Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179

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Lithos

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Early Cretaceous arc volcanic suite in Cebu Island, Central Philippines and
its implications on paleo-Pacific plate subduction: Constraints from
geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology and Lu–Hf isotopes
Jianghong Deng a, Xiaoyong Yang a,⁎, Zhao-Feng Zhang b, M. Santosh c,d
a
CAS Key Laboratory of Crust–Mantle Materials and Environments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
b
State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
c
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
d
Division of Interdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The Philippine island arc system is a collage of amalgamated terranes of oceanic, continental and island arc
Received 18 December 2014 affinities. Here we investigate a volcanic suite in Cebu Island of central Philippines, including basalt, diabase
Accepted 26 May 2015 dike, basaltic pyroclastic rock and porphyritic andesite. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronology of zircon grains from
Available online 3 June 2015
the porphyritic andesite and pyroclastic rock yielded ages of 126 ± 3 Ma and 119 ± 2 Ma, respectively, indicating
an Early Cretaceous age. The age distribution of the detrital zircons from river sand in the area displays a peak at
Keywords:
Geochemistry
ca. 118 Ma, close to the age of the pyroclastic rock. The early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the central Philippines
Zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes were previously regarded as parts of ophiolite complexes by most investigators, whereas the Cebu volcanics are
Island arc volcanics distinct from these, and display calc-alkaline affinity and island arc setting, characterized by high LREE/HREE
West Philippine Basin ratios and low HFSE contents. These features are similar to the Early Cretaceous arc basalts in the Amami Plateau
Pacific plate subduction and east Halmahera in the northernmost and southernmost West Philippine Basin respectively. Zircon Hf iso-
topes of the pyroclastic rocks show depleted nature similar to those of the Amami Plateau basalts, implying
the subducted Pacific-type MORB as probable source. Zircon Hf isotopes of the porphyritic andesite show slight
enrichment relative to that of the pyroclastic rocks and MORB, indicating subducted sediments as a minor end-
member in the source. The Hf isotopic compositions of the volcanic rocks are also reflected in the detrital zircons
from the river sands. We propose that the volcanic rocks of Cebu Island were derived from partial melting of sub-
arc mantle wedge which was metasomatized by dehydration of subducted oceanic crust together with minor pe-
lagic sediments. Within the tectonic environment of Southeast Asia during Early Cretaceous, the volcanic rocks in
Cebu Island can be correlated to the subduction of paleo-Pacific plate. The Early Cretaceous volcanic suites in
Cebu Island along with the Early Cretaceous arc volcanic rocks, ophiolites and boninites in the southern–west-
ern–northern margin of West Philippine Basin are inferred to have formed within single subduction zone before
the opening of the Philippine Sea Plate.
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The Philippines archipelago, located at the boundary of the Eurasian
and West Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) provides a unique setting to inves-
tigate the tectono-magmatic processes in a convergent margin
(e.g., Castillo et al., 1999, 2007; Sajona et al., 1996; Yumul et al.,
2000b). The region was also affected by the north–north west-ward
motion of the Australian plate, and the interaction of the various plate
motions offer a window to the evolution of an older island and conti-
nental arc systems through time. The available information suggests
that the Philippine island arc system is composed of amalgamated
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: xyyang555@163.com (X. Yang).
terranes of oceanic, continental and island arc affinities (e.g., Faure
et al., 1989; Yumul et al., 1997).
Arc systems since Eocene have widely developed throughout the
Philippines archipelago (e.g., Maury et al., 1998; Polve et al., 2007;
Yumul et al., 2008), which are bound by trenches (Manila Trench,
Negros and Sulu Trenches, Cotabato Trench, Luzon Trough–Philippine
Trench), followed by the subduction of marginal basins (Aurelio,
2000; Castillo and Newhall, 2004; Castillo et al., 2007; Yumul, 2003).
Terrane accretion, ocean basin closure, arc formation, and indenter
tectonics are some of the features recognized in this island arc system
(Yumul et al., 2008). Volcanic activities and igneous intrusions have
been active since Cretaceous as suggested by the presence of magmatic
belts of Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligo-Miocene and Pliocene–Quaternary
ages. Most of these sequences are related to subduction events, com-
mencing during Cretaceous with a prominent peak in the Eocene

