Fuzzy -Continuous Mappings

Athar Kharal1 and B. Ahmad2y

1
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST),
Islamabad 44000, PAKISTAN

2
Centre for Advanced Studies in Pure and Applied Mathematics,
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, PAKISTAN
Email: atharkharal@gmail.com, drbashir9@gmail.com

Abstract. Di¤erent notions of Classical Topology which are de…ned through

-open sets resist a straightforward fuzzi…cation due to the fact that unlike classical
counterpart the collection of fuzzy -open sets does not make a fuzzy topology in the
sense of Chang. Expecting such interesting deviations, in this paper we study the
notion of fuzzy -continuous mappings. We …rst give several fundamental properties
of fuzzy -open sets. Using these results di¤erent characterizations of fuzzy -
continuous, fuzzy almost -continuous and fuzzy semi-weakly continuous mappings
have been obtained.
Keywords : Fuzzy -continuous mappings; Fuzzy -open mappings; Fuzzy almost
-continuous mappings; Fuzzy semi-weakly continuous mappings;
AMS Classi…cation : 54A40

1. Introduction

The study of fuzzy sets was initiated by Zadeh [17] in 1965. Thereafter the paper of
Chang [4] in 1968 paved way for the subsequent tremendous growth of the numerous fuzzy
topological concepts. Recently Fuzzy Topology has been found to be very useful in solving
many practical problems. Shihong Du et. al. [5] are currently working to fuzzify the very
successful 9-intersection Egenhofer model ([6],[7]) for depicting topological relations in
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) query. Recently in ([11],[12]), El-Naschie has
shown that the notions of Fuzzy Topology may be relevant to quantum particle physics
and quantum gravity in connection with string theory and e1 theory. Tang [16] has used
a slightly changed version of Chang’s fuzzy topological space to model spatial objects for
GIS databases and Structured Query Language (SQL) for GIS.
Several mathematicians have tried almost all the pivotal concepts of General Topology
for extension to the fuzzy settings. In 1981, Azad [3] gave fuzzy version of the concepts
given by Levine [9] and thus initiated the study of weak forms of several notions in fuzzy
topological spaces. Singal and Rajvanshi [15] studied the class of -continuous mappings
and investigated several of its properties and characterizations. It was noted in [15]
(Example 3.3) that though in Classical Topology the collection of -open sets makes a
topology, denoted as ; but the same is not true for fuzzy -open sets. In 2001, Kresteska
[8] pointed out that Lemmas 4.5, 4.7 and Theorems 4.6, 4.8, 4.12 of [15] are incorrect.
Since -continuity does not yield to a straightforward fuzzi…cation of the results from
Corresponding author.
y PresentAddress: Department of Mathematics, King Abdul Aziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah-
21589, SAUDI ARABIA

1
 Fuzzy -Continuous Mappings 2

Classical Topology, thus this notion seems promising for Fuzzy Topology. Motivated by
such consideration, this paper studies further, the properties of -continuous mappings in
terms of fuzzy -closure. Organization of the paper is as follows: Section 2 presents some
new properties of fuzzy -open sets. Section 3 establishes some interlinks between the
notions of fuzzy -continuity, -closure, fuzzy semi-continuity and fuzzy almost continuity
in both Singal’s and Hussain’s sense. Section 4 studies the relationship between fuzzy -
continuity and fuzzy almost continuity in Hussain’s terms. The mirror image of the notion
of fuzzy -continuity is fuzzy -irresoluteness of mappings. Section 5 is the study of such
fuzzy -irresolute mappings.

De…nition 1.1. [4] A fuzzy topology is a family of fuzzy sets in X, which satis…es the
following conditions:
(1) ; X 2 ;
(2) If ; 2 , then ^ 2 ,
(3) If i 2 for each i 2 I, then _i i 2 .

is called a fuzzy topology for X, and the pair (X; ) is an fts. Every member of is
called -open fuzzy set (or simply fuzzy open set). A fuzzy set is -closed if and only if
its complement is -open.
As in General Topology, the indiscrete fuzzy topology contains only and X, while
the discrete fuzzy topology contains all fuzzy sets. In the sequel, we write an fts X (or
(X; )) in place of ’a space X with fuzzy topology ’.

