WARUNG IELTS

Written by: Aly Dzulfikar S.H.

 Daftar isi
PROSES PENGOLAHAN DATA ........................................................................................................................ 1

1. UNDERSTANDING DATA.................................................................................................................... 1
2. SELECTING DATA ............................................................................................................................... 10
A. BREAKING DOWN DATA.............................................................................................................. 10
I. STATIC ............................................................................................................................. 10
II. DYNAMIC......................................................................................................................... 10
B. GROUPING AND PARAGRAPH MANAGEMENT ........................................................................... 11
C. SELECTION METHOD ................................................................................................................... 12
I. STATIC ............................................................................................................................. 12
II. DYNAMIC......................................................................................................................... 15
3. REPORTING DATA.............................................................................................................................. 16

CONTENTS OF BODY PARAGRAPH ................................................................................................................ 16

ELEMENT OF REPORTING STYLE ................................................................................................................... 17

STANDARD INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 19

VOCABULARIES FOR ALTERATION ................................................................................................................ 22

VERBS FOR CHANGE ...................................................................................................................................... 23

ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES FOR CHANGE EXPRESSION ............................................................................... 24

PARAPHRASE ................................................................................................................................................. 28

EXPRESSING NUMBERS/NUMERICAL EXPRESSION ...................................................................................... 30

EXPRESSION OF SIMILARITIES AND EXCEPTIONS.......................................................................................... 31

COMBINATION EXPRESSION OF TREND (MOVEMENT) AND COMPARISON ................................................ 33

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST ..................................................................................................................... 35

TIME TRANSITIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 36

PERCENTAGE & PROPORTION ...................................................................................................................... 37

CONNECTORS ................................................................................................................................................ 38

COMPACT STYLE............................................................................................................................................ 39

THE FORMER (TERDAHULU), THE LATTER (TERBELAKANG) ......................................................................... 40

PARALLEL, SEQUENCING AND STAGING ORDER ........................................................................................... 41

PROCESS ........................................................................................................................................................ 42

MAPS ............................................................................................................................................................. 42

PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION POINTS ON COMPASS ................................................................................... 45

SEVEN SUMMARIES ...................................................................................................................................... 46

LOGICAL-ILLOGICAL COMPARISON ............................................................................................................... 47

THAT FOR, OF AND IN ................................................................................................................................... 48

ii
 PROSES PENGOLAHAN DATA
Ada tiga bagian besar yang harus di pahami sebelum menjawab soal task one, yaitu:

1. Understanding data
2. Selecting data
3. Reporting data

Secara umum, data terbagi atas dua:

TYPES OF TASK

Analytical Data Descriptive Data

Static Task Dynamic Task

CHART PROCESS
GRAPH MAPS
DIAGRAM

1. UNDERSTANDING DATA
A. Understanding elements of data

I. Empat elemen data yang perlu di pahami:

Place

Data A Data B

Unit Time

II. Data selalu ada dua Data A (Subject)

Salah satu data selalu
terkait dengan unit.
Data B (Object)

1
B. Masing-masing elemen bisa Single / Multi (Number of each element).

Single Multi

Place

Single Data Data Single

A B
Unit Time

Multi Multi

Single
A
Multi (>1) Single
I. Data III. Unit
Single Multi (>1)
B
Multi (>1)

Single Single
II. Place IV. Time
Multi (>1) Multi (>1)

C. Time (important element besides data)

Minutes
Hours
Days
Weeks
I. Type Period/Duration
Months
Years
Decades
Century
Group of ages
Past
Present
II. Signal Related to tenses
Future
Combination

2
 III. The amount of time and its correlation to the type of data

a. Single Static b. Multi Dynamic

IV. What to report

Positive degree
a. Static Comparison Language of comparison
Superlative

Trend
b. Dynamic Positive degree
Comparison* Language of comparison
Superlative
* If any data is multi (Dynamic ++)

V. Reporting style High

a. Comparison Descending / Vertical order

Low

b. Trend Chronological / horizontal order

Old New

VI. Language used

Positive degree : The same, similar, as high as

Language of Comparison
a. Descending Order
Language of Portion*
Language of comparison: higher vs lower
Superlative: highest vs lowest
Per cent: 10%
Fraction: ⅓
Qualifier/Just over: 10% / ⁄
Similar expression: 85% = Majority

* If there is total from unit (comparison ++). Language used such as: represent, contribute, equal to. (page:
37)
rise
b. Chronological Order Language of Change static fluctuate

drop

3
 CARA MENENTUKAN DATA A DAN DATA B
1. Langkah yang paling pertama adalah menyederhanakan pernyataan atau diagram dalam soal kedalam
kalimat sederhana.

E.g.

- Internet users as percentage of population People use the internet

- International migration in the UK People immigrate/emigrate

- Car ownership in Britain People have no car / one car/ two cars / three or more cars

- The consumption of beef, fish and chicken People consume beef, fish and chicken

- Global water use by sector Sectors consume water

2. Langkah selanjutnya adalah menjabarkan setiap komponen kalimat tersebut.

Contoh:

a. data A (subject) dan data B (object) single- single

People use the Internet

UK

Single Single

b. data A (subject) dan data B (object) multi – single

Sectors consume water

Agriculture Industrial Use Domestic

Use

Multi Single

c. data A (subject) dan data B (object) single – multi

People have …

UK No car one car two cars Three or more

car

Single Multi

4
 d. data A (subject) dan data B (object) multi – multi

People graduated from …

Male female SD SMP SMA Universitas

Multi Multi

Kadang pula data yang di suguhkan berkutat di Predikat, contoh:

a. Data A (subject) data B (predikat) single - multi

People immigrate/emigrate

UK

Single Multi

b. Data A (subject) data B (predikat) multi – multi

People use/provide the Internet

Canada Mexico USA

Multi Multi

Namun, kadang pula data yang di suguhkan akan lebih dari dua. Jika demikian, maka data tersebut
terdapat lebih dari satu table/diagram dan akan menghasilkan piramida data lebih dari satu, contoh:

consume beef
People import lamb
export chicken

Canada Mexico USA

Multi Multi Multi

5
Contoh piramida data:

a. Static Biasa (Simon: 11)

Germany Italy France Britain Multi

Personal Stereo
Place
Germany Tennis Racquets

Italy Parfumes
People in CDs Multi
France
Toys
Britain
Data A Data B Photographic Film

Unit Time

Multi
Thousand Single
Single
pounds sterling
Static

Comparison

Descending order

Language of Comparison
b. Static-Portion (comparison ++) (Simon: 19)

Place

Carbohydrates
Single Healthy diet Protein Multi
Fat

Data A Data B

Unit Time Present

Single % (portion) Single

Static

Comparison ++

Descending order

Language of Comparison Language of Portion

6
c. Dynamic Biasa (simon: 4)
UK Single

Place

Net
Single People in UK Single
Migration

Data A Data B

Unit Year Time Past

Number of People Multi (1999-2008)