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.05.020
0024-4937/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179
(e.g., formation of the Sierra Madre Mountains of northern and central
Luzon), Middle Miocene (e.g., formation of the Cordillera mountains in
northern Luzon) and Plio-Quaternary (Recent volcanic arc) (Aurelio
et al., 2013).
The basement lithologies of Philippines are composed of ophiolite
and ophiolitic complexes (Suerte et al., 2005), which represent frag-
ments of upper mantle and oceanic crust (Coleman, 1977; Dewey and
Bird, 1971) that were incorporated into continental margins during
continent–continent and arc–continent collisions (Dilek and Flower,
2003), ridge–trench interactions (Lagabrielle et al., 2000), and/or
subduction–accretion events (Cawood et al., 2009). Ophiolites are
generally found along suture zones in both collisional-type (i.e., Alpine,
Himalayan, Appalachian) and accretionary-type (i.e., North American
Cordilleran) orogenic belts that mark major boundaries between amal-
gamated plates or accreted terranes (Lister and Forster, 2009).
Previous studies distinguished four belts of ophiolites in Philippines
on the basis of their geochemical signature and ages of formation
(Yumul, 2007). The ophiolites or ophiolitic complexes in Central
Philippines such as those of Leyte (Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous)
(Suerte et al., 2005), Bohol (Early Cretaceous) (Faustino et al., 2006;
Yumul, 2003; Yumul et al., 2001), Samar (late Early to early Late Creta-
ceous) (Dimalanta et al., 2006), and Panay (Late Cretaceous to Middle
Eocene) (Tamayo et al., 2001; Yumul et al., 2013) have also been inves-
tigated in previous studies. The models suggested in these investiga-
tions consider that most of these ophiolites and ophiolitic complexes
originated within supra-subduction zone (SSZ) environment in a fast
spreading center with only a few having formed at normal mid oceanic
ridges (MOR, such as Isabela, Camarines Norte and Ilocos Norte in Luzon
Island; (Yumul, 2007).
The Cebu Island volcanic suites with Early Cretaceous ages investi-
gated in this study were also regarded as a part of the ophiolitic com-
plexes (Dimalanta et al., 2006; Yumul, 2007), although some studies
have clearly shown that they display island arc signature based on
chemical composition (Dimalanta et al., 2006; Tamayo et al., 2004).
Apart from the Early Cretaceous ophiolitic complexes, island arc volca-
nic rocks with Early Cretaceous ages are rarely reported from the
Philippine Islands. However, as reported in some previous studies,
some arc basalts in the WPB margin such as the Amami Plateau and
Daito Ridge (Hickey-Vargas, 2005; Hickey-Vargas et al., 2008; Ishizuka
et al., 2011) in the northern part of WPB and Halmahera in the south-
ernmost WPB show Early Cretaceous ages (Ballantyne, 1992). Whether
the Cebu volcanic suites are similar to the SSZ type ophiolitic complexes
in the central Philippines or arc volcanic rocks in the WPB margin have
not been clarified. Also, their ages remain obscure, apart from the avail-
able data on the diorite porphyries of the Atlas porphyry copper deposit
which show ages of 102–109 Ma by Rb–Sr and K–Ar method (Kerntke
et al., 1991; Walther et al., 1981). In this paper, we present high resolu-
tion zircon U–Pb age and geochemical data on the volcanic suite from
Cebu Island with a view to constrain the petrogenesis and tectonic envi-
ronment in the Early Cretaceous.
2. Regional geological background and sample description
The Philippine region is made up of the Palawan micro-continental
block and the seismically-active Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) charac-
terized by earthquakes and active volcanoes (Walia et al., 2012;
Yumul, 2007; Yumul et al., 2008). The PMB or the Philippine archipelago
is bound to the east and west by subduction zones.
The western boundary marks the subduction of the Early Oligocene
to Early Miocene South China Sea plate (Manila Trench), the Early to
Middle Miocene Sulu Sea plate (Negros and Sulu Trenches), and the
Eocene Celebes basin plate (Cotabato Trench) (Fig. 1a) (e.g., Mitchell
et al., 1986; Rangin et al., 1999). On the eastern boundary of the
archipelago, the Eocene West Philippine Sea plate, through oblique
subduction, is being consumed along the west-dipping East Luzon
Trough–Philippine Trench (Ozawa et al., 2004). South of the archipelago
167
is the Indo-Australian plate. The archipelago is cut longitudinally by a
major left-lateral Philippine strike–slip fault zone (Fig. 1a). The
Pliocene-aged Philippine Fault Zone, takes up the stress that cannot be
accommodated by the surrounding subduction zones (Aurelio, 2000).
Central Philippines is made up of the islands of Panay, Negros, Cebu,
Bohol, Leyte and Samar (Fig. 1b), and is bound by the east-dipping Early
to Middle Miocene Negros Trench in the west and the west dipping
Pliocene Philippine Trench in the east (Fig. 1b). The Philippine Fault
Zone and the Sibuyan Sea Fault traverse Central Philippines in Leyte,
and offshore north of Panay, respectively (Fig. 1b). There are two sedi-
mentary basins in central Philippines, the Iloilo basin and the Visayan
Basin (Aurelio and Peña, 2002) (Fig. 1b).
The basement complex in Central Philippines is defined by complete
to dismembered crust–mantle sequences with regionally metamor-
phosed rocks and intrusive/extrusive igneous complexes ranging in
age from Cretaceous to Eocene. Pelagic cherts intercalated with tuffa-
ceous sediments and volcanic rock suites from the Cretaceous Tacloban
(145–125 Ma; Leyte Island, Suerte et al., 2005), Early Cretaceous South-
east Bohol ophiolite complexes (SEBOC) (Yumul, 2003), and late Early
to early Late Cretaceous Samar ophiolite complex to the Middle Eocene
Antique (Panay Island, Tamayo et al., 2001) and northern Leyte (Sajona
et al., 1997), suggest that these were formed in restricted ocean basins
(e.g., Sajona et al., 1997; Tamayo et al., 2004). These ophiolite complexes
contain rocks with transitional mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and
island arc tholeiite (IAT) geochemical signatures. Some of the ophiolites
and ophiolitic complexes host metallic mineral deposits such as
chromite, nickel, platinum-group minerals and massive sulfides
(Dimalanta et al., 2006; Tamayo et al., 2001).
The basement complex of Cebu is composed of lherzolites and
harzburgites, Jurassic metamorphic and Cretaceous volcanic rocks, as
well as a Cretaceous sedimentary unit (Dimalanta et al., 2006). These
rocks are exposed mostly in the central portion of the island.
Serpentinite diapirs occur along major fault systems. Some of these dia-
piric bodies are associated with lherzolites and layered mafic sequences.
The Jurassic Tunlob Schist is the oldest rock in the area, composed of
chloritic orthoschist and micaceous paraschist of the albite–epidote–
amphibolite facies. These are uncomfortably covered by the Cretaceous
strata, including the Early Cretaceous Cansi Fm. in the lower part and the
Late Cretaceous Pandan Fm. on the top (Aurelio and Peña, 2002). The
Cansi Fm. is mainly composed of basalt, andesite and clastic rocks,
with limestone intercalations. Pillow lavas of basalt to pyroxene andes-
ite composition are intercalated with thin layers of chert (Aurelio and
Peña, 2002). The sedimentary units of the Pandan Fm. are mainly com-
posed of conglomerate, sandstone and shale, with basalt, limestone and
coal intercalations. These unconformably overlie the pillow lavas which
is considered to be a part of the dismembered ophiolitic complex based
on the presence of bedded chert and pillow basalt intercalations within
the limestone and clastic sequence (Aurelio and Peña, 2002).
The present study area is located in the central northern part of Cebu
Island (Fig. 2), in the Kansi village, Asturias, 12 km to the south of
Tuburan. Representative field photographs are shown in Fig. S1. The ex-
posed strata comprise Jurassic Tunlob Fm. chlorite sericite schist, Early
Cretaceous Mananga Group (including the Pandan Fm., Cansi Fm. volca-
nic rocks and Tuburan limestone) mudstone, argillaceous siltstone,
limestone, basaltic–andesitic pyroclastic rock and massive limestone
of the Eocene Baye Fm. (Fig. 2). The mudstones–argillaceous siltstones
are exposed rarely in the southern part, with thickness ranging from
several tens of centimeters to several meters. In the northern part,
several meters to several tens of meters thick mudstones–argillaceous
siltstones are exposed. The mudstones show intercalations of limestones
or pyroclastic rocks, most of which are marbleized. The pyroclastic rocks
include volcanic clastic rock, breccia and agglomerate. Volcanic breccia is
usually distributed near a paleo crater, and agglomerate occurs locally
with ultramafic xenolith. Magmatic rocks in the area mainly include di-
abase, basalt and porphyritic andesite, where the diabase intrudes the
basalt, and occurs as dikes carrying basaltic xenoliths (Fig. 3a, c).
168
Fig. 1. Sketch map showing geological settings of Philippine archipelago (a) and the Central Philippines (b). After Google Earth and Dimalanta et al. (2006).
Ultramafic rocks are rare in the area, and are found only locally as
allochthonous rubbles. Massive gabbros and norites are also rare, and
some of these occur locally in the creek valley as stocks; diorites are
also rare and locally occur as small outcrops (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of the study area.
J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179
Thirty three samples of the volcanic suite are included in this study
and comprise diabase (Fig, 3a, c), basalt–basaltic andesite (Fig. 3c),
pyroclastic rock (Fig. 3e) and porphyritic andesite (Fig. 3g). The diabase
dykes, basalts and pyroclastic rocks of this area are mostly hydrother-
mally altered or have undergone tropical weathering, whereas the por-
phyritic andesites are fresh or slightly altered. The diabase displays
ophitic texture under the microscope, with clinopyroxene and plagio-
clase as the major minerals. The plagioclase laths are euhedral, and
show alteration to clay minerals (Fig. 3b). The pyroxenes are
subhedral–anhedral, filling in the space between plagioclase grains.
The basalt shows massive structure, distinct from the ‘pillow basalt’
reported before (Diegor et al., 1996). They show porphyritic texture,
with phenocrysts consisting of large clinopyroxene and small plagio-
clase (Fig. 3d), and in the absence of orthopyroxene and olivine. The
groundmass is also composed of clinopyroxene and plagioclase. The py-
roclastic rock is mostly weathered, showing clastic texture under the
microscope, and the main minerals are also clinopyroxene and plagio-
clase (Fig. 3f). Most of the plagioclase grains in these rocks are altered
to clay minerals. The porphyritic andesite also shows massive structure
and porphyritic texture (Fig. 3g, h). The centimeter-sized large plagio-
clase phenocrysts can be easily distinguished (Fig. 3g, h); the pheno-
crysts also include clinopyroxene (Fig. 3h). The groundmass is also
composed of clinopyroxene and plagioclase (Fig. 3h). The porphyritic
andesite is mostly fresh, and the plagioclase is least altered.
3. Results
3.1. Major and trace element compositions
Major and trace element data of the diabases, basalts, pyroclastic
rocks and porphyritic andesites are given in Table S1. The diabases,
basalts and pyroclastic rocks have low SiO2 contents ranging
from 48.02 to 54.04 wt.%, (mean 50.66 wt.%), showing basaltic to basal-
tic–andesitic compositions. The porphyritic andesites show higher SiO2
contents ranging from 52.98 to 53.84 wt.%, indicating a basaltic andesite
composition. All the rock samples have high Al2O3 contents, ranging
from 14.5 to 19.6 wt.%, and their Na2O, K2O, CaO and MgO contents
 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179 169

