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Off - Design-Parameters-Steam-Turbine
Off - Design-Parameters-Steam-Turbine
STEAM TURBINES
Principle methods of load reduction
• Throttle governing
• Nozzle control governing
• Bypass governing
• Combination of the above
PART-LOAD OPERATION
• The demand to utility network is not constant and generating
units do not always operate at full load.
• A simplest way of varying steam flow rate is by throttling
(controlling through A Valve).
ppump
Steam Generator
Pump
DpSG Dpvalve
The flow rate is controlled by increasing pressure drop across the valve.
Flow Characteristics of A Throttle Valve
Dpvalve
Dpvalve Dpvalve Dpvalve
Dpturbine
A decrease in mass flow rate of steam is associated with a drop in turbine inlet pressure
Willians Line
•Relationship between load and steam consumption for a turbine governed
by throttling is given by the well-known Willians line.
m m 0 mK
Steam flow rate ( kg/sec) and
Steam rate
m
steam rate( kg/kJ)
m
m 0
Load ( k), kW
Expansion lines of the Non-rehat Condensing turbine
Pbowl
PT
P P1
Design flow expansion line
DHS
Enthalpy , h
Entropy ,s
Throttle governing of a steam turbine on the h-s diagram
Po1 Po"
Po
DHS
Enthalpy , h
Entropy ,s
m0 various from one machine to another and is generally in the range of 10 to 14% of
full load value.
m is the slope of the willians line and therefore is the change of steam flow rate per
unit change of turbine load.
Pressure variation……….
As the steam turbine system various its operation to satisfy the demand, steam
pressure at various turbine locations change accordingly.
steam pressure
Absolute
m0 m1
• The steam consumption rate is much smaller for the nozzle control than for throttle
control.
• At full load, all the nozzles will be delivering steam at full pressure and the turbine will
be operate at maximum efficiency.
• At some part load condition one group of nozzles may be shut off while the other nozzles
are fully operated.
Step 1 : Assume the steam extraction pressure (Say design value multiplied by the
throttle steam flow rate ratio).
m
p pdesign
m d
Step 2 : Steam flows for feedwater heating are determined by using the
principle of energy conservation.
Step 3 : If the calculated value are not within a desirable range of the
assumed, the new values for extraction pressures must be
assumed and the new heat balance repeated.
The flow of extraction steam through the NRV can be safely assumed analogous
with flow through orifice.
The normalized correlation between Upstream and Downstream
Pressures:
pdown pup
ln c m.ln
p 0 0
p
.
m
ln . p q ln
Dp
m max
p
max
• The relation between pressure variation and mass flow in the multi stage turbine
groups is expressed by the Ellipse Law , proposed by stodola.
• This law when applied to cases of non-controlled expansion in multi stage turbines,
employ the definition of flow coefficient Φ , in m2 , described by the following
equation:
m
p
v
In which m is the steam mass flow rate ( kg/sec)
P= Pressure (kPa)
v=specific volume
2
B
i 1 i
pi
• Where Bi is the static pressure in the outlet of the group (kPa) and pi is the
total inlet pressure of this same group.
• This relation is only applied for group with a very large number of stages,
but is can be applied for at least eight-stage groups with 50% reaction. The
proportionality in the former equation can be eliminated as follows:
2
B
1 i
i pi
id B
2
1 iD
piD
Note : This coefficient depends directly on the ratio between inlet and outlet
steam pressures of the turbine.
In such case, the control valve of the turbines are kept totally open, and pressure
control at the turbine inlet is achieved by the boiler and main pump of the plant.
• At part load operation , steam flow rate reduces the velocity ratio ( u/Vai).
• On load variations the enthalpy drops in the last stages of turbine and in the governing
stages of turbines with nozzle distribution are subjected to the greatest changes.
• In case of decrease in enthalpy drop ( ho) the absolute velocity of steam exit from the nozzle
cascade decreases and the velocity ratio increases .
• The increased velocity ratio causes a negative incidence angle and steam flow strikes the
suction side of the blade. It also increases the degree of reaction and the leakage loss
increase. Thus it reduces the stage efficiency.
OFF-DESIGN IMPACT