Guía Máxima Biología

Cell Reproduction

Cell Cycle

Events that happens for a cell to reproduce.

There are two types of Cell Cycles:

 Prokaryotic: no nucleus -> binary fission -> Single Chromosome.

 Eukaryotic -> defined nucleus -> complex chromosomes.

-> Interphase -> Preparation for cell division.

-> Cell Division -> Mitosis or Meiosis

-> Cytokinesis

Notes:

- In the nucleus we can find chromosomes (chromosomes are made from

Protein and DNA).

Definitions:

- Chromosomes: sacks of DNA.

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Interphase

Interphase is the process in which the cell prepares for cell division.

Interphase has 3 phases: Growth (g1), Synthesis (s) and finally Growth (g2).

Growth (g1)

The cell increases in size, organelles need to cell division

are made and a variety of proteins needed for DNA
replication are generated (Sometimes cells go into rest
phase [g0] for some time before beginning with Synthesis
phase).
 Synthesis (S)

The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its

nucleus.

Growth 2 (g2)

The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and

begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis.

Cell Division

Cell division is the process in which a cell divides to produce identical cells
with the same number of chromosomes.

There are two types of cell division: Mitosis & Meiosis.

Mitosis

Mitosis has 4 steps:

 Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes,

the centrioles separate, and the spindle begins to
form. The nuclear envelope breaks down.

 Metaphase: The chromosomes line up across the cell

each chromosome is connected to spindle fibers at its
centromere.

 Anaphase: The sister chromatids separate into

individual chromosomes and are moved apart.
  Telophase: The chromosomes gather at opposite ends
of the cell and lose their distinct shapes to form new
nuclear envelopes.

Definitions:

 Spindles: is the microtubule-based bipolar structure

that segregates the chromosomes in mitosis.

 Sister chromatids: refers to the identical copies

(chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a
chromosome, with both copies joined together by a
common centromere.

 Chromatin: is a complex of DNA and protein found in

eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very
long DNA molecules into more compact, preventing
DNA damage.

 Centromere: a specialized DNA sequence of a

chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids.
 Meiosis

Is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

Meiosis is divided in two parts: meiosis 1 and meiosis 2.

IMPORTANT NOTES
 -During Interface Mitosis and Meiosis checkpoints are made in the cell for continuing with
cell cycle if one of these checkpoints didn’t complete then the cell will go into rest phase,
try to fix the problem and continue if not, then the cell will commit alt + f4 (kill itself).

Definitions:

- Diploid: Cell with two sets of chromosomes.

- Haploid: Cell with only one set of chromosomes and half number of these.

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis:

In meiosis cell division a diploid cell divides into 4 haploid daughter cells while, in mitosis, one
diploid cell divides into 2 diploid daughter cells.

Telophase and Cytokinesis

Animal Cell:

1) After anaphase, microfilaments form around the center of the cell.

2) Microfilaments constrict forming cleavage furrow.
3) The cell is completely pinched by microfilaments and two cells are formed.

Plant Cell

1) Following anaphase, carbohydrate and rich vesicle form around the center of
the cell.
2) Vesicles fuse and cell plate begins to form.
 3) Cell plate is completely formed creating two separated cells.

Plant Reproduction

Flower Structure

- Stamens: The male part of the flower.

- Anthers: Produce male sex cells.
- Stigma: The top of the female part of the flower which collects pollen grains.
- Ovary: Produce the female sex cells and contains them.
- Petals: Attracts pollinators like insects with its brightly colors.
- Sepals: Protects the unopened flower.
- Nectary: Produce a sugary solution called nectar which attracts insects or
other pollinators.
- Filaments: carry nutrients to the anther for pollen development and facilitate
access to the anther to pollinating agents like bees.
 - Style: To assist with fertilization by being located where pollen tubes travel to
deliver sperm cells to the egg cells.
- Carpel: Female part of the flower.

Germination

Is the process taken by the seed or spore after a period of dormancy to develop.

For a new plant to grow these seed need to be dispersed around and there are
many ways for plants to do this:

-Wind: Seed travel by wind, no fruit needed.

-Water: Seed can float and travel through water sources to other places.

-Animal: A fruit is produced containing the plants seeds, this for an animal to eat
the fruit and with it the seeds making the seeds travel a long way because of the
animal movement until it is drop in form of their “droppings”.

-Explosion: Some plants when being dry explodes their seed, normally
encapsulated for them to travel long distances by the force of the explosion.