Fig. 3. Photograhs of the volcanic rocks in the Kansi, Cebu island. a, c, e, f—Field photographs of the diabase, basalt, pyroclastic rock and porphyritic andesite, respectively. In Figure c, the
diabase intrudes in the basalt, with a basaltic xenolith in the diabase. b, d, f, h—Crossed nicol photomicrographs of the diabase, basalt, pyroclastic rock and porphyritic andesite.
Cpx—Clinopyroxene, Pl—Plagioclase, Ep—Epidote.

range from 2.84 to 5.29 wt.%, 0.25 to 3.08 wt.%, 3.86 to 11.52 wt.%, and
2.57 to 5.15 wt.%, respectively.
The rocks show high LREE contents and low HREE contents, with
(La/Yb)N ratios ranging from 2.53 to 5.00. They also have high LILE
contents and low HFSE contents.
compositions of the clinopyroxene as discriminated by Wo–Fs–En are
shown on Fig. 4b, suggesting that they are augites. The clinopyroxenes
of the pyroclastic rocks have lower Ca contents than those of the
porphyritic andesites. Orthopyroxene is absent.

3.2. Mineral compositions 3.3. Zircon U–Pb chronology

The compositions of pyroxene and plagioclase of the pyroclastic rock
and porphyritic andesite are presented in Table S2 and Table S3. All the
feldspars are plagioclases, and no K-feldspar is observed. The plagioclase
of the pyroclastic rocks is An2–An7, and is albite (Fig. 4a), implying
albitization by hydrothermal activity. The plagioclase in the porphyritic
andesite is An50–An63, classifying as labradorite (Fig. 4a). The
Zircon grains separated from pyroclastic rock (2 samples) and por-
phyritic andesite (1 sample) are generally prismatic, colorless, transpar-
ent, and euhedral. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images clearly show
microscale oscillatory zoning (Fig. 5), suggesting magmatic origin. The
detrital zircons separated from the river sands also show similar
features indicating that the river sands are autochthonous deposited
170 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179

Fig. 4. An–Ab–Or (a) and Wo–Fs–En (b) classification diagrams of the plagioclases and clinopyroxenes in Cebu volcanic rocks, respectively. An—Anorthite; Ab—Albite; Or—Orthoclase;
Wo—Wollastonite; Fs—Ferrosilite; En—Enstatite.

Fig. 5. Zircon U–Pb concordia plot of the Cebu volcanic rocks and river sands in the study area. KS029, KS034-2—Samples of pyroclastic rocks; KS017, KS055, KS100, KS111, KS384—Samples
of River/Creek sand; KS102-4—Sample of porphyritic andesite.
 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179
or transported not far from the protolith after weathering and denuda-
tion. Results of zircon U–Pb isotope data are listed in Table S4.
The zircon data show concordant U–Pb data with weighted mean
206
Pb/238U ages of 118.5 ± 1.2 Ma and 126.2 ± 2.4 Ma for pyroclastic
rock (samples KS029 and KS034-2) and porphyritic andesite (KS102-
4), respectively (Fig. 5a, b), suggesting Early Cretaceous ages. The ages
of detrital zircons from river sands range from ca. 100 Ma to ca.
140 Ma, and show unimodal distribution with a peak at ca.118 Ma
(Fig. 5c, d). From the data, two stages of magmatism are recognized in
this region, at ca.126 Ma and ca. 118 Ma.
3.4. Zircon Lu–Hf isotopic compositions
Results of zircon Lu–Hf isotopic data are listed in Table S5. The
εHf(t) values of zircons in pyroclastic rock (KS029, KS034-2) range
from + 12.7 to + 17.3 (mean + 14.9; Fig. 6a), indicating a depleted
mantle source. The εHf(t) values of the zircons in porphyritic andesite
are also positive, ranging from +5.3 to +14.7 (mean + 10.3; Fig. 6a),
suggesting magma sources from juvenile components. Zircons from
river sands also show positive εHf(t) values but of a wider range from
+5.2 to +17.5 (Fig. 6a).
4. Discussion
4.1. Rock type discrimination
The K2O contents of the rocks analyzed in this study vary from 0.25
to 3.08 wt.%, and are thus classified as calc-alkaline to high K calc-
alkaline series on the K2O–SiO2 diagram (Fig. 7a), and some samples
are classified as shoshonitic series. Total alkalis vary greatly, and the
rocks types range from basalt–basaltic andesite (gabbroic composition
for the diabase), trachybasalt and basaltic trachyandesite (Fig. 7b).
However, as mentioned before, the diabases, basalts and pyroclastic
rocks are all hydrothermally altered. K as well as other mobile elements
such as Na, Rb, Ba and Sr are not useful for classifying these rocks as they
have been variably added and/or extracted during hydrothermal alter-
ation or weathering processes (Hastie et al., 2007). Thus the TAS, K2O–
SiO2 diagram, used to subdivide volcanic arc rocks (basalts, basaltic an-
desites, andesites, dacites and rhyolites) and volcanic series (tholeiitic,
calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic), is not useful partic-
ularly when the rocks have been subjected to alteration (Hastie et al.,
Fig. 6. Zircon Hf isotopes (a) of and Hf model ages (TDMI) statistics (b, c) of the Cebu volcanic suites and river sands. The area of Amami Plateau and Huatung basin are from Hickey-Vargas
et al. (2008), based on the ages and εHf(t) values of the Amami Plateau basalts and tonalites, Huatung basin gabbros, respectively.
171
2007). Proxies using more immobile elements have been developed
for the altered or weathered volcanics (Hastie et al., 2007; Pearce,
1982). As shown in Fig. 8, the volcanic rocks in the study area are all
classified as calc-alkaline series, and the rock types range from basalt
to basaltic andesite (Fig. 8b). The immobile elements discrimination is
quite different from those shown by K2O–SiO2 and TAS diagrams
(Fig. 7), indicating that the mobile element compositions of the volcanic
rocks and diabases have been significantly altered.
4.2. Timing of the Cebu volcanic rocks
Cenozoic volcanic rocks ranging in composition from tholeiitic
through calc-alkaline to shoshonitic types erupted in the Philippines
arc system (Maury et al., 1998; Polve et al., 2007) which also include
some adakitic rocks and Nb-enriched basalts (Jego et al., 2005; Sajona
et al., 1996; Yumul et al., 2000a). In contrast, the Cretaceous suite is
mainly associated with ophiolites or ophiolitic rocks, showing tholeiitic
affinities (e.g., Dimalanta et al., 2006; Suerte et al., 2005; Yumul, 2003;
Yumul et al., 2001).
In previous studies, the Early Cretaceous arc volcanic rocks in
Philippine islands were rarely reported, and the Cebu volcanic rocks
were also regarded as a part of the ophiolites or ophiolitic complexes
(e.g., Dimalanta et al., 2006; Tamayo et al., 2004). Our study reveals
that the Cebu volcanics are calc-alkaline rocks formed during 126 Ma
(porphyritic andesite) to 117 Ma (pyroclastic rock) (Fig. 5a, b), similar
to the Early Cretaceous Cansi volcanics. The detrital zircons from the
river sand yield a unimodal peak at ca.118 Ma, consistent with the
formation ages of pyroclastic rocks. As mentioned above, the diorite
porphyry (which broadly corresponds to adakitic rock characterized
high Sr and low Y contents) in Atlas formed during 102–109 Ma
(Kerntke et al., 1991; Walther et al., 1981), later than those of the volca-
nic rocks in the area. This is consistent with the field observation that
the diorite porphyry intruded in the Cansi Fm. volcanics.
Apart from their occurrence in Cebu Island in the Philippine archi-
pelago, the Early Cretaceous arc volcanic rocks can also be found in
other areas around the WPB margin, such as the Amami Plateau arc
basalt–andesite, the Daito Ridge basalt at the northern WPB, and the
Halmahera basalt in Indonesia at the southern WPB (Fig. 9). Two
tonalite samples from the Amami Plateau yield 40Ar–30Ar ages of
112–117 Ma (Hickey-Vargas, 2005), and two andesitic samples from
Daito Ridge show 40Ar–30Ar ages of 117–119 Ma (Ishizuka et al.,
172 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179