Single (thousands)
Dynamic

Trend

Cronological order

Language of Change

d. Dynamic ++ (simon: 3)
Canada USA Mexico Multi

Place
Canada

USA People in Internet Single

Mexico
Data A Data B

Unit Year Time Past

Multi
Single % Multi (1999-2009)

Dynamic ++

Comparison Trend

Descending order Cronological order

Language of Comparison Language of Change

7
 D. Rangkuman

PYRAMID OF DATA
Single Multi

Place

Single Past tense

Data A Data B
Present tense
Unit Time Signal
Future tense

Multi Combination
Minutes
Hours
Days
Weeks
Single If any Data is multi (Dynamic ++)
Multi Months
Static Years
Type Dynamic
Decades
Comparison What to report Trend Century
Group of Ages
The highest
increase
Lie between Remain stable,
two extreme Fluctuate

The lowest decrease

Descending Order Cronological Order

Reporting Style (From The Oldest to
(From highest – lowest)
the most recent)

Language of comparison Language Language of Change

Positive degree Comparison Superlative Language

of Portion/
Equality
8
 DYNAMIC STATIC
Single – single Single – single

Single – Multi Single – Multi(Portion)

Multi – Multi Single – Multi

Multi – Multi

9
 2. SELECTING DATA
A. BREAKING DOWN DATA
I. STATIC
a. Single vs Single (impossible)
b. Single vs Multi: comparison

Photographic Film High

Toys
Britain CDs Descending order
Perfumes
Tennis + Personal Stereos
Low

c. Multi vs Multi :
i. Comparison among data A against each data B
High
Britain 163
CDs France 158
Italy 155 Descending / Vertical order
Germany 144
Low
ii. Comparison among data B against each data A

Photographic Film High

Toys
Britain CDs Descending / Vertical order
Perfumes
Tennis + Personal Stereos
Low

II. DYNAMIC
a. Trend (saja)

15 35 10 30 50
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Old New
Chronological / horizontal order

b. Trend + Comparison

Britain 175 Britain 180 France 200

Photographic France 165 France 150 Britain 170
Film Italy 157 Italy 157 Italy 165
Germany 144 Germany 144 Germany 160

10
B. GROUPING VS PARAGRAPH MANAGEMENT

Similarity of Data
I. Grouping

Exception of Data
a. Static

110 Exception 253

75 250 Similar
76 Similar 154
77 151
Similar
50 150
Similar
53 98
Similar
10 Exception 97
15 Exception

b. Dynamic

Grouping
D 1. Naik : A + B
2. Turun : C + D Similar
C
B 3. Stabil : E Exception
A
E

II. Paragraph management

a. Paragraph management is how you manage your paragraph.

Group similar (Body I)

Grouping
Group except (Body II)
b. Paragraph could be managed based on
1979-1989 (Body I)
Dividing Period
After 1989-end (Body II)*

* sample answer page 21

11
C. SELECTION METHOD
I. STATIC
A. Static: Single – Single (impossible)
B. Static: Single – Multi

150 Except 250 *except similar

100 245
99 Similar 100
A 98 98 Similar
A
50 97
Similar
45 50
5 Except 15 Similar
10 *except

Questions that must be answered:

1. The highest figure Overview (1)

2. The lowest figure Overview (2)
3. The data lies between the two extremes Overview (3)
Finding Similarity
Exception

C. Static : Multi – Multi

E.g. Amount spent on consumer goods. (Simon: 11)

12
 CONSUMER GOOD

Sample Answer:

The bar chart compares consumer spending on six different items in Germany, Italy, France and Britain.

It is clear that British people spent significantly more money than people in the other three countries on all
3 (*1)

six goods. Of the six items, consumers spent the most money on photographic film.
6 (*2)

People in Britain spent just over £170,000 on photographic film, which is the highest figure shown on the
1 (*3)

chart. By contrast, Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with roughly the same figures (just under
4 (*4)

£150,000) for each of the six products.

4 (*4)

The figures for spending on toys were the same in both France and Italy, at nearly £160,000. However,
5 (similar data) (*5)

while French people spent more than Italians on photographic film and CDs, Italians paid out more for
5 (exceptional data) (*6)

personal stereos, tennis racquets and perfumes. The amount spent by French people on tennis racquets,
5 (exceptional data) (*7) 2 (*8)

around £145.000, is the lowest figure shown on the chart. (154 words)
2 (*8)

13
 BREAKDOWN OF THE DATA
(MULTI-MULTI)
DATA B (OBJECT) DATA A (SUBJECT)
COMPARE AMONG ITEMS AGAINST EACH COUNTRY COMPARE AMONG COUNTRIES AGAINST EACH ITEM

Photographic Film *2 Britain 175 *1 *3

Toys *11 Photographic France 165 *6
Britain CDs *11 Film Italy 157 *6
Perfumes *11 Germany 144 *4
Tennis + Personal *9
Stereos
Britain 170 *1
Photographic Film *2 Toys France+ Italy 158 *5
CDs+ Toys *10 Germany 147 *4
France Personal Stereos *11
Perfumes *11 Britain 163 *1
Tennis Racquets *9 CDs France 158 *6
Italy 155 *6
Toys Germany 144 *4
Photographic *2
+Perfumes *10
Italy CDs *11 Britain 160 *1
Tennis Racquets *9 Perfumes Italy 157 *7
Personal Stereos *9 Germany 147 *4
France 145 *7
Tennis Racquets
Germany Perfumes + Toys *10 Britain 155 *1
Personal Stereos *9 Tennis Raquets Italy 154 *7
CDs+ Photographic Film *2 Germany 150 *4
France 143 *7 *8

Britain 155 *1
Personal Stereos Italy 150 *7
Germany+ France 146 *4
Questions that must be answered:

1. The highest figures shown (*3)

2. The least figures shown (*8)
3. Overall most data A/Subject (*1)
4. Overall least data A/Subject (*4) (Overview)
5. The data lies between the two extremes
a. Similarity (*5)
b. Exception (*6) (*7)
6. Overall most data B/Object (*2)
(Overview)
7. Overall least data B/Object (*9)
8. The data lies between the two extremes
a. Similarity (*10)
b. Exception (*11)

14
 II. DYNAMIC
A. Dynamic : Single - Single [trend (saja)]

1 2
3
1. Naik Similarity
2. Turun
3. Stabil Exception
4. Fluktuatif
1 3
2

B. Dynamic: Single - Multi [trend + comparison] (menjawab 3 pertanyaan)

1st Period Last Period

During Period

Trend
Comparison Comparison
(if any change of position)

C. Dynamic: Multi - Multi [trend + comparison] (menjawab 8 pertanyaan) (sama dengan

dynamic B)

Cara membaca trend: D

C Trend:
B
B A : downward
B : Two peaks
C : to increase then decrease
D : Fluctuation
A E : Upward
F : Downward
G : Combination: upward trend
with some fluctuation or
increase then decrease with two
F peaks
E