2. Fuzzy -open sets

De…nition 2.1. A fuzzy set in an fts X is said to be

(1) fuzzy -open [13], if IntClInt (resp. -closed, if ClIntCl ):
Clearly every fuzzy open (resp. fuzzy closed) set is fuzzy -open (resp. fuzzy -closed).
The class of all fuzzy -open (resp. fuzzy -closed) sets is denoted by O (X) (resp. C (X)) :

Remark 2.1. [15] Arbitrary union of fuzzy -open sets of an fts X is a fuzzy -open set.

Proposition 2.1. Let and be fuzzy sets in an fts X: Then

(1) 2 O (X) if and only if there exists 2 such that IntCl :
(2) If 2 O (X) and IntCl ; then 2 O (X) : In particular IntCl is fuzzy
-open.

Proof. (1) ()) follows easily by taking = Int :

(()By hypothesis, there exists a fuzzy open set such that IntCl and hence
Int IntCl : Since Int ; we have IntCl IntClInt : Combining this
with IntCl ; we have IntClInt :
(2) Since 2 O (X) ;

IntCl IntClIntClInt
= IntClInt IntClInt :

This shows that 2 O (X) :

 Fuzzy -Continuous Mappings 3

De…nition 2.2. A fuzzy set in an fts X is said to be

(1) fuzzy preopen [13], if IntCl (resp. preclosed, if ClInt );collection of all the
fuzzy preopen sets in an fts X is denoted as F P O (X) :

(2) fuzzy semi-open [3], if there exists a fuzzy open set such that Cl :
Collection of all the fuzzy semiopen sets in an fts X is denoted as F SO (X) :

Proposition 2.2. If is a fuzzy set in an fts X; then

Cl Cl ClIntCl :

Proof. Choose = Cl ; then : Since is -closed, then ClIntCl

ClIntCl = Cl .

De…nition 2.3. [15] The -closure and -interior of a fuzzy set in an fts (X; ) are
denoted and de…ned as:

Cl = ^f j ; c 2 C (X)g;
Int = _f!j! ; ! 2 O (X)g:

Clearly Cl Cl and Int Int :

We recall the known properties of fuzzy -open and fuzzy -closed sets as follows:

Theorem 2.1. [15] Let and be fuzzy sets in an fts X: Then

(1) is fuzzy -closed if and only if = Cl :
(2) ) Cl Cl :
(3) Cl Cl = Cl :
(4) Cl _ Cl = Cl ( _ ) :
(5) Cl ( ^ ) Cl ^ Cl :

Lemma 2.1. Let and be fuzzy sets in an fts X: If either 2 F SO (X) or 2

F SO (X) ; then
IntCl ( ^ ) = IntCl ^ IntCl :

Proof. For any fuzzy sets and in X; we generally have

IntCl ( ^ ) IntCl ^ IntCl :

Assume that 2 F SO (X) : Then we have Cl = ClInt : Therefore,

IntCl ^ IntCl IntClInt ^ Cl

IntCl (Int ^ ) = IntCl ( ^ ) :

3. Fuzzy -Continuity

De…nition 3.1. [15] A mapping f : X ! Y is called

(1) fuzzy -continuous, if the inverse image of each fuzzy open set in Y is a fuzzy -open
set in X:
(2) fuzzy -open, if the image of each fuzzy open set in X is a fuzzy -open set in Y:
 Fuzzy -Continuous Mappings 4

Theorem 3.1. [15] Let f : X ! Y be a mapping. Then the following are equivalent:
(1) f is fuzzy -continuous.
(2) f (ClIntCl ) Clf ( ) ; for each fuzzy set in X:
(3) ClIntClf 1 ( ) f 1 (Cl ) ; for each fuzzy set in Y:

Using above theorem our next two results characterize fuzzy -continuity in terms of
-closure and closure.

Theorem 3.2. A mapping f : X ! Y is fuzzy -continuous if and only if f ( Cl )

Clf ( ) ; for each fuzzy set in X:

Proof. ()) Let = Clf ( ) for a fuzzy set in X and = f 1 ( ) : Then by Theorem
3.1 f (ClIntCl ) Clf ( ) Cl = : Hence ClIntCl f 1 ( ) = ; so that is
1 1
-closed. Now f (f ( )) f ( ) = ; so that Cl Cl = : Thus we have
that f ( Cl ) f ( ) = Clf ( ) as required.
(() Follows from Proposition 2.2.

The following result can be proved in a similar way.