Fig. 7. K2O–SiO2 (a) and TAS (b) classification diagram of Cebu volcanic rocks. The fields are after Peccerillo and Taylor (1976), and the dashed line is from Middlemost (1985). SSZ basalt–
basalt from SSZ type ophiolites. The data of SSZ basalt from other area of central Philippines are cited from Suerte et al. (2005), Faustino et al. (2006), Tamayo et al. (2001) and Yumul et al.
(2013) for comparison. Plutonic:1—peridotite gabbro; 2a—alkaline gabbro; 2b—sub-alkaline gabbro; 3—gabbro-diorite; 4—diorite; 8—monzogabbro; 9—monzodiorite; 10—monzonite;
13—nepheline gabbro; 14—nepheline monzodiorite; 15—nepheline monzosyenite. Volcanic: 1—picro-basalt; 2—basalt; 3—basaltic andesite; 4—andesite; 8—trachy-basalt; 9—Basaltic
trachyandesite; 10—trachyandesite; 13—tephrite; 14—phonotephrite; 15—tephriphonolite.

2011), close to the ages of the pyroclastic rocks in Cebu. The age of the
Halmahera basalt is based on 40Ar/39Ar dating of Late Cretaceous
(80–94 Ma) arc-related boninitic diorites that intrude the basement
complex (Ballantyne, 1991), and therefore interpreted as pre-Late
Cretaceous.
4.3. The Cebu volcanic rocks: arc volcanic rocks or ophiolitic complexes?
Arc magmatism involves a diversity of rock types ranging in compo-
sition from basalt to rhyolite. Arc volcanic rocks are noted for their dis-
tinct chemistry compared with those in other tectonic settings
(e.g., Manikyamba et al., 2014; Pearce, 1982; Praveen et al., 2014;
Tatsumi and Kogiso, 1997; Tatsumi and Suzuki, 2009; Yang and
Santosh, 2014). In particular, they show enrichment in large ion
lithophile elements (e.g., Cs, Rb, K, Ba, Pb, and Sr) and depletion in the
high-field-strength elements (e.g., Ta, Nb, Zr, and Ti) (Tatsumi and
Kogiso, 1997; Tatsumi and Kogiso, 2003).
Several tectonic interpretations of the PSP propose that structures of
the island arc terranes in the Philippine Islands are related to the
Amami–Daito province in the northern WPB and Halmahera in the
southernmost WPB (Fig. 9), which were proposed as the fragment
prior to the opening of the West Philippine Basin (Ballantyne, 1991;
Deschamps and Lallemand, 2002; Hall et al., 1995; Pubellier et al.,
2004; Tamayo et al., 2004). Hickey-Vargas (2005) proposed that the
Early Cretaceous Amami Plateau basalts and the East Halmahera base-
ment complex have island arc affinity, like other terranes such as Pujada
ophiolite in Mindanao (Yumul, 2003) and the Maculabo diorite of the
Calaguas Island complex in eastern Luzon (Geary and Kay, 1989)
(Fig. 9). To clarify the nature of Cebu volcanic rocks, we compiled the
data on the Early Cretaceous Amami Plateau arc basalts, Halmahera
arc basalts and other basalts from the Cretaceous ophiolites or ophiolitic
complexes in the central Philippines (Tacloban ophiolite in Leyte,
ophiolitic complex from southeast Bohol, Antique ophiolitic complex
from Panay).

Fig. 8. Immobile elements discrimination diagram of Cebu volcanic rocks. After Pearce (1982) and Hastie et al. (2007). IAT—Island arc tholeiite, CA—Calc-alkaline series, H-K—High K calc-
alkaline sereis, SHO—Shoshonitic series, B—Basalt, BA—Basaltic andesite, A—Andesite, D—Diorite, R—Rhyolite.
 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179 173

Fig. 9. Distribution of Early Cretaceous arc volcanic rocks and ophiolitic complexes along the northern, western and southern margins of West Philippine Basin. Base map is from Google
Earth. The red stars represent locations of arc volcanic rocks, and the yellow stars represent locations of ophiolitic complexes. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure
legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

The ophiolitic basalts show MORB-type or SSZ-type characteristics similar REE distribution patterns, indicating that they are broadly co-
(Faustino et al., 2006; Suerte et al., 2005; Tamayo et al., 2001; Yumul magmatic. They show LREE enrichment relative to HREE (Fig. 10a), sim-
et al., 2001, 2013), and are all classified as island arc tholeiite (IAT) in ilar to those of the Amami Plateau arc basalts and Halmahera basalts.
Fig. 8. In the REE distribution diagram, the Cebu volcanic suites show The LREEs are more enriched than that of E-MORB, whereas the