15
 3. REPORTING DATA

CONTENTS OF BODY PARAGRAPH

1. INTRODUCTION (see example of standard introduction page: 19)
- From paraphrasing the task instruction (page: 28)
- From pyramid data which cover all elements of data ( data, measure, place, time)
2. OVERVIEW is general description of data, which consists of:
a. Trend (increase, decrease, remain stable and fluctuate)
b. Comparison (overall most and overall least)

Rules of overview

 No details mentioned (number)

 General description (grouping Signal)
 If multi-graphs, overview in the first sentence of each body for each graph.

e.g.:

- A+B increased over the period

- While C fluctuated TREND*
- And D saw a decline
- A showed its superiority over the period shown while B, C and D vary on the proportion of (data
about) >>> (comparison)

3. CONCLUSION

1. Relationship among data: - reflective (ada hubungan sebab-akibat)

- matching (tidak ada hubungan sebab-akibat)

- contrast

2. Exceptional features/figures.

Matching Reflective

Contrast Reflective-contrast

16
 ELEMENT OF REPORTING STYLE
A. Types of sentence structure
1. Nominal
a. Expletive
 It/there
e.g.
- There was an increase in the consumption of …
- It can be seen that …
- It is the highest figure of beef that can be found in …
 To be :
e.g.
- The consumption of beef was high in 1999, with…
- The trend for A is upward…
- The highest figure was in Britain, with…
2. Verbal
a. Active
 Common: People in France spent the most among…
 Non common: (saw / experienced / witnessed)
- Year : 1999 saw an increase in…
- Place : Britain experienced a decline in…
b. Passive
 The majority of ___ was found in Britain.
 A greater change of ___ was found in ___

There was an increase in A in 1995,

Nominal It was in 1995 that A increased,
The increase of A was in 1995,
going up from 10 to 20
A increased in 1995,
Verbal 1995 saw an increase in A,
The increase of A was found in 1995, SD

GD

B. Considering the subject and the object of data

e.g.:
- People in Britain spent more of beef.
- Beef was spent more by people in Britain.
- The consumption of beef in Britain increased over the period.

C. Language of change (page: 22,23)

17
D. Language of Comparison (page: 35)
- Superlative: by far greatest
- Comparison degree and double comparison degree: much more/greater, much less/greater.
- Equality: the same (identic 11:11), similar (12:11), as__as__
e.g. (59, 60, 61, 62) = similar level around 60, ranging from 59 to 62
E. Bridging (page: 38)
- Conjunction (while, when, before, etc)
- Phrase (to be specific, regarding the line graph, turning to, concerning, etc)
- Sentence (it is clearly seen that, it could be obviously seen that, etc)
- Etc.
F. Numerical expression (page: 30)
1. Rounding
- Roughly, nearly, approximately, around, about, etc.
- Well below / above / under
- Just below / alone / under
2. Proportion (page: 37)
- Percent %
- Fraction 5/10
- Similar expression: majority, minority, etc.

G. Expression of Similarity an Exception (page: 31)

18
 STANDARD INTRODUCTION
The provided [presented, given, showed] line graph elucidates [show, elucidate, reveal, illustrate, describe,
highlight, explain] the information of gold transaction experienced in among three companies (A, B & C) in
England [place] over a decade [time] counted in millions dollar [measurement].

Vocabs:

Explanation:

- Show
- Elucidate
- Reveal
- Illustrate
- Describe
- Highlight
- Explain

Alternative word “below":

- Provided
- Presented
- Given
- Showed

Time:

- From _ to _
- Between _ and _
- Over [ten years, a decade, a ten-year period]

Overview

Standard Overview:

In general [generally speaking, as is observed, in overall, as an overall trend], it is obviously seen that [It is
obvious that, it is apparent that, it is obviously seen that, it is clearly seen that] A was ceiling trend while
the downward trend occurred in C and B prevailed consistency.

Example:

- Overall, it can be seen that, __

- It is noticeable that, __
- Overall, it is immediately apparent that, __
- The most obvious pieces of information are that, __
- The main facts that stand out are that, __
- It is important to note that, __
- It is important to take account that, __
- The most significant facts to emerge from the graph are that, __
- At first glance it is evident that, __

19
Vocabs:

First word:

- In general,
- Generally speaking,
- As is observed,
- In overall,
- As an overall trend*

*usually used for line graph

Second words:

- It is obvious that,
- it is apparent that,
- it is obviously seen that,
- it is clearly seen that

Describing time

Phrases

- From (time 1) to (time 2)

- Between (time 1) and (time 2)
- During the period (time 1) to (time 2)
- During (month or year)
- In (month or year)
- On (day)
- On the (date)
- At (time: hours/minutes)
- (time/time 1 to time 2) (saw, experienced, witnessed, revealed, displayed, presented, provided)
- Throughout the period, over the time frame, in the course of the period
- Precede, predate, prelude, preface: mendahului [verb]
- Exceed, surpass, precede: melebihi [verb]

20
Sample answer:

The graph below shows the consumption of fish and different kinds of meat in a European country
between 1979 and 2004. Summaries the information by selecting and reporting the main features and
make comparisons where relevant.

Introduction

The graph compares the quantity of chicken, beef, lamb, and fish consumed in a European country
measured in grams per person per week between 1979 and 2004.

Overview

It could be seen obviously that two kinds of meat tended to decline. On the other hand, chicken had an
upward trend while fish remained stable.

Body I (From 1979-1989)

1. To begin with, all categories saw a downward trend except chicken.

2. To be specific, standing as the highest, beef decreased significantly to around 180 before reaching a
peak in 1984.
3. Likewise lamb partially followed a similar pattern, where hitting a low of around 120 in 1984. Fish
remained stable after 1980.
4. In contrast, chicken saw a rise, surpassing the level of lamb in early 1980 and that of beef in 1989.

Body II (After 1989)

1. While chicken saw a continuously increasing trend outnumbering the starting level of beef,
2. Beef and lamb continued to decrease at a level below their starting point.
3. Fish, however, remained stable finishing the period at just under 50.

Conclusion

To sum up, the trend of consumption of beef and lamb was contrast with that of chicken.

21
 VOCABULARIES FOR ALTERATION
INCREASE

 Noun

Rise Upward trend

Tendency group,
Growth Ceiling trend
Progress Ascending trend usually used for line
graph type.

