meet Dispatch Wx requirements:

• Starting 1 hour before the earliest ETA at the en-route alternate

airport
(take-off time) + (flight time to equitime point before alternate) + (diversion
time at normal cruise speed and altitude) - (one hour)
• Ending 1 hour after the latest ETA at this en-route alternate airport
(take-off time) + (Flight time to equitime point after alternate) + (diversion
time at long range speed FL100 one engine) + (one hour)
Adequate
q En
En--route Alternate
(NOTAM)
 Single
g ETOPS Alternate Operations
p

1 The ETOPS segment is relatively short,

1. short typically 60
minutes or less, at the single engine cruise speed, in
standard conditions,, and in still air;;
2. The ETP between two en route diversion airports is located
outside of the ETOPS area;
3. A reduction in diversion time is achieved by using a single
alternate;
4. There is only one en route diversion airport with weather
forecast at or above ETOPS enroute alternate limits
limits.
Single
g ETOPS Alternate Operations
p

EEP
EXP

OPKC 120 min

Single
g ETOPS Alternate Operations
p

OPKC is the only ETOPS Enroute Alternate

Th
There iis no ETP only
l EEP and
d EXP

Critical fuel requirements should be satisfied at

the EEP and EXP respectively
 CREW PROCEDURES

• C
Crew R
Responsibilities
ibiliti

• Diversion Decision Making

– Weather
– Failures
Crew Procedures
Crew Responsibilities
 Crew Procedures
In Flight Briefings

A comprehensive briefing shall be conducted in the

following phases of an ETOPS flight:

• Before entering any EEP

• After crossing any ETP

 Crew Procedures
Diversion Decision Making

Weather:
• Dispatch
p weather minimum requirements
q no longerg
apply when in flight (Before the EEP if weather falls below the
applicable minima a ETOPS may not be entered)
 Crew Procedures
Diversion Decision Making

Failures:
• Loss of Navigation capability (depending on airspace)

• Failures requiring landing at the nearest suitable airport

• Fuel
F lC Considerations
id ti

• Electrical Generation Redundancies (depending on aircraft type)

 Crew Procedures
Diversion Decision Making

In case of a diversion due to engine problems it is

recommended to use the speed p schedule used to establish
the area of operations (i.e. Fixed Speed Strategy)

NOTE:
“The PIC has the authority to deviate from this planned
speed after completion of the assessment of the actual
situation”
Thank
n yyou....