Fig. 10. Chondrite normalized REEs (a) and Primitive mantle normalized trace elements (b) distribution pattern of Cebu volcanic rocks. The data of the Amami Plateau basalts in Amami-
Daito province, southern WPB are from Hickey-Vargas (2005); The data of East Halmahera basalts, Indonesia are from Ballantyne (1991); so are other data in the below. N-MORB, E-MORB,
chondrite and primitive mantle-normalized data are taken from Sun and McDonough (1989).
174 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179
HREEs are more depleted (Fig. 10b). The early stage porphyritic basaltic
andesite shows higher LREE concentrations than the other rocks, sug-
gesting source enrichment or a higher degree of evolution. In contrast,
the basalts of SSZ type ophiolites in other areas of central Philippines
show LREE depletion and HREE enrichment, similar to N-MORB.
The Dy/Dy* − Dy/Yb diagram proposed by Davidson et al. (2013)
can better explain the enrichment of REEs, distinguishing between the
basalts of SSZ type ophiolites and Cebu volcanics (Fig. 11). It is clear
that the Cebu volcanics along with the Amami Plateau arc basalts and
Halmahera basalts have low Dy/Dy* ratios (b 1) and high Dy/Yb ratios,
representative of LREE enrichment; while the SSZ basalts have high
Dy/Dy* ratios (N 1) and low Dy/Yb ratios, representative of LREE deple-
tion. They also show LILE (Rb, Ba, U and Sr) enrichment and HFSE (Nb,
Ta and Ti) depletion on trace element distribution diagram (Fig. 10b),
whereas the SSZ basalts show trace element signatures similar to
ocean floor basalts with N-MORB composition. The pyroclastic rocks, di-
abases and porphyritic basaltic andesites are richer in LREE than those
of the basalts in Cebu Island.
As discussed above, the volcanic rocks in Cebu Island are similar to
Amami Plateau basalts and Halmahera basalts, showing arc affinities
as already observed by Tamayo et al. (2004) and Dimalanta et al.
(2006), rather than MORB or SSZ type ophiolites.
4.4. Petrogenesis of the Cebu arc volcanic rocks
The generation of arc magmas is a multi-step process. The slab-
derived H2O-rich fluid may not directly trigger melting of the mantle
wedge (the arc magma source), but instead, may migrate upward and
react with the overlying peridotite to form hydrous phases at the base
of the mantle wedge, from where it is transported to increasing depth
by slab-drag induced flow (e.g., Davies and Stevenson, 1992; Tatsumi
and Eggins, 1995), and then causing partial melting. Even the ultramafic
peridotite could play an important role in the addition of fluid to the
mantle wedge, because of the extremely low concentration of most in-
compatible trace elements, the contribution of trace elements from the
peridotitic part of the arc volcanics is unlikely to be significant (Tatsumi
and Kogiso, 1997). These elements features have been attributed largely
to element fluxes derived from the subducting oceanic lithosphere
(e.g., Hawkesworth and Ellam, 1989; McCulloch and Gamble, 1991).
Trace element and isotopic signatures of arc volcanic rocks are thus
important in evaluating the role of slab-derived supercritical fluids by
Fig. 11. Dy/Dy* − Dy/Yb diagram showing LREE depletion-enrichment of Cebu volcanic
rocks, after Hastie et al. (2007). Dy/Dy* is defined by interpolation between the LREE
and HREE (represented by La and Yb respectively) and comparing the interpolated
value with the observed one. It is calculated as Dy/Dy* = DyN/(La4/13
N YbN9/13), where
DyN, LaN, and YbN are the chondrite-normalized values of Dy, La and Yb respectively.
Data of PM, N-MORB and OIB are from Sun and McDonough (1989).
dehydration reactions during subduction, and tracing the source com-
ponents of the island arc volcanic rocks. The geochemical features of
arc magmatic rocks have been widely employed to infer the nature of
source magmas and the petrogenetic history (e.g., Tatsumi and Kogiso,
1997; Yang and Santosh, 2014).
4.4.1. Partial melting (PM) or fractional crystallization (FC) processes
Most magmatic rocks have experienced partial melting (PM) follow-
ed by different degrees of fractional crystallization (FC). Variations
induced by partial melting are usually erased due to mixing and fraction-
ation during magma evolution for rocks formed from a single magma
chamber (Sun et al., 2012). The log–log diagrams of compatible elements
and incompatible elements (Fig. 12) permit the identification of these
two main magmatic processes (Cocherie, 1986). In these diagrams,
partial melting gives rise to a curve with little variation of the concentra-
tions of compatible elements but with a large variation of incompatible
elements with D ≪1. In contrast, fractional crystallization leads to a
straight line with a strong decrease in the compatible elements during
the process. Following this method, the chemical variations of the
porphyritic andesites are mainly controlled by different degrees of partial
melting as an obvious increasing of La contents have been observed with
Co contents nearly constant (Fig. 12). While for other rocks like diabases,
basalts and the pyroclastic rocks, the variation trends are not apparent,
suggesting source heterogeneities or various degree of partial melting
followed by fractional crystallization.
Generally, partial melting (20–30%) of mantle lherzolite (Mg# =
90) should yield basaltic magmas with high Mg# (70–74), high Ni
contents (250–350 ppm) and high Cr concentrations (500–600 ppm)
(Bence et al., 1979; Sun et al., 1979). Most terrestrial basalts have under-
gone olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation as indicated by Mg# b 70
and Ni contents b 250 ppm (Perfit et al., 1980). The effect of
clinopyroxene fractionation lowers the CaO/A12O3 ratio and Mg-
numbers. The Ni and Cr contents drop to very low levels in basalts due
to the initial crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene and Cr-spinel
(Perfit et al., 1980). The Cebu arc volcanic rocks display similar features
with Mg# ranging from 38 to 59 and Ni contents from 7.2 to 48.8 ppm, it
is probably due to various degree of fractional crystallization after man-
tle melting with residue olivine and clinopyroxene.
4.4.2. HFSE fractionation of Cebu island arc volcanics
The typical trace element features for Cebu volcanic rocks are deple-
tion in HFSEs and enrichment in LILEs. Some researchers propose that
the HFSE depletion signatures of arc rocks are inherited from slab fluids
Fig. 12. Log–log variation diagrams between compatible elements and incompatible ele-
ments for Cebu volcanic rocks. After Cocherie (1986). PM—partial melting; FC—fractional
crystallization.
 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179
or melts equilibrated with the Nb–Ta bearing residual minerals in the
slab, which then react with the mantle wedge and carry the Nb–Ta
depletion signature. However, the study of fluids released by antigorite
break down in deeply subducted mantle shows that they do not display
relative enrichment in large ion lithophile elements compared to HFSEs
(Scambelluri et al., 2001), and requires that the initial, slab-derived
fluids or melts be relatively rich in Nb and Ta (Ionov and Hofmann,
1995). This supports the hypothesis that HFSEs are soluble in subduc-
tion zone fluids. Recent studies of Xiao et al. (2006) and Gao et al.
(2007) also show that HFSEs such as Nb and Ta, as well as Ti, are mobile
during the early stage of plate subduction, i.e., at shallow levels before
rutile appears, this inference is also supported by experimental studies
(Ding et al., 2007). These studies suggest that the depletion of HFSEs
in arc magmas are not directly related to the dehydration processes of
subducted lithosphere. In fact, the depletion is caused by mantle
melting process with rutile or amphibole as residue, where the Nb/Ta
ratios are mainly controlled by the residual minerals. For rutile, the
high D-values for Nb and Ta for rutile/melt are of critical importance
because a small amount of residual rutile will control the abundance
of Nb and Ta (e.g., Foley et al., 2000; Schmidt et al., 2004), and the
melts derived would have high Nb/Ta ratios as the DNb/DTa is b 1
(~ 0.75, Xiong et al., 2005). Similar to other IAB, the Cebu volcanic
rocks show lower Nb/Ta ratios (Fig. 13) as compared to that of MORB
or primitive mantle (~ 17, Sun and McDonough, 1989), which is not
consistent with rutile in the residue during mantle melting. Besides,
high Mg# (80–90) amphibole which is modeled by amphiboles in peri-
dotites (natural and experimental), does not result in notable Nb/Ta
fractionation during mantle melting (Foley et al., 2002). In fact, selective
HFSE extraction by HFSE-bearing phases (e.g., low Mg# amphibole)
during migration of slab-derived fluids through the mantle wedge
(Ionov and Hofmann, 1995; Scambelluri et al., 2001) could result the
HFSE depletion of Cebu volcanic suite and other arc magmas with low
Nb/Ta. Low-Mg#, low-Ti amphiboles may crystallize from slab derived,
silica-rich aqueous fluids at high fluid/rock ratios, causing Nb depletion
relative to La and Ta in residual fluids (Foley et al., 2002), and generating
low Nb/Ta ratio fluids. Thus the partial melting of mantle
metasomatised by low Nb/Ta ratio fluids generated arc magma with
low Nb、Ta contents and low Nb/Ta ratios. Furthermore, although frac-
tional crystallization of Ti–Fe oxides such as ilmenite and Ti-magnetite
can decrease Nb, Ta and Ti, it have very limited effect on Nb/Ta as DNb
and DTa are closed to each other in these minerals (Green and
Pearson, 1987) .
Fig. 13. Nb/Ta–Zr/Sm diagram of Cebu volcanic rocks, after Foley et al. (2002).
175
4.4.3. Source of the Cebu Island arc volcanics
Hydrothermally altered MORB and sediments in the subducting lith-
osphere are widely accepted as the primary source of subduction zone
fluid phases. At ocean trenches, sea-floor sediments may be deeply
subducted with the underlying oceanic crust and then recycled to the
arc crust by magmatism (Kawai et al., 2013; Plank and Langmuir,
1998; Santosh, 2010; Stern, 2011), or taken down into the mantle,
contributing to mantle heterogeneity (Plank and Langmuir, 1998;
Tatsumi, 2001). The distinctive incompatible element characteristics of
subduction zone arc magmas are well reflected by the present model-
ing, including element fluxing from subducting oceanic crust and sedi-
ments by fluid overprint into the mantle wedge and subsequent
partial melting of such metasomatized sub-arc mantle (Tatsumi and
Kogiso, 1997; Tatsumi and Kogiso, 2003).
For many elements and isotopic systems, larger contributions of
terrigenous sediments result in more crust-like radiogenic isotope
ratios in arc rocks. In the case of Hf, The flux of sediments in subduction
zones into a depleted mantle reservoir has been suggested to be of
major importance for the Hf isotope evolution of the mantle
(e.g., Chauvel et al., 2009; Vervoort et al., 2002). The Lu–Hf isotope com-
positions show that the εHf(t) values of pyroclastic rocks in Cebu island
are close to those of depleted N-MORB (Fig. 6a), with TDMI age peak of
ca. 150 Ma (Fig. 6b), close to their formation ages, suggesting young
subducted oceanic crust as their source. The Hf isotopic compositions
are also similar to those of Amami Plateau basalt and tonalite, although
much lower than those of Huatung basin gabbro (Fig. 6a). The Amami
Plateau rocks are of island arc origin, and their isotopic data indicate
that the subducted crust was relatively unaltered Pacific-type MORB
as indicated by Sr, Pb, Nd and Hf isotopes (Hickey-Vargas et al., 2008).
In contrast, the Huatung basin oceanic basalt and gabbro are not intra-
oceanic island arc rocks, and are similar to Indian type MORB likely
derived from Tethyan upper mantle domains as shown by geochemistry
and Hf–Nd isotopes (Hickey-Vargas et al., 2008). These features suggest
that the subducting components of Cebu pyroclastic rocks are probably
Pacific-type MORB, although this inference remains to be evaluated by
Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data. The εHf(t) values of basaltic andesites in Cebu
island are systematically lower than that of MORB, with TDMI ages
peak at ca.400 Ma, which is relatively older than their formation ages.
This feature can be attributed to the contribution of minor proportions
of sediments in the source in addition to the oceanic crust. As the chem-
ical compositions of subducting pelagic sediments are close to those of
continental crust (Plank and Langmuir, 1998), the addition of sediments
to the slab fluids/melts could considerably enrich the Lu–Hf composi-
tions (Wang et al., 2013).
Arc rocks derived from recycled crustal sediments overlying
subducted slab may have substantial amounts of Th and other HSFEs
(e.g., Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf) (Hawkesworth et al., 1997). Thus, the addition
recycled crustal sediments in the source would elevate the contents of
these elements. The porphyritic andesites have higher Th, Nb, Zr, Hf
contents than those of the pyroclastic rocks and basalts (Table S1).
Their Zr contents and Zr/Y ratios are relatively higher (Fig. 14a), imply-
ing source enrichment, whereas those of the basalts and pyroclastic
rocks are systematically lower (Fig. 14a), indicating a more depleted
source. They also have higher Th/Yb values than the pyroclastic rocks
and basalts (Fig. 14b), and the latter show systematically higher Sr/Nd
values. The high Th/Yb trend is attributed to the addition of crustal com-
ponents (Woodhead et al., 2001), whereas the high Sr/Nd resulted from
the preferential transport of Sr in slab- derived fluids. For some of the di-
abases, the Th/Yb values show significant variation in the range of 0.49
to 0.81, suggesting source heterogeneities. These rocks were sampled in
several locations with unknown eruptive relationships, and their geo-
chemical compositions could vary with source composition, melting
regime and differentiation.
It is notable that there are also two peaks in the Hf model ages of the
detrital zircons from river sand in this area (Fig. 6c), at ca. 200 Ma and
420 Ma. The ca. 420 Ma peak in Hf model age might represent that of
176 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179
Fig. 14. Zr/Y–Y and Th/Yb–Sr/Nd diagrams of Cebu volcanic rocks. Modified after Venturelli et al. (1984) and Woodhead et al. (1998).
porphyritic andesites, whereas the ca. 200 Ma model age possibly corre-
sponds to that of the other volcanic rocks like basalts, and pyroclastic
rocks and some of the diabases. Although zircon data are absent for
the diabases and basalts, we speculate that their Hf isotopic composi-
tions might be similar to the pyroclastic rocks, with similar formation
ages (ca. 115–120 Ma). We therefore suggest that the sources of the
basalts and pyroclastic rocks and some of the diabases are probably sim-
ilar, and that all these rocks are likely related to the subduction of young
MORB, similar to the source of Amami Plateau basalt (Hickey-Vargas
et al., 2008). For the porphyritic andesites, their marked enrichment
in Hf isotopes may indicate the addition of small proportions of
subducted pelagic sediments in their source during the early stage of
subduction.
4.5. Tectonic implications
The Cenozoic evolution of the Philippine archipelago has been ad-
dressed in several studies (Hall, 2002; Hall et al., 2009; Pubellier et al.,
2003; Yumul, 2007). A number of arc systems associated with the differ-
ent surrounding trench systems have been identified in this region
(Yumul et al., 2008). The Palawan–Calamian belt is interpreted to
have originated from the South Indochina margin by the subduction of
Paleo-Pacific toward Eurasia (Zhou et al., 2008), and was translated
southwards during the NW–SE extension of eastern Sundaland and
opening and spreading of the South China Sea in the Early Cenozoic
(Hall et al., 2009). The rest of the archipelago, collectively called the
Philippine Mobile Belt, is believed to have formed as an intra-oceanic
island arc in the Philippine and/or Pacific plates (Rangin et al., 1990).
Some parts of the Philippine Mobile Belt are modeled to have been
derived from the Indo-Australian margin (Pubellier et al., 2003). Based
on paleomagnetic data, most of the island is considered to belong to
the Philippine Mobile Belt that has been translated northwestward
and rotated clockwise (Hall, 2002). This is correlated to the collision of
the Palawan micro-continental block with the Philippine Mobile Belt
(e.g., Marchadier and Rangin, 1990). It is believed that the collision
was initiated during the early Miocene and was completed in Pliocene
(e.g., Karig, 1983; Walia et al., 2013).
The Late Jurassic to Cretaceous marked the climax of the subduction
of both the Mesotethys and Paleo-Pacific toward the Eurasian–
Sundaland continent (Zhou et al., 2008). This led to the formation of
the great ‘Circum South–east Asia Subduction–Accretion Zone’ in the
Middle or Late Cretaceous, including the Woyla–Luk Ulo–Meratus belt
and Palawan–Calamian belt, extending over several thousand kilome-
ters along the southern and eastern Eurasia margin (Zhou et al.,
2008). Hall et al. (2009) also presented various lines of evidence for a
newly recognized segment of this Mesozoic subduction–accretion
zone buried under Cenozoic sediments in the north-eastern South
China Sea. Although the Mesozoic evolution of the Sundaland and
Southeast Asia has been reconstructed by many authors (Hall, 2012;
Hall et al., 2009; Metcalfe, 2006, 2011; Zhou et al., 2008), the location
of the Philippine archipelago in the Mesozoic is still not well
constrained.
As discussed in an earlier section, the Early Cretaceous Amami Plateau
basalt in the northern West Philippine Basin and East Halmahera basalt
show features similar to those of the Cebu Island volcanic rocks, suggest-
ing that they formed within a similar tectonic environment in the Early
Cretaceous, such as possibly a single subduction zone. In addition to the
Cebu arc volcanic suites and other ophiolitic complexes in the central
Philippines (e.g., Dimalanta et al., 2006; Suerte et al., 2005; Tamayo
et al., 2004), other rock suites with Early Cretaceous ages also occur in
the western margin of PSP (Fig. 9), such as: (1) Halmahera ophiolite in
Indonesia (Ballantyne, 1992); (2) Pujada ophiolite in southeastern
Mindanao Island (Yumul, 2003); (3) Camarines Norte–Calaguas Islands
(CNCI) basement complex in eastern Luzon (Geary and Kay, 1989),
(4) Isabela–Aurora and Pugo–Lepanto ophiolitic massifs in northeastern
Luzon (Pubellier et al., 2004), and (5) Daito Ridge and Amami Plateau
arc volcanics and intrusions in the northern part of WPB
(Hickey-Vargas, 2005; Hickey-Vargas et al., 2008; Ishizuka et al., 2011).
Although these rocks are geographically separated, there is considerable
similarity in their petrology and geochemistry, with all these rocks show-
ing subduction-related affinity. In addition, gabbros dredged from two
sites of Huatung Basin in the westernmost part of the West Philippine
Basin yield 40Ar/39Ar ages range from 131–119 Ma (Deschamps et al.,
2000), and have been proposed as a fragment of the former ‘proto-
south China Sea’ or possibly the ‘New Guinea Basin’ that has been trapped
by the Philippine Sea Plate. These features support the tectonic model that
the West Philippine Basin was opened within a complex of Jurassic–Pa-
leocene island arc terranes, which are now scattered in the Amami Pla-
teau and Daito Ridge in the northern WPB, the Philippine Islands in the
southeastern WPB and Halmahera in the southern WPB.
Kinematic reconstruction models of the western Pacific suggest
that the potential sources of the ophiolitic complexes in the central
Philippines are the Mesozoic proto-South China Sea, Huatung Basin,
New Guinea Basin, and the proto-PSP (Hall, 2001; Rangin et al.,
1990). However, the proto-South China Sea is thought to have formed
in the northern hemisphere, which is inconsistent with the equatorial-
southern hemisphere origin of oceanic crusts in SW Luzon and eastern
Visayas (Mccabe et al., 1987). Deschamps et al. (2000) proposed that
 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179 177