 Verb

Rise Double
Uplift Hover
Jump Treble
Boom Soar
Rocket (does not need verb) Incline (does not need adverb)
Climb Upsurge

DECREASE

 Noun

Fall Downward trend

Tendency group,
Decline Descending trend
Reduction usually used for line
Drop

 Verb

Decline Reduce
Fall Plunge
Plummet ( does not need adverb) Dive
Shrink Dip
Drop Slump
STEADINESS

 Verb

Unchanged
Remain steady / the same / constant / stable / static
Prevailed consistency

UPS AND DOWNS

Noun Verb Noun Verb

Oscillation Oscillate Vacillation Vacillate
Fluctuation Fluctuate Palpitation Palpitate
Wave Wave Dissimilarity

22
 VERBS FOR CHANGE
Expression:

INCREASE

Noun Verb Verb

Rise (naik, menanjak) Rise to (naik, menanjak) Double (menggandakan)
Uplift (peningkatan) Uplift to (mengangkat) Hover (melayang-layang)
Growth (tumbuh) Jump to (melompat)* Treble (melipat-tigakalikan)
Incline (kenaikan) Boom to (meledak) Soar to (melonjak, membumbung tinggi) **
Progress (berkembang) Rocket to (meroket)** Incline to (melonjak)
Upsurge (kenaikkan) Climb to (menanjak) Peaked at / plateaued at

* hanya boleh menggunakan adverb atau adjective tertentu (dramatically, suddenly, sharply, minimally,
slightly, small)
**the words do not need adverb

The highest point that is reached on the graph:

- Reached a high of
- Hit a high of
- Reach a peak of
- Reach a plateau at

DECREASE

Noun Verb Verb

Fall (jatuh) Decline to (menurun) Dip to (menukik, turun)
Decline (penurunan) Fall to (jatuh) Slump to (merosot)
Eduction (pengurangan) Shrink to (tenggelam) Plunged to (this is a very sudden and large
drop down) *
Tail off (turun tidak akan Drop to (jatuh) Go down to
naik lagi)
Drop ( kejatuhan) Reduce to (berkurang) Tailing off to
Dive to (menyelam) Plummeted to (terjerembab) **

* Hanya boleh menggunakan adv. atau adj. tertentu (dramatically, suddenly)

** Does not need adverb

The lowest point that is reached on the graph:

- hit a low of
- reached a trough of

23
STEADINESS

Verb
Did not changed
Remained [steady, the same, constant, stable, static] at
Prevailed consistency
Leveled off, leveling out (rata) at
Evened out at (rata)
Stayed constant at
Maintain the same level at

Ups & Downs

Noun Verb
Oscillation Oscillated (bergerak-gerak)
Fluctuation Fluctuated* around (fluktuasi)
Wave Waved (gelombang, bergelombak)
Vacillation Vacillate (terombang-ambing)
Palpitation Palpitate (berdebar-debar)
Dissimilarity (berbeda)
Erratic (tak menentu)
* Hanya boleh menggunakan adv. atau adj. tertentu (dramatically, slightly, small)

-- Stood at
This means “not moving”. Avoid using it once you have begun describing the graph, but use it to say where
the figures started. e.g. In 1991, the number of arrest for illegal drugs stood at 55%.

ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES FOR CHANGE EXPRESSION

1. As a verb : increase/decrease + adverb
2. As a noun : adjective + increase

Based on Degree*

Group 1 (the most):

Adverb Adjective
Dramatically Dramatic (secara dramatis)
Enormously Enormous (sangat, sangat besar, hebat)
Highly High (Tinggi)
Tremendously Tremendous (dahsyat, amat)
Hugely Huge

Group 2 (more):

Adverb Adjective
Significantly Significant (penting, berarti)
Considerably Considerable (amat)
Noticeably Noticeable (kelihatan jelas)
Sustainably Sustainable (berkelanjutan)
Remarkably Remarkable (luar biasa)

24
Group 3 (many or much):

Adverb Adjective
Slightly Slight (tipis, ramping, sedikit, enteng, tipis)
Moderately Moderate (sedang)
Markedly Marked (nyata, menyolok)
Marginally Marginal (tipis, kecil)
Fractional Fractional (kecil)

Based on Time**:

Group 1 (the fastest):

Adverb Adjective
Suddenly Sudden (mendadak, tiba-tiba)
Erratically Erratic (tak menentu)
Unexpectedly Unexpected (tak diduga-duga)
Abruptly Abrupt (tiba-tiba, tidak terduga)

Group 2 (faster):
**Time
Adverb Adjective
Rapidly Rapid (cepat)
Quickly Quick (cepat)
Steeply Steep (curam, tinggi)
Hurriedly (tergopoh-gopoh)
Sharply Sharp (tajam) fast

Swiftly Swift (cepat)

Group 3 (fast):

Adverb Adjective
Steadily Steady (tetap, kokoh, dengan mantap)
Gradually Gradual (bertahap)
Progressively Progressive (bertahap)
Sequentially Sequent (berturut-turut)
Slowly Slow (perlahan)

Future tenses:

Be (is) + predicted / forecast / estimated to grow / decline / dip / dive / plunge / plummet / rise / grow /
incline / rocket / hover / reach or hit a peak or a low.

General expression:

- Respectively, serially, successively (berturut-turut)

- Respectively, severally (masing-masing)

25
 - Finally, eventually, ultimately, in the end, at last, lastly (akhirnya)
- Consequently, eventually (alhasil)
- To finish the period at…
- Over the time frame…
- With the exception of…
- Though unlike
- Predominantly, mainly, mostly (sebagian besar)
- Particularly, notably, chiefly, principally (terutama)
- Especially, particularly, in particular, specifically, specially, notably (khususnya)
- Peculiarly, extra, singularly (secara istimewa)
- Partake: mengambil bagian
- Account: terhitung

*Adverb of degree = Speed (line graph usually)

Margin / amount

Group Percentage Adjective Adverb e.g.

Dramatic Dramatically
Group I >75% Huge - 100 – 180 (80)
Enormous Enormously
Substantial Substantially
<75%
Group II Significant Significantly 100 – 165 (65)
>50%
Considerable Considerably
Noticeable Noticeably
<50%
Group III Marked Markedly 100 – 130 (30)
>25%
Moderate Moderately
Slight Slightly
Group IV <25% Small 100 – 110 (10)
Minimal
e.g.

600

575

550

525
500
90 91 92 93 94 95

1. In 1992, A increased abruptly to 600. (time)

2. in 1992, A had a slight increase of 90 point, almost 20% increase. (manner)

26
 Peak

Tail off (to)

Level off (at)

plunge

1. increased to 50
2. increased by 40 50
3. It saw an increase of 40 50 40
4. It reached a peak at 50
5. It peaked at 50
6. It hit a high of 30 30
7. It reached a peak of 50
8. It dropped to 10
9. It has a drop of 40
10. It dropped by 40 10 10
11. It plunged to 10
12. It hit a low of 10

27
 PARAPHRASE
Means:
- (verb) Express the meaning of (something written or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve
greater clarity. (noun) A rewording of something written or spoken. (Oxford dictionary)

- A restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form. (Merriam-Webster)

1. Synonym
- Use general
- Usage grammatical, medical
- Utilization machine
- Requirement needs
- Schooling education
- be allocated to be used for
- Tertiary education university
2. Sentences
a. Active passive
b. Nominal verbal (atau sebaliknya)
e.g.

- Education plays important rate (verbal)

- Education is important (nominal)
c. Simple Compound / complex
e.g.

