What is approaches?

 Is a way of dealing with something.

What is Instruction?
 Is a direction or order.
Approaches to Instruction
Different approaches differ in the level of teacher and student participation. On the basis of student and teacher
involvement, these are methods are categorized as direct/expository approach or indirect/guided approach
Two Types of Instruction Approaches
Direct/Expository Instruction Approach is a way of teaching which is aimed at helping students
acquire some basic skills and “procedural knowledge.”
Types of Direct/Expository Approach
Deductive Method
a. It begins with the abstract rule, generalization, principle and ends with specific examples and concrete details
Example: Science
I define all animals with backbone are classified as vertebrates.
I give example dog is vertebrate because it possesses backbone. Fish and frog are vertebrates too, they possess
backbone.

Demonstrative Method
a. Teachers show how to operate, manipulate an equipment while the class observes
Examples:
 How to use a microscope
Directive Method
a. It is a teaching methodology where the teacher transmits the contents, showing the theory, examples, and
application step by step.
Example:
The teacher presenting a chart of her lesson to transmit the idea of the particular topic.

II Indirect/Guided or Exploratory Approach

The indirect approach is a student-centered approach or less explicit teaching method. It involves the building of independent
learning and developing self-concept.
Types of Indirect/Guided or Expository Approach
Inductive Method
a. It begins with specific details, concrete data and examples and ends with an abstract. Learning becomes more
interesting at the outset because we begin with the experiences of our students.
Example: Science
Sparrow are birds. They have wings and can fly. Eagle and owl are birds, have wings and can fly. So from this
example you might induct that all birds can fly.
 Exploratory Method
a. Exploratory learning can be defined as an approach to teaching and learning that encourages learners to
examine and investigate on how to solve the problem on their own.
Example:
Instead of announcing that 2 + 2 = 4, you might ask the students how they would approach finding a total, along
with their own approaches to adding them together

Problem Solving Method

a. It uses the scientific method in searching for information and for improving the reasoning process.
Example
Teacher give a problem of the week, student should analyze and solve the math problem and write out the
possible solution.

Project Method
a. This is a method that requires students to construct projects as a result of the study/research done.
Example:
Physical or material project such repairing a radio.

Laboratory Method
a. A kind of teaching process which normally involves first hand experiences regarding materials and facts
obtained from Investigation or experimentations.
b. Laboratory Method may be:

 EXPERIMENTAL -it emphasizes discovery of a solution to a problem either by problem solving or

acquisition of information.
 OBSERVATIONAL -it focuses on the acquisition of facts. Activities would include visits to museum,
watching documentaries or going on a fieldtrip
Example:
The teacher let the student watch a documentary on how egg become a butterfly. Teacher asked the student
observe the life cycle of a butterfly and student do their own documentaries how egg become a caterpillar then a
pupa and last to be a beautiful butterfly.

Inquiry Method
a. “Discovery teaching and discovery learning”
b. Teacher in the inquiry approach, poses a problem, ask question and facilitates dialogues
Example: Growing a Plant
First the teacher asked the student different parts of a plant. Second see a video of a plant from a seed to a
flower. Third let them draw their own plant. Fourth ask the students what does a plant need? And ask the
student to do experiment, observe and learn and let the student discover what does a plant give to us.
Constructivism
a. Learners construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing
things and reflecting on those experiences.
Example:
An elementary teacher presents a class problem to measure the length of the “pencil”. Rather than starting the
problem by introducing the ruler, the teacher allows students to reflect and to construct their own methods of
measurement.

Metacognition Method
a. Metacognition is often referred to as “thinking about thinking.”
Example: Students keep a weekly journal. In the journal they document their study habits and success with
various assignments and class activities. At the midpoint and end of term, students review their journals to
assess what study habits and preparations led to the best performance in assessments and class time.

Philosophical Perspective on Learning

What is Philosophy?
Philosophy means "love of wisdom." It is made up of two Greek wsords, “Philo” meaning love, and
“Sophos” meaning wisdom.
Philosophy helps teachers to reflect on key issues and concepts in education.
ANCIENT PHILOSHOPHIES
Idealism
The aim of education is to discover and develop each individual's abilities and full moral excellence in
order to better serve society. The curricular emphasis is subject matter of mind: literature, history,
philosophy, and religion.
Realism
Realists believe that reality exists independent of the human mind. The ultimate reality is the world of
physical objects. The focus is on the body/objects. The Realist curriculum emphasizes the subject matter
of the physical world, particularly science and mathematics.
CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHIES
Pragmatism (Experientialism)
For pragmatists, only those things that are experienced or observed are real. For Pragmatists, teaching
methods focus on hands-on problem solving, experimenting, and projects, often having students work in
groups.
Existentialism
The nature of reality for Existentialists is subjective, and lies within the individual. The physical world
has no inherent meaning outside of human existence.

The Middle Ground

The middle ground fallacy argues that a compromise between two extremes must be reached to
satisfy a situation.
Example: My friend James says it's never okay to lie. My friend Lisa says it's okay to lie as much as you want. I
guess I believe that it's okay to lie sometimes.
Inductive example

Sparrow

Eagle Owl
Deductive example
Problem solving Example
Laboratory example\
Demonstrative method