the Huatung Basin was located NE and SW of Luzon and Taiwan
respectively, formed in the northern hemisphere on the basis of paleo-
magnetic evaluation.
Some workers have suggested that the Late Cretaceous position of
Philippines must have been in the southern Pacific, or at the boundary
between the Pacific and North New Guinea Plates (Maruyama et al.,
1989). The New Guinea Basin opened as a back-arc basin along the
northern margin of Australia during the Middle Jurassic–Early Creta-
ceous (Monnier et al., 1995; Pubellier et al., 2003), it was floored by oce-
anic crust showing SSZ geochemical signatures, which is consistent with
characteristics of ophiolitic complexes from central Philippines. Al-
though the Huatung Basin and the New Guinea Basin could not have
been part of the same basin because their paleo-latitudes do not
match (Deschamps and Lallemand, 2002), it is possible that they
could still be related if they were both part of a single plate: the proto-
PSP, similar to the current situation of the back-arc basins of the PSP. Ac-
cording to the present hypothesis, the proto-PSP must have spanned
from the low latitudes of the southern to the northern hemispheres to
explain the contrasting paleo-geographic locations of formations of
the Huatung and New Guinea basins (Deschamps and Lallemand,
2002).
Since the Huatung basin is characterized as Indian type MORB, the
lithosphere of proto-PSP might also be Indian type, based on the present
hypothesis that Huatung basin was a part of proto-Philippine Sea Plate.
This is also supported by the Indian type source affinity of the Eocene
basalt in the principal part of WPB, which is proposed to have opened
in the domain of proto-Philippine Sea Plate (Hall, 2001; Hall et al.,
1995; Rangin et al., 1990). Considering the spatial and temporal distri-
butions of these island arc volcanic rocks and ophiolite complexes in
the Philippine island and southern, western and northern margins of
the WPB, the location of proto-Southeast Bohol Trench (Fig. 1;
Dimalanta et al., 2006; Yumul, 2007), and combing the evolution-
motion history of paleo-Pacific plate and PSP in the Mesozoic (Hall,
2012; Hall et al., 2009; Maruyama et al., 1997; Sun et al., 2007; Zhou
et al., 2008), we propose that the Early Cretaceous island arc rocks and
ophiolite complexes in the central Philippines are related to the subduc-
tion of paleo-Pacific plate to the proto-PSP and Australian margin
(Fig. 15) prior to the opening of the WPB in the Eocene. This might
also have been the tectonic setting of the other Early Cretaceous
ophiolites and island arc volcanic rocks in the western margin of WPB
on the basis of age and geochemical similarities. The opening of the
WPB from Eocene induced the scattered distribution of Early Cretaceous
ophiolites, arc volcanic rocks and adakitic rocks around the southern,
western and northern margins of the WPB. The results and correlations
presented here suggest that the Early Cretaceous basement complexes
of East Halmahera, southeastern Mindanao, Central Visayas (except
for western Panay), eastern Luzon, Huatung basin and Daito Ridge–
Amami Plateau might represent fragments of the proto-PSP or arc
crust (Suerte et al., 2005). Generally, evolution of the Philippine islands
and the proto-PSP before ca. 110 Ma is more uncertain than that for ca.
50 Ma, and at present it is difficult to confirm whether such a tectonic
scenario is realistic. More paleomagnetic, petrologic, geochemical, and
geochronological data are needed for the older rocks in the western
PSP margin to refine this model.
5. Conclusion
Based on the geochemical and geochronological studies of the Cebu
volcanic suite, we draw the following conclusions.
1) The formation ages of the Cebu Island volcanic suites range from ca.
117 to 126 Ma, earlier than those of the diorite intrusions
(102–109 Ma) in the area, marking arc volcanism during Early
Cretaceous.
2) The Cebu volcanic suites are island arc volcanics with typical arc af-
finities, rather than being part of the ophiolite complexes in the Cen-
tral Philippines. They are similar to the Early Cretaceous arc basalts
in the Amami Plateau and east Halmahera.