- This is the process to cook a cake

- This is how to cook a cake
d. Phrase Sentence
e.g.

- The importance of education (phrase)

- Education is important (sentence)
3. Anomaliation
a. To increase rapidly (verb)
b. Has a increase of (noun)
c. There is an increasing trend (adjective)
d. It has an increasingly experience (adverb)
4. Incorporating data

28
 a. Using fraction : 10% 1/10, 50 a half
Double-twice, twofold, 2 times, majority
b. Year : 1980 (a century), mid 80’s (a decade), late 80’ (a ten-year period),
1980’s (a half century)
5. Adding Conjunction
 Noun Clause / Adjective Clause / Adverbial Clause / Compound
Process how to
e.g.

- It tells the process to make a cake

- It tells how to make a cake
 Structure change
e.g.
- The ghost flies in the night The night-flying ghost
- Car is made in Japan Japan-made car
 Order change
Phrase order
The importance of education the education importance
Sentence order (cause- effect) effect-cause
You make me smile I smile because of you
 Complex / compound order
e.g.
- I love you because you teach me IELTS
- You teach me IELTS so that I love you
 Paragraph order
Deductive Inductive
TS CS
SS SD
SD SS
SS TS
6. Description
e.g. Car four wheel vehicle
7. Adding information
America, Canada England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland

North America Country The United Kingdom

29
 EXPRESSING NUMBERS/NUMERICAL EXPRESSION

NO EXAMPLE
1 With China and India have the lowest levels, with 68% and 60% respectively.
2 At - The figures for Canada and Mexico were lower, at about 10% and 5%
respectively.
- The number of people who emigrated stood at just under 300,000.
- Net migration peaked at almost 250,000 people in 2004.
- In contrast, the divorce rate reached a peak at nearly 1.5 million divorces in 1984.
- Italy, Brazil and Spain, by contrast, show a clear rise, finishing at 58, 57 and 61
kph respectively.
- The ‘other’ zones remained static at 350 million.
- The ‘other’ zones kept tax stable at 2%.
3 To In 2005, Internet use in both the USA and Canada rose to around 70% of the
population.
4 By The immigration rate rose by 150,000 people.
5 Of Emissions from electricity, gas and water supply fell dramatically to 0.5 million tons
in 2007, a drop of 3 million tones.
6 a peak of We can see that fruit production rose steadily from just over 2 tons in January to a
peak of 4.2 tonnes by August.
7 a high of The 8am passenger surge is matched by a high of $29.
8 a low of However, the 6pm spike in passenger numbers is accompanied by a low of $11 in
prices.
9 from__to We can see that fruit production rose steadily from just over 2 tonnes in January to
4.2 tonnes by August.
10 Subject - Almost 100% of Canadians used the Internet.
- In 1999, over 450,000 people came to live in the UK.
11 Object The figure for Mexico reached just over 25%.
12 subjective - In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%.
complement - The figure for net migration was around 160,000.
13 Become In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA became about 20%.
14 responsible The transport and communication sector was responsible for 0.7 million tons of
for emission.
15 there - In 1900, there was around 500km³ of water used by the agriculture sector
structure worldwide.
- In 1970, there were 2.5 million marriages in the USA and 1 million divorces.
16 using - Water consumption per person in Brazil (359m³) was much higher than that in the
brackets Congo (only 8m³) and this could be explained by the fact that Brazil had 265 times
more irrigated land.
- The largest crew (15 people) is needed for the flight to Germany, followed by
Indonesia (11) and Malaysia (8).

30
 EXPRESSION OF SIMILARITIES AND EXCEPTIONS
Legend:

bold: similarity

bold and italic: exception

GENERAL RULE:

To introduce the similarity of trends, use phrases such as “similarly/likewise/in the same way/a similar
pattern or trend.” To introduce the exceptions, use contrast phrases such as “however/ by contrast/ by
comparison/conversely.”

Example:

 Regarding rainfall, this appears to reflect the use of fertiliser, with an early high of 16mm in February,
falling consistently to 4mm in July, August and September.
 There is a similar pattern in the number of emergency calls made, which fluctuate in France (around
90 calls) and Canada (around 110).
 Likewise, the USA figure rises from 13 to 31, the UK from 9 to 21, and Italy from 17 to 29.
 Argentina is again the exception, with a decline of about half.
 By contrast, time spent on patient assessment is generally stable during the week in all the countries
except Russia, where there is a marked rise from Monday’s 12 minutes to 28 minutes on Sunday.
 In summary, it seems that electricity use may reflect an increase in emergency calls made, but only in
Russia does assessment time increase by the same pattern.
 Similarly, we see the USA peak at 57 kph in 1990, declining to 43 kph at the end.
 The ticket prices partially follow this pattern.
 The 8am passenger surge is matched by a high price of $29.
 However, the 6pm spike in passenger numbers is accompanied by a low of $11 in prices.
 In summary, ticket prices increase broadly in line with passenger traffic, except during the evening
rush hour when they actually fall.
 We can see that the most common trend is for the time to increase consistently with age.
 Two countries are exceptions.
 The UK and Russia have a similar trend, rising to 56 and 72 kph respectively in 2010 before falling to
below the starting level.
 The same happens in Canada with a decline from 69 kph to 64 kph despite a peak of 73 kph.
 Regarding urban zones, all countries except one see predicted increases of roughly 4 times by 2020.
The exception is Russia, which sees a fall of about half to 3,200.

31
 We see a similar grouping in the promotional discounts offered.
 Slaker, Jones, Scots and Fraser are again similarly grouped with around a 12% increase each.
 Turning to TV advertising, Slaker, Jones, Scots and Fraser have roughly similar funds.
 In summary, the 4 mid-price stores spend the most on advertising and achieve similar uplifts with
their 10% discounts.
 The other areas (housing, food, transport and studies) are all roughly similar, at between 14% to 16%.
 Leisure and clothing are similar at 10% and 11%.
 Getting married, by contrast, is similar in both countries at around 30 years.
 Looking at the data on oil industry jobs, we see that the growth in consumption was matched by a
roughly similar threefold trend in employment in that sector.
 Overall, we can say that the rise in oil use in this country was reflected in an approximately
corresponding rate of growth in people employed in the oil business.
 In terms of the sports, we see that country A, C and D are in most respects quite similar.
 Nation B is a noticeable exception in most respects.
 Turning to time spent reading, countries A, C and D are very similar at around 55 minutes.
 Overall, country B’s higher participation in sport may be reflected in lower reading times.
 The price of books appears not to follow this pattern.

32
 COMBINATION EXPRESSION OF TREND (MOVEMENT) AND COMPARISON
Legend:

bold: trend description

italic: comparison description
bold and italic: mix of trend and comparison

SIMON STYLE

The line graph compares the percentage of people in three countries who used the Internet between 1999
and 2009.

Both immigration and emigration rates rose over the period shown, but the figures for immigration were
significantly higher.

From 1999 to 2004, the immigration rate rose by nearly 150,000 people, but there was a much smaller rise
in emigration.

