FAQonmanagementofwaterparametersforfreshwater Pisciculture

Training Manual on Freshwater Pisciculture (3rd Edn)
B. K. Mahapatra, Subhendu. Datta, G. H. Pailan, P. Sardar, S. Munilkumar and S. Dasgupta (Eds.)

Published by Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India on 26 th Oct, 2013
Answers of Some Common Questions Related to Water Parameters

for the Management of Freshwater Aquaculture
Dr. Subhendu Datta

Senior Scientist
Kolkata Centre, Central Institute of Fisheries Education

32-GN Block, Sector – V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India
subhdatta@gmail.com
Q1. I have estimated pH, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, alkalinity in my pond water.
How long these estimated values remain same?
Ans. The estimated values of pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, acidity, alkalinity etc.
do not remain same over time. It changes even within a day, which is called diurnal fluctuations.
Please go through the discussion below for better understanding of this answer.
Fluctuations of water parameters during 24h Cycle of a day in the pond water
Daytime: Two physiological processes photosynthesis and respiration governs the pH, acidity,
alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and free carbon dioxide value in pond and lake waters.
Photosynthesis is occurred only in presence of sunlight during daytime in chlorophyll bearing
cells (plants, aquatic weeds, algae, phytoplankton etc.) where as respiration occurs through out
day and night. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide reacts with water in presence of sunlight and
produce oxygen and foods. In respiration, plants and animals consume oxygen to digest foods
and produce carbon dioxide. In the morning when sun rises at 6 AM photosynthesis starts and
production of oxygen begins. As the day progresses, intensity of sunlight increases and the rate
of photosynthesis increases and concentration of oxygen increases in pond water. As the rate of
photosynthesis increases, utilization of carbon dioxide increases, thereby the concentration of
carbon dioxide gradually decreases. At noon from 12 noon to 2 pm, the intensity of sunlight is
highest. During this time, rate of photosynthesis is highest. Thereby production rate of oxygen
and utilisation of carbon dioxide in highest. Thus the concentration of oxygen in pond water is
highest, and carbon dioxide is lowest. After this as the day progresses, the intensity of sunlight
gradually reduces and rate of photosynthesis also reduces. Production rate (i.e. concentration) of
oxygen also reduces. At 6 PM when the sunset occurs, the process of photosynthesis stops in
lack of sunlight and there is no more production of oxygen in pond water for rest of the 24 hours
i.e. during evening, night or late nights.
74
Photosynthesis: Sunlight
6CO2+ 6H2 O C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
In Chloroplast
Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
Night hours: The process of respiration does not require the sunlight, so it is continued in the
day as well as in the night. Respiration takes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. During
daytime the carbon dioxide is utilized in photosynthesis, so it does not pose any problem to
aquatic life. However, after sunset as the night progresses, the concentration of carbon dioxide in
pond water gradually increases. The plants and animals take necessary oxygen from the reserve
in pond water which was produced during day time but not utilized. So the concentration of
dissolved oxygen in pond water gradually decreases as the night progresses. Low dissolved
oxygen and higher carbon dioxide is stressful for aquatic life. As there is no sunlight, the carbon
dioxide reacts with water to produce carbonic acid (CO2 + H2O = H2CO3) which is a weak acid.
[Note: The same carbon dioxide and water reacts differently in presence of sunlight during
daytime to produce food and oxygen (as described above in the photosynthesis) the two most
important requirements for sustaining the life on this planet]. The acidity also increases as the
night proceeds. The situation is most severe at dawn from 4 AM to 5.30 AM. During this time,
concentration of oxygen is lowest, concentration of carbon dioxide is highest in pond water and
water is most acidic. In most of the cases, death of fish due to suffocation occurs during this
time. The situation is further aggravated when (a) intensive aquaculture is followed (high feed
and high stocking density of fish), (b). pond water is infested with aquatic weeds or algae
(3).continuous cloudy days. During rainy season the photosynthesis rate may be lower due
cloudy weather during daytime. This may create severe oxygen deficiency during late nights. To
cope up with this situation install few pump sets in the pond dyke and rum them through out the
night. Pump the pond water back into the pond itself; this will increase the oxygen
concentrations rapidly. In the early morning just before sunrise, in the diffused sunlight
photosynthesis may occurs, however, when the sun rises, the photosynthesis starts and the carbon
dioxide is utilised and oxygen is produced. The concentration of carbon dioxide starts falling
down, concentration of oxygen starts increasing and the new cycle for the next day begins in full
swing.
Q2. Can I apply the lime and cow dung anytime of the day in the pond water?
Ans. From the above discussion, one can guess what the ideal time for application of lime and
cow dung is in pond water for pisciculture. The lime is alkaline in nature; it increases the pH and
applied to correct the acidity of water. So it is better to apply when the pond water is acidic.
Though pond water is most acidic at dawn, it is not possible to apply the lime during the wee
hours of night. However, it is recommended to complete the lime application before the 10 AM