1
Theorem 3.3. A mapping f : X ! Y is fuzzy -continuous if and only if Clf ( )
f 1 (Cl ) ; for each fuzzy set in Y:

We now contrast the notion of fuzzy -continuity with that of fuzzy almost continuity
in Singal’s sense:

De…nition 3.2. [3] A fuzzy set is said to be fuzzy regularly open (resp. fuzzy regularly
closed), if IntCl = (resp. ClInt = ):

De…nition 3.3. [3] A mapping f : X ! Y from a fts X to another fts Y is called a fuzzy
almost continuous mapping in Singal’s sense (brie‡y, f.a.c.S), if f 1 ( ) is fuzzy open in
X; for each fuzzy regularly open set in Y:

Clearly every f.a.c.S. function is fuzzy -continuous but the converse is not true, in
general, as is shown in the following:

Example 3.1. Let X = fa; b; cg and 1 ; 2 be fuzzy topolgies on X generated by the

families of fuzzy sets f ; ; g and f ; ; g given as:

8 8 8
>
> 0:6 ; x=a >
> 0:1 ; x = a >
> 0:9 ; x = a
>
> >
> >
>
< < <
(x) = 0:6 ; x=b ; (x) = 0:1 ; x = b ; (x) = 0:9 ; x = b
>
> >
> >
>
>
> >
> >
>
: : :
0:2 ; x=c 0:7 ; x = c 0:4 ; x = c
 Fuzzy -Continuous Mappings 5

8 8
>
> 0:4 ; x=a >
> 0:7 ; x = a
>
> >
>
< <
(x) = 0:9 ; x=b ; (x) = 0:1 ; x = b
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
: :
0:1 ; x=c 0:8 ; x = c

Then the mapping f : (X; 1) ! (X; 2)given as:

8
>
> b; x=a
>
>
<
f (x) = b; x=b
>
>
>
>
:
a; x=c
is fuzzy -continuous but not f.a.c.S.

De…nition 3.4. A mapping f : X ! Y is called

(1) fuzzy semi-continuous [3], if the inverse image of each fuzzy open set in Y is fuzzy
semi-open in X;
(2) fuzzy semi-open [3], if the image of each fuzzy open set in X is fuzzy semi-open in Y;
(3) fuzzy precontinuous [13], if the inverse image of each fuzzy open set in Y is fuzzy
preopen in X;
(4) fuzzy preopen [14], if the image of each fuzzy open set in X is fuzzy preopen in Y:

Theorem 3.4. A fuzzy set in an fts X is fuzzy -open set if and only if is fuzzy
semi-open and fuzzy preopen.

Proof. Let be a fuzzy -open set in X: By de…nition we have IntClInt

IntCl and ClInt : Therefore, we obtain 2 F SO (X) \ F P O (X) :
Conversely, let 2 F SO (X) \ F P O (X) : Since 2 F SO (X) ; ClInt and hence
it follows from 2 F P O (X) that

IntCl IntClClInt = IntClInt :

Therefore, we have 2 O (X) :

Corollary 3.1. A mapping f : X ! Y is fuzzy -open if and only if it is fuzzy semi-open

and fuzzy pre-open.

Proof. The necessity follows from the de…nitions.

Conversely, let f be fuzzy semi-open and fuzzy pre-open, and let be a fuzzy open
set in X: Then f ( ) 2 F SO (Y ) \ F P O (Y ) : By Theorem 3.4, f ( ) is a fuzzy -open set
in Y and hence f is fuzzy -open set.

Theorem 3.5. A mapping f : X ! Y is fuzzy -continuous if and only if it is fuzzy

semi-continuous and fuzzy precontinuous.

Proof. ()) Immediate from the de…nitions.

(() Let f be fuzzy semi-continuous and fuzzy precontinuous mapping and , a fuzzy
open set in Y: Then f 1 ( ) 2 F SO (X) \ F P O (X) : By Theorem 3.4 f 1 ( ) 2 O (X).
Hence f is fuzzy -continuous.
 Fuzzy -Continuous Mappings 6

De…nition 3.5. [2] A function f : X ! Y is said to be fuzzy almost continuous mapping

in the sense of Hussain (brie‡y, f.a.c.H.) at x 2 X; if for each fuzzy open set in Y with
f (x) 2 ; Clf 1 ( ) is a fuzzy neighborhood of x : If f is f.a.c.H. at each point of X,
then f is called f.a.c.H.

Theorem 3.6. A mapping f : X ! Y is fuzzy -continuous if and only if f is f.a.c.H.

and fuzzy semi-continuous.

Proof. This is an immediate consequence of Theorem 3.4.