It is clear that global water needs rose significantly between 1900 and 2000, and that agriculture
accounted for the largest proportion of water used.

By 2000, global water use for agriculture had increased to around 3000km³, industrial water use had risen
to just under half that amount, and domestic consumption had reached approximately 500km³.

It is clear from the charts that the figures for developed countries are much higher than those for
developing nations. Also, the charts show an overall increase in participation in education and science
from 1980 to 1990.

From 1980 to 1990, the number of scientists and technicians in industrialised countries almost doubled to
about 70 per 1000 people.

The bar chart compares the cost of an average house in five major cities over a period of 13 years from
1989.

London experienced by far the greatest changes in house prices over the 13-year period.

Homebuyers in New York also had to pay significantly more, with prices rising to 5% above the 1989
average, but homes in Tokyo remained cheaper than they were in 1989.

The pie charts compare the amount of electricity produced using five different sources of fuel in two
countries over two separate years.

Total electricity production increased dramatically from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and France. While
the totals for both countries were similar, there were big differences in the fuel sources used.

TAHASONY STYLE

According to the graph, the former initially stood at more than 12 million and grew six-fold at the end of
the survey.

33
In comparison, the latter number was slightly less than that of the British tourists at the beginning of this
period and experienced similar yet less intensive trends, reaching approximately half as high by the end of
the century.

The charts compare changes in the shares of five different items which comprised the yearly expenses of a
British school between 1981 and 2001.

According to the diagrams, wages paid to the teaching staff accounted for the most significant proportion
of expenditure in 1981 (40%) and went up by a quarter before declining slightly.

In comparison, the share of furniture and equipment was initially as high as that of educational resources
(15%), but while the former dropped by 2/3 before rising fivefold, the latter experienced a marked rise
after which it halved, reaching just below 10%.

The salaries of non-academic employees were responsible for less than a third of all expenses in 1981 but
their share dipped substantially by 13% over the course of these 20 years.

Overall, while the shares of three items experienced rises, there were declines in the remaining two.
Moreover, academic staff salaries contributed the largest proportion of expenditure throughout the survey,
whereas insurance had the smallest share.

IELTS BUDDY STYLE

They began at a fairly similar level of between 12 and 15 million kilograms in 2002, but while the coffee
exported from Brazil increased gradually over the following four years, exports from Costa Rica
experienced a significant fall to around 7.5 million.

There was a dramatic fall in the production in Denmark and Germany. Denmark’s production of energy
from coal stood at 60% in 1995, higher than the other four countries. However, production levels dropped
sharply over the next 15 years to finish at 10% in 2010, which was the lowest of that year.

35% of energy came from coal in Sweden in 1995, and this proportion gradually declined over the period
to finish at approximately 28% in 2010, the highest of the four countries, while the percentage produced in
France remained just under that of Sweden over the 15-year period.

In 2010, the most popular course was social studies, representing just over a quarter of all enrolments, and
by 2012 it had fallen to one fifth of the total.

Initially, enrolment on the sports science course was fairly low, at only 11.9%. However, this figure
increased dramatically over the two years to represent _the largest proportion of enrolments in 2012 at
25.5%.

In 2006, the number of female publications stood at 1000 per year, while that for males was three times as
high. However, over the following 6 years, this gap closed as the female rate climbed noticeably to 3000
by 2012, which nearly matched that of the males, at around 3,300.

34
 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Phrases:

- __ as many as _
- __ higher than _
- __ lower than _
- __ compared to / with _
- __ different from __
- __ the most / the highest __
- _ is three times as _(high, low, etc)
- gap, discrepancy, asymmetry : kesenjangan [noun]
- prolific, productive, voluminous, fecund: produktif [adj]

Similarity: _as_ ; the same_as_

- I work hard as my father does (seperti)

- My eyes are just the same colour as yours (identik dengan)

Equality: as__as

- My hands were as cold as ice (sedingin)

- I earn as much money as you (sebanyak)
- I earn as little money as you (sama dikitnya)
- You sing as well as I do (sama baiknya)

as_as_

- as much as possible (sebanyak mungkin)

- as soon as possible (secepat mungkin)
- as much as necessary (sebanyak yang diperlukan)
- as beautiful as ever (seindah seperti biasanya)

Emphatic use:

1. As much as__ ; as many as__

- Some of this fish can weigh as much as 80 kg (originally “some of this fish can weigh 80kg")
- There are sometimes as many as 40 students in the classes (originally "there are sometimes 40
students in the classes”)
2. Half/twice/three times as_as_
- I am not going out with a man who is twice as old as me (originally "i am not going out with a man
who is twice older than me”)
- It took three times/half as long as i expected (originally "it took three times/half longer than i
expected”)
3. The better/best of__
- It is the better/best of the two groups. (lebih baik dari atau paling baik dari)
4. Much, very much, far, any, no, rather, a little, even with comparatives (adverb to comparative)
5. Much better than_, very much higher than, far smaller than, any lower than, no fewer than, a little
more than, even better than_

35
6. Much, by far, quite, almost, nearly, easily with superlatives (adverb to superlative)
7. Much the most, by far the most, nearly the most, almost the most, quite the most, easily the most

BRACKET ( )

The highest point (100) instead of The highest point which is 100

NOTE:

- It declines significantly to three (angka yang dituju)

- It declines signigicantly by seven (selisih perubahan)
- It is significant decline of seven (selisih perubahan)

TIME TRANSITIONS
Transition

- Firstly, first
- Secondly, second
- Thirdly, third
- Fourthly, forth
- Finally, lastly
- After that
- Afterwards
- Then
- Next
- Following this/that

Subordinating conjunctions

- After
- Before
- Until
- Once
- When
- Having
- At the same time as
- While

Sample in use:

- First, the cows graze in the field. After that/afterwards/then/next/following this, the milk is
pastuerized.
- After the milk is packed and labeled, it is delivered
- After being packed and labeled, the milk is delivered
- Before the milk is packed and labeled, it is delivered
- Before being packed and labeled, the milk is delivered
- The milk is stored in a holding tank until it is ready to be delivered
- Once the cows have been milked, they are then returned to the field
- The cows are returned to the field once they have been milked

36
 - When the cows have been milked, they are then returned to the field
- The cows are returned to the field when they have been milked
- Having been milked, the cows are then returned to the field

Two things happening at the same time

- The cows are milked at the same time as the holding tank is prepared
- At the same time as the holding tank is prepared, the cows are milked
- The cows are milked while the holding tank is prepared
- While the holding tank is prepared, the cows are milked

PERCENTAGE & PROPORTION

Percentage:

- 80 % : four-fifths
- 75 % : three-quarters
- 70 % : seven in ten
- 65 % : two-thirds
- 60 % : three-fifths
- 55 % : more than half
- 50 % : half
- 45 % : more than two-fifths
- 40 % : two-fifths
- 35 % : more than a third
- 30 % : less than a third
- 25 % : a quarter
- 20 % : a fifth
- 15 % : less than a fifth
- 10 % : one in ten
- 5 % : one in twenty