Fig. 15. Tectonic model showing the formation of the Cebu Island volcanic rocks. a. Inferred paleo location of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the Philippine mobile belt. Modified after
Hall (2012) and Metcalfe (2011). b. At ca. 126 Ma, in the early stage subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate, partial melting of the fluid metasomatised sub-arc mantle wedge generated the
porphyritic andesite in Cebu Island. The mantle wedge beneath the forearc Bohol Island are also dehydrated in a lower degree. c. From ca. 120 Ma, during the probably slab rollback of the
paleo-Pacific plate, the decompression of the mantle wedge followed upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle, causing patial melting of the arc mantle and forearc mantle which generated
the later stage volcanic rocks in Cebu Island and probably those of the Daito Ridge, Amami Platea and East Halmahera, and the SSZ ophiolites and boninites like in the forearc Bohol Island
and other place in the central Philippines, respectively. Adakitic rocks occur in the study area (our unpublished data) and the Atlas copper deposit might have been generated by partial
melting of the subducted slab during the slab rollback process. The opening of WPB occurred in the Eocene, causing the separation and distribution of these rocks around the southern–
eastern–northern margin of the WPB.
178 J. Deng et al. / Lithos 230 (2015) 166–179
3) The magma source for the Cebu volcanic suites is proposed as sub-
arc mantle wedge metasomatised by aqueous fluids derived through
dehydration of depleted MORB and minor sediments. The formation
of Cebu island volcanic suite along with the Early Cretaceous
ophiolites, arc volcanic rocks and adakitic diorites and arc volcanic
rocks in the southern, eastern and northern margins of WPB are
probably related to the subduction of paleo-Pacific to the proto-
Philippine Sea Plate in the Mesozoic.
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.05.020.
Acknowledgments
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (Nos. 41090372 and 41373007). We thank two anonymous re-
viewers for constructive comments and suggestions. We thank
Xiaodong Lai, Xiandong Luo and Xianghua Lan for the help of field sam-
pling in the Philippines. We also thank Abdul Shakoor Mastoi for help.
Prof. Weidong Sun is acknowledged for his guidance.
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Supplementary text