in the morning. Because after this the intensity of sunlight becomes stronger and alkalinity level
of pond water starts increasing rapidly. Similarly raw cow dung is organic nature, it contains
organic acids. Also for decomposition it requires oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. So it
should be applied when dissolved oxygen concentration in water is high. The ideal time for the
application of cow dung or any other farm yard manures (e.g. compost, poultry manure, pig
75
manure, duck manure) is, therefore, noon hours i.e. 11 AM to 2 PM. Fish feed though organic
nature, should not be linked up with this phenomenon. Fish need fish when they are hungry, and
feed should be supplied thrice a day for better growth and development of fish.
Q3. I have found lots of dead fishes in pond when I wake up in the morning. My fishes were
healthy and there was no sign of mortality day before, even when I gone to bed at night.
My next door neighbour is very jealous about my progress in pisciculture. I doubt that
he has applied some poison in my pond in late night. What should I do this case?
Ans. In 99.99% cases, mortality of fishes occurs in late night because of suffocation due to lack
of dissolved oxygen. The reason for this is discussed above in the answer of Q1. If you adopted
intensive farming, when the weather is cloudy this may happen. When fish face shortage of
oxygen they come to the surface to gulf air (oxygen) which is in contact with pond water. When
this symptom is observed, adopt measures to improve dissolved oxygen level of pond on
emergency basis e.g. (i). repeated netting by drag nets (ii) installation of one or few water pump
sets (depends on pond area, 1 pump set per acre) in the pond dyke and pump the pond water back
into the pond itself; this will increase the oxygen concentrations rapidly and mortality of fish will
be checked. Remember, lime can't improve dissolved oxygen level of pond water during
emergency.
Q4. At what dose I should apply lime and cow dung to pond water? Is the dose of lime for
soil treatment during preparation of pond before stocking the fish will be same as that
of pond water treatment?
Ans. Lime is applied to correct the acidity where as raw cow dung is applied to correct the
alkalinity of pond water or sediment. The dose of lime is not same for water and soil treatment, it
depends on pH of water or soil. Undecomposed feeds, manures, rotten detritus at pond sediments
and other matters which are responsible for acidic soil pH are diluted by overlaying pond water.
Thereby water pH is always higher (approximately by 1.0 unit) than soil pH. Lime and raw cow
dung can be utilized to correct different soil and water pH of pond water. The dose of these two
is given below in Table 1.
Table 1. Dose of amendments for correction of water and soil pH of fish ponds
pH range Productivity of Water Lime (CaCO3) Kg/ha
4.0-4.5 Unproductive 2000
4.5-5.0 Low Productivity 1000
5.0-6.0 Low Productivity 500
6.0-7.0 Average Productivity 250
7.0-8.5 Most Productive 100-200
> 8.5 Low Productivity to Nil, Apply Raw cow
unproductive. dung @ 15-20 ton/ha
The above dose of lime is for calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When slaked lime Ca(OH)2 or quick
lime CaO is applied the dose should be 3/4th and ½ of the above dosages respectively.
76
Q5. During spring or early summer, adult fish in my stocking ponds starts dieing due to
occurrence of some diseases. Is it related to water parameters? How can I check this
menace?
Ans. Occurrence of fish disease is not entirely dependent on soil and water quality parameters.
However, during spring or early summer occurrence of fish disease is very common
phenomenon in ponds which are not desilted. Pond bottom sediment if not dried well after the
harvesting of fish and before the stocking of new fish then also this problem may arise. In many
ponds dewatering and complete drying of pond bottom in sun is not possible; some ponds are
deeper than normal depth of fish ponds. In that case desiltation may be carried out in every
alternate year. Over time, undecomposed feeds, manures, rotten detritus and other matters which
are responsible for acidic soil pH are accumulated at pond sediments. In acidic condition, fish
gets prone to attacks of parasites and diseases. During the culture period the pond mud is water-
logged and under anaerobic conditions. Oxidation processes of organic matter cannot be
completed and oxygen (O2) debt is built up of these partially oxidized products of fermentation.
Exposure to air during drying of ponds completes this oxidation after resulting in the release of
carbon dioxide (CO2) making the soils slightly acidic. The completion of oxidation releases the
contained nutrient materials by mineralization and acidic condition cause these materials to
remain adsorbed in the soil, ready for release when the pond is refilled. The chief advantage of
dry period is the restoration of the fertility of the pond. Lime is applied when the top soil is dried
and mixed well by ploughing the soil.
If the above procedure is not followed before stocking of fish then chances of disease
incidence and death of fish may happen during late spring/early summer. In that case following
emergency management measures may be adopted to control the mortality of adult and brood
fishes:
1. Collect the dead fishes from the infected pond and burry and burn them in a soil pit away
from the pond site.
2. Catch the infected fishes as many as possible from the infected pond by netting and
transferred them in a separate pond where fishes are not dying. Before releasing them in
to the new pond, give 1h bath treatment in 10 ppm potassium permanganate solution, and
then transfer the fish to a bath of 15ppm of formalin for 4-12 h. Ensure good dissolved
oxygen level in the transferred pond.
3. Conduct netting operation in the infected pond several times by drag net so that bottom
soil is racked well and stirred. To increase