Proportion:

- > 85% : majority

- 75 % - 85 % : a very large majority
- 65 % - 75 % : a significant proportion
- 10 % - 15 % : a minority
- < 5 % : a very small number

Qualifier

- 77 % : Just over three quarters, approximately three quarters

- 73% : just below three quarters, approximately three quarters
- 49% : just under a half
- 32% : almost a third

37
Vocabs for Approximation Values

a. Similar: approximately, nearly, about, almost, roughly, around,

b. Just over: just [above, under, bigger, beyond, across, little over]

Much more: well [above, beyond, across, over] 30

Well above 20

c. Just short: Just [beneath, under, short, below]

20
Just under 20
Much less: well [below, under]
Just above 10

d. Just over = about 10

Well under 10
e. About = closely, nearly, a little bit over, a little bit under

NOTE:

1. “a number of” and “the number of”

- "a number of" selalu diikuti plural : "a number of students were in trouble"
- "the number of" selalu diikuti singular : "the number of students was on trouble"

2. “a lot of” and “lots of”

- "a lot of" selalu diikuti plural : "a lot of students were in trouble"
- "lots of" selalu diikuti singular : "lots of students was in trouble"

3. Salah satu metode melihat stage dari task process adalah dengan melihat panah yang ada pada gambar
ilustrasi.

CONNECTORS
- Moving to a more detailed analysis, __
- First of all, __
- To begin, __
- Following that/this, __
- Subsequently (next), __
- Afterwards, __
- After that / this, __
- Next, __
- Then, __
- Finally, __
- In contrast, __
- By contrast, __
- Standing in contrast, __
- Compared to/with __
- However, __
- Which was followed by __
- The following year, __
- With a subsequent rise/drop__

38
 COMPACT STYLE

GD : General Description
SD : Supporting Details
AE : Additional Explanation
BR : Bridging

* rising significantly from 50 to 95.

* with a significant rise from 50 to 95.
* with much greater increase of 45.
SD
e.g.
It increased over the period,
GD
* overtaking B and A in 1990 and 1995 respectively.
* a 50% increase
* the highest figure shown on the chart.
AE

e.g.

- A increased over the period, rising/which rose significantly from 50 to 95.

GD SD

- A increased in 1995, this rose significantly from 50 to 95,

GD SD

this was the highest figure shown during the period

AE

- A increased in 1995, rising significantly from 50 to 95, the highest figure shown during the period with
GD SD AE

a significant rise from 50 to 95.

AE

- A increased, in 1995, having a significant rise.

GD SD AE

NOTE: (see an example on page 48)

39
 THE FORMER (TERDAHULU), THE LATTER (TERBELAKANG)
e.g.

1. A increased to 95.

2. B increased to 90.

3. A and B increased, rising to 95 and 90 respectively / each / successively / consecutively.

4. A and B increased, while the former rose to 95, the latter inclined to 90.

5. A and B increased, with a significant rise to 95 and gradual incline to 90 respectively.

similar exception

while the former rose significantly to 95, the latter inclined to 90.
exception

e.g.

In 1995, A and B increased over the period while the former rise significantly from 50 to 95,
BR GD, similar GD, exception SD

the latter saw a much less increase of 40.

GD exception SD

NOTE:

- AE : menjelaskan SD

- SD : menjelaskan GD

- SD dan AE : menjelaskan GD

40
 PARALLEL, SEQUENCING AND STAGING ORDER

No Parallel order Sequencing order

1 While Then,
2 Whereas Next,
3 Meanwhile Afterwards,
4 When Following which
5 At the same time After which
6 By contrast Ten years after
7 However Ten years later
8 Respectively Subsequently
9 Successively Before
10 Consecutively After

Staging order*
The First Stage Middle Stages The Last Stage
First, Next Finally
Firstly, Then Ultimately
First off, After this/that, Eventually
First of all, Following this/that, The last/final stage is
when…
In the first stage, Afterwards, The process ends when
…
At/In the beginning, In the following stage, The process ends with +
<n./n.p.>
The first stage is when… In the stage after/following this, <stage A> before finally
In the stage that follows, <stage B as n./n.p.>
The process begins / Over the course of / During the next / following /
starts / commences second / third stage,
when…
The process begins with + This is followed by + <n./n.p.>
<n./n.p.>
When/After/Once <stage A>, <stage B>
<stage A>. When/Once this stage is complete,
<stage B>
<stage A> before <stage B as n./n.p. or clause>
Before <stage B>, <stage A>
<stage A> after/following which <stage B>
<stage A> which is followed by <stage B as n./n.p.>
*(Tahasoni: 42)

41
 PROCESS

DESCRIPTIVE DATA

PROCESS Overview

Natural Active Passive Artificial

- How many stages are there?

Non cycle Cycle - begin with______?
- end with_______?

The cycle starts over again.

MAPS
Types:

A. Pure description

B. Population description (population, projection) (Tahasoni: 54)

C. Planning area (Tahasoni: 52,54)

D. Development area: 2 or 3 maps -> from something to better thing (Tahasoni: 53,54,55)

- 2: usually past and present situations or past and future or present and future.
- 3: usually past-present-future or past-past-past or present-present-present or future-future-future
or combination of them.

E. Transformation area (not development) -> nothing to something (Tahasoni: 56)

F. Combination of the above types (Tahasoni: 54)

Note: yang paling sering keluar adalah tipe D dan E.

Trend description on maps

Type D:

1. Urbanisation trend: Dari lahan kosong atau lahan alam (lapangan, agriculture, peternakan) menjadi
perumahan (residential or housing area).

2. Modernisation trend: dari perumahan atau rumah-rumah kecil ditambah fasilitas transportasi publik
(railway,airport, harbour, bus station, shopping store, hospital, hotel etc).

42
3. Commercialisation trend: dari perumahan atau rumah-rumah kecil ditambah fasilitas penunjang jasa
dan barang (shopping store, mall, ruko, jalan diperbesar etc).

4. Industrialisation trend: dari perumahan atau rumah-rumah kecil ditambah atau dirubah menjadi pabrik
dan bangunan industri.

5. Transformation trend (see tipe E): dari sesuatu yang bisa bertransformasi menjadi sesuatu yang
berbeda atau bisa juga dari natural menjadi artificial.

Points on maps:

1. Paraphrase:

* Car park-car area-parking lot-parking

* Area house-residential area-blocks-apartment-flat-village

2. Directions:

* Northern (adj)

* North of

* Northside

3. Preposition of area: in, on, at.

4. GRA improvement:

* Use passive perfect (pay attention to tenses)

* Use passive form

* Mention time (year etc.)

* Use 7 summaries (page: 46)

* Inversion

5. Size: look at the maps. It occasionally provides info about size (Tahasoni: 56)

6. Grouping:

a. Transformation (Tahasoni: 56)

*Initial map then developed map

*Per part of both maps (west then middle afterwards the east side)

e.g. 1.