Analytical methods

Major and trace elements

Whole rock major elements were analyzed by using X-ray fluorescence

spectrometry (XRF), whereas trace elements including rare earth elements were

analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) at the ALS

Geochemistry Laboratory in Guangzhou. Fresh samples were powdered using an

agate mill to grain seizes < 200 mesh. Major oxides were determined by

wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) on fused glass beads

using an AXIOS Minerals spectrometer. Loss of ignition (LOI) was determined after

igniting sample powders at 1000 °C for 1h. Trace elements, including REE, were

determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of solutions

on an Elan DRC-II instrument (Element, Finnigan MAT), after 2-day closed beaker

digestion using a mixture of HF and HNO3 acids in Teflon screw-cap bombs.

Accuracy and precision of the data are better than 5% for major elements and 10% for

trace elements on the basis of analytical results and replicate analyses of international

standard reference material (SRM) (Liu et al., 1996).

Electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) of minerals

The mineral compositions were determined using a Shimadzu Electron Probe

Micro-analyzer (EMPA 1600) at the CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials

and Environments, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei.

The following operating conditions were applied: 15 kV accelerating voltage, 20 nA

beam current and 1 μm beam diameter. The standards are natural minerals and

synthetic oxides, and a program based on the ZAF procedure (Armstrong, 1989) was

used for data correction. The measurements were made from the core to the rim of

each mineral grain; and in general, three to four grains of each mineral were analyzed

in each sample. The uncertainty for all elements was below 5%, except for Na, for

which the uncertainty may be as high as 10% (Hao et al., 2014).

Zircon U-Pb isotopes

Zircon grains were separated from samples KS029 (pyroclastic rock), KS034-2

(pyroclastic rock), KS102-4 (porphyritic andesite), KS017 (river sand), KS055 (river

sand), KS100 (river sand), KS111 (river sand), and KS384 (river sand), mounted in

epoxy resin, polished down to near half sections, and then photographed in reflected

and transmission light. The internal structure of zircon grains was examined using

cathodoluminescence (CL) image technique at the CAS Key Laboratory of

Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, USTC. In-situ U-Pb dating and trace

element analyses of zircon were also conducted synchronously by LA-ICP-MS at the

CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, USTC. It is

performed on the Agilent 7700 ICP-MS instrument used for elemental analyses.

Generally, 36-micrometer diameter spots were used, with 24 micrometer diameters

sometimes, depending on the size of the analyzed zircons. The ablated aerosol was

carried to ICP-MS by He gas via a Squid system to smooth signals (Liang et al., 2009).

Data were acquired for 30 s with the laser off, and 40 s with the laser on, giving

approximately 100 mass scans. During the analyses, we used the standard silicate
glass NIST (610,612 and 614) to optimize the system, Zircon 91500 as the external

standard for U-Pb dating, and NIST 610 glass as the standard for trace element

analysis. Final isotopic ratios and ages of the zircons were processed using the

206
CommPbCorr program (Andersen, 2002). The weighted mean Pb/238U ages and

concordia diagrams were computed using Isoplot/Ex_ver3 (Ludwig, 2003).

Zircon Lu-Hf isotopes

The in-situ analyses of Lu-Hf isotopes were conducted by laser ablation of the

same zircon domains on the previously U-Pb dating analyzed spots. Analyses were

carried out using a New Wave-193 nm ArF-excimer laser-ablation system linked to a

Neptune multiple- collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer

(LA-MC-ICP-MS), in the laboratory of the Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral

Resource, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. Instrumental parameters and

data acquisition followed that described by Geng et al. (2011). The analyses were

conducted with beam diameter of 50 µm, 8 Hz repetition rate with a laser power of

~15 J/cm2. External calibration was made by measuring zircon standard GJ-1 with the

unknowns during the analyses to evaluate the reliability of the analytical data, which

176
yielded a weighted mean Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.282001 ± 37 (2σ). This value is in

good agreement with the recommended value of 0.282008 ± 7 (2σ, Wu et al.,

2006).The corrections to raw Lu-Hf isotopic data followed the protocols of Geng et al.

(2011) and Yuan et al. (2008). Isobaric interference of 176Lu on 176Hf was corrected by

175
measuring the intensity of the interference-free Lu isotope and using a

176
recommended Lu/175Lu ratio of 0.02655 (Machado and Simonetti, 2001) to
 176
calculate Lu/177Hf ratios. The mean βYb value was applied for the isobaric

176 176 176

interference correction of Yb on Hf in the same spot. The ratio of Yb/172Yb

(0.5887) was also applied for the Yb correction. In calculation of Hf(t), the used

176
decay constant value of Lu is 1.867×10-11 yr-1 (Söderlund et al., 2004)，the

176
Lu/177Hf and 176Hf/177Hf values of chondrite are 0.0336 and 0.282785, respectively

(Bouvier et al., 2008). Single-stage Hf model ages (TDM1) were calculated relative to

176
the depleted mantle present-day value of Hf/177Hf = 0.28325 (Nowell et al., 1998)

and 176Lu/177Hf = 0.0384 (Griffin et al., 2000).

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