4. Fuzzy Almost -Continuous Mappings

De…nition 4.1. A mapping f : X ! Y is said to be fuzzy almost -continuous (brie‡y

f.a. .c.), if f 1 ( ) 2 O (X) ; for every fuzzy regularly open set in Y:

De…nition 4.2. [18] A fuzzy set is said to be fuzzy feebly open, if there exists a fuzzy
open set such that sCl : Clearly every fuzzy feebly open set is fuzzy semi-open.

De…nition 4.3. A mapping f : X ! Y is said to be fuzzy almost feebly continuous (resp.

fuzzy feebly continuous), if f 1 ( ) is fuzzy feebly open in X; for every fuzzy regularly
open (resp. fuzzy open) set of Y:

Lemma 4.1. [18] If 2 F P O (X) ; then sCl = IntCl :

Lemma 4.2. For every fuzzy set in X; 2 O (X) if and only if is fuzzy feebly open
in X:

Proof. By Proposition 2.1(1), 2 O (X) if and only if there exists a fuzzy open set
such that IntCl : Therefore Lemma 4.1 gives that is fuzzy feebly open.
In view of Lemma 4.2, the following is immediate:

Theorem 4.1. A mapping f : X ! Y is f.a. .c. (resp. fuzzy -continuous) if and only
if it is fuzzy almost feebly continuous (resp. fuzzy feebly continuous).

Next, we state the following, proof of which is staraightforward:

Theorem 4.2. For a mapping f : X ! Y , the following are equivalent:

(1) f is f.a. .c.
(2) For each x 2 X and each fuzzy open set in Y with f (x) 2 ; there exists 2 O (X)
such that x 2 and f ( ) IntCl :
(3) f 1 ( ) is fuzzy -closed in X; for every fuzzy regularly closed set of Y:

Finally, we de…ne:

De…nition 4.4. A mapping f : X ! Y is said to be fuzzy semi-weakly continuous, if for

each x 2 X and each fuzzy open set in Y with f (x) 2 ; there exists fuzzy semi-open
in X containing x such that f ( ) sCl :

Theorem 4.3. [3] Any union of fuzzy semi-open sets is a fuzzy semi-open set.
 Fuzzy -Continuous Mappings 7

Theorem 4.4. A mapping f : X ! Y is fuzzy semi-weakly continuous if and only if

f 1 ( ) 2 F SO (X) ; for every fuzzy regularly open set of Y:

Proof. ()) Let be a fuzzy regularly open set of Y: For each x 2 f 1 ( ) ; there
exists x 2 F SO (X) with x 2 x such that f ( x ) sCl ( ) : By Lemma 4.1, we have
sCl = IntCl = and hence x 2 x f 1 ( ) : Therefore, it follows from Theorem 4.3
that f 1 ( ) 2 F SO (X) :
(() Let x 2 X and f (x) 2 ; where is fuzzy open in Y: Put = f 1 (IntCl ) ; then
by Lemma 4.1 we have x 2 2 F SO (X) and f ( ) f 1 f (IntCl ) IntCl = sCl .
This shows that f is fuzzy semi-weakly continuous.

5. Fuzzy -Irresolute Mappings

De…nition 5.1. A mapping f : X ! Y is fuzzy -irresolute, if the inverse image of every

fuzzy -open set in Y is a fuzzy -open set in X:

Theorem 5.1. Let f : X ! Y be a fuzzy -irresolute and g : Y ! Z, a fuzzy -

continuous mapping. Then gof : X ! Z is fuzzy -continuous.

De…nition 5.2. A mapping f : X ! Y is said to be

(1) fuzzy semi-irresolute, if the inverse image of each fuzzy semi-open set in Y is fuzzy
semi-open in X:
(2) fuzzy pre-irresolute, if the inverse image of each fuzzy preopen set in Y is fuzzy preopen
in X.

Corresponding to Theorem 5.1, we have the following results, the proofs of which are
straightforward.

Proposition 5.1. Let f : X ! Y and g : Y ! Z be mappings.

(1) If f is fuzzy semi-irresolute and g is fuzzy semi-continuous, then gof is fuzzy semi-
continuous.
(2) If f is fuzzy pre-irresolute and g is fuzzy precontinuous, then gof is fuzzy precontin-
uous.

Our next result relates these classes of ’fuzzy irresolute’mappings.

Proposition 5.2. If f : X ! Y is fuzzy semi-irresolute and fuzzy pre-irresolute, then f

is fuzzy -irresolute.