1 2 3 1 2 3
43
 2. a) Building

b) Supporting area (parking lot, sport field, garden, etc)

b. Planning area: 1st proposed area then another proposed area. Each describing both advantage &
disadvantage of such proposed area.

c. Involving years: grouping based on chronological order. (Tahasoni: 53)

d. 3 maps or more:

*Per section (compare among sections)

*Compare initial map to second then second to third (safest way)

Maps :

A. Change Area

- Perbandingan dulu dengan sekarang

- Noticeable change
- Grouping (perubahan per area)
- Kosa kata untuk arah mata angin (north, northern, northside,...)
- Preposition of place : ~ in, on, at ~ next to ~ beside ~ behind ~ between ~ in front of, etc__.

B. Plan / proposal of site

- description:

1. Lokasinya (dimana, arah mata angin & relevant data ttg lokasi)

2. Kelebihan (adventage) - kekurangan (disadventage) dr masing" proposed site.

3. Tenses [present - future]

Dari kesemua trend itu, terdapat 4 jenis perubahan

1. Make bigger (Tahasoni: 55)

Vocabs:

- Enlarge --> enlargement --> past/present participle

- Expand --> expansion --> past/present participle
- Extend --> extension --> extent atau past/present participle
- Widen

2. Take away (demolish)

Vocabs:

- Demolish --> demolition --> demolished/demolishing

- Remove --> removal --> removed/removing

44
 - Pull down --> pulling down --> pulled/pulling down
- Knock down --> knocking down --> knocked/knocking down
- Cut down --> cutting down --> cut/cutting down

3. Add something new

Vocabs:

- Introduce (road, field --> nothing constructed) --> introduction

- Erect --> erection (mendirikan/pembangunan)
- Develop --> development
- Construct --> construction
- Build --> building --> built
- Establish --> establishment
- Open --> (commercial : shopping, mall, store) --> open

4. Turn into something (dialihfungsikan)

- Convert (existing change function) --> conversion

- Redevelop --> redevelopment (mengembangkan ulang)
- Make into/ change into
- Replace --> replacement
- Substitute --> substitution

PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION POINTS ON COMPASS

No Prepositions Sentence
1 In front of The railway line is in front of three apartement blocks.
2 Opposite One apartement building is opposite the lake.
3 Next to The car park is next to a house.
4 Beside Three is a masion beside the lake.
5 Behind There are three houses behind the hospital.
6 To the left/right of The car park is to the right of a house.
7 Between The supermarket is between four houses and three apartments.
8 The middle of A river runs through the middle of the town.
9 Alongside (sepanjang) The railway runs alongside the coast.
10 Pass by (melewati) A new road passes by the supermarket.
11 Run through A river runs through the middle of the town.

No Point of compass Sentence

1 In the north
2 In the south east
3 From west to east
4 To the east (mencakup
semua)
5 Just south (pas
dibelakang selatan)
6 On the east side
In the north of town, there is now an airport.
There is a ferry port in the south east Templeton.
A railway runs from the west to the east of the town.
To the east of river, there is a factory, a school and a railway station.
Just south of the supermarket are there apartement buildings.
There is a ferry port on the east side of the town.

45
 SEVEN SUMMARIES
1. Apabila ada dua kejadian yang terjadi secara berurutan, kejadian pertama (continuous) belum selesai
ketika kejadian kedua (simple) terjadi

Conj.: when, while, as

----------1----------

----------2----------

1. Continuous

2. Simple

e.g. When he was eating, his friend called him.

2. Seperti no 1 yg intinya memiliki makna yg sama, tp perbedaannya adalah kejadian pertama

menggunakan perfect dan makna proses.

----------1----------

-----------2----------

1. Perfect Proses

2. Simple

e.g. When he had been eating for 5 minutes, his friend called him

3. 2 kejadian yg terjadi secara berurutan, kejadian pertama (simple) sudah selesai kemudian kejadian
kedua (simple) muncul (ada hubungan sebab akibat).

Conj : when, after, before, then, as

----------1---------- ----------2----------

1. Simple

2. Simple

e.g. When he felt cold, he took a vest.

4. Alternatif secara makna dari seven summary no.3 bedanya pada penggunaan past perfect untuk
kejadian pertama dan simple past untuk kejadian yang menyusul.

----------1---------- ----------2----------

1. Past Perfect (Result)

2. Simple Past

e.g. When he had done his work, he went home

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5. Mirip seven summary no.3 walau secara makna beda. tidak ada sebab akibat di seven summary no.5.

----------1---------- ----------2----------

1. Simple Past

2. Simple Past

e.g. When I arrived at the bus station, the first bus left.

6. Mirip seven summary no.4 tetapi secara makna berbeda, tidak ada hubungan sebab akibat.

----------1---------- ----------2----------

1. Past Perfect (hasil/akibat)

2. Simple Past

e.g. When I had arrived at the bus station, the first bus left.

7. Konsep kejadian tidak berurutan tapi bersamaan.

Conjunction: When, while, as

----------1----------

----------2----------

1. Past Continuous

2. Past Continuous

e.g. While I was eating, I was watching TV

LOGICAL-ILLOGICAL COMPARISON
e.g.

a. Of five countries, lamb was consumed the most in Britain. (non-logic)

b. Of five countries, Britain had the most consumption of beef. (Logic)
c. Of five countries, Britain was the most in the consumption of beef. (Logic)

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 THAT FOR, OF AND IN
e.g.

A. The figure for lamb is higher than that for chicken.

B. The consumption of beef was much higher than that of chicken in 1975. (level)

C. Chicken saw a rise, surpassing the level of lamb in early 1980 and that of beef in 1989.

D. The students studying in the UK are greater than those in Italy.

Contoh analisis compact style:

International migration in UK
(Simon: 4)

The chart gives information about UK immigration, emigration and net migration between 1999 and
2008 (ID).

Both immigration and emigration rates rose over the period shown, but the figures for immigration
were significantly higher. Net migration peaked in 2004 and 2007 (OV).

In 1999 (SD), over 450,000 people came to live in the UK (SD), while (BR) the number of people who
emigrated stood at just (GD) under 300,000 (SD). The figure for net migration (GD) was around
160,000 (SD), and it remained at a similar level until 2003 (AE). From 1999 to 2004 (SD), the immigration
rate rose by (GD) nearly 150,000 people, but (BR) there was a much smaller rise in emigration (GD). Net
migration peaked (GD) at almost 250,000 people (SD) in 2004 (SD).

After 2004 (SD), the rate of immigration remained high (GD), but (BR) the number of people
emigrating fluctuated (GD). Emigration fell suddenly (GD) in 2007, before peaking (GD) at
about420,000 people in 2008. As a result (BR), the net migration figure rose (GD) to around 240,000 in
2007, but (BR) fell back (GD) to around 160,000 (SD) in 2008 (SD).

Arranged by: ilmancelebes

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