Proof. Let be a fuzzy -open set in Y: By Theorem 3.4, O (Y ) = F SO (Y ) \

F P O (Y ) : Since f is fuzzy semi-irresolute and 2 F SO (Y ) ; we have f 1 ( ) 2 F SO (X) :
Similarly, f is fuzzy pre-irresolute and 2 F P O (Y ) implies f 1 ( ) 2 F P O (X) : Hence
f 1 ( ) 2 F SO (X) \ F P O (X) = O (X) : This proves f is fuzzy -irresolute.

De…nition 5.3. [10] A function f : X ! Y is said to be fuzzy almost open (resp. fuzzy
almost closed ) in Nanda’s sense, brie‡y, f.a.o.N (resp. f.a.c.N.), if f ( ) is fuzzy open
(resp. fuzzy closed) in Y; for each fuzzy regularly open (resp. fuzzy regularly closed) set
in X.

We use Proposition 2.1 (1-2) and prove:

 Fuzzy -Continuous Mappings 8

Theorem 5.2. If a mapping f : X ! Y is fuzzy almost open and fuzzy -continuous,

then f is fuzzy -irresolute.

Proof. Let be a fuzzy -open set in Y: By Proposition 2.1(1), there exists a fuzzy
open set in Y such that IntCl : Since f is fuzzy -continuous, f 1 ( ) 2
c c
O (X) F SO (X) and hence f 1 ( ) ClIntf 1 ( ) : Put = f ClIntf 1 ( ) :
Since f is fuzzy almost open and ClIntf 1 ( ) is fuzzy regularly closed, then is fuzzy
closed in Y . Routine calculations give and f 1 ( ) ClIntf 1 ( ) : Thus,
1 1
f (Cl ) ClIntf ( ) which implies
1
f ( ) f 1 ( ) f 1 (IntCl )
IntClIntf 1 (IntCl ) IntClf 1
( ):
1
It follows from Proposition 2.1(2) that f ( ) 2 O (X) : This shows that f is fuzzy
-irresolute.

It is known [1] that sCl = _ IntCl and hence IntCl sCl :

1
Theorem 5.3. A mapping f : X ! Y is fuzzy semi-open if and only if f (sCl )
Clf 1 ( ) for every fuzzy set in X:

Using Theorems 5.2, 5.3 and Proposition 2.1(2) we prove:

Theorem 5.4. If f : X ! Y is fuzzy semi-open and fuzzy -continuous mapping, then

f is fuzzy -irresolute.

Proof. Let be a fuzzy -open set in Y: By Proposition 2.1, there exists a fuzzy open set
in Y such that IntCl : Since f is fuzzy -continuous, f 1 (IntCl ) 2 O (X) :
It follows from Theorems 5.2 and 5.3 that
1 1
f (IntCl ) IntClIntf (IntCl )
1 1
IntClIntf (sCl ) IntClf ( ):

Therefore, we obtain f 1 ( ) f 1( ) IntClf 1 ( ) and f 1 ( ) 2 O (X) : By

1
Proposition 2.1(2), f ( ) 2 O (X) : This shows that f is fuzzy -irresolute.

Conclusion 1. It is known that the collection of fuzzy -open sets does not make a fuzzy
topology in the sense of Chang. Consequently notions of Classical Topology which are
de…ned through -open sets cannot be fuzzi…ed in a straightforward manner. This paper
studies the notion of fuzzy -continuous mappings. Several fundamental properties of
fuzzy -open sets have been established and then used to obtain di¤erent characteriza-
tions of fuzzy -continuous, fuzzy almost -continuous and fuzzy semi-weakly continuous
mappings.
Theorems 3.2 and 3.3 characterize fuzzy -continuity in terms of closure and -closure.
Relatinoships between fuzzy -continuity, f.a.c.H and fuzzy semi-continuity have also been
investigated. Our Proposition 5.2 establishes very interesting connection between three
di¤erent shades of fuzzy irrsolute mappings. Theorems 5.2 and 5.4 provide answer to the
question that under what conditions a fuzzy -continuous mapping implies its fuzzy -
irresoluteness as well. These results establish that fuzzy almost open and fuzzy semi-open
 Fuzzy -Continuous Mappings 9

mappings both are equivalent in the sense that any of them alongwith fuzzy -continuity
guarantees fuzzy -irresoluteness of the mappings. Schematically we have:

fuzzy almost open

&
+ fuzzy -continuous ) fuzzy -irresolute mapping
%
fuzzy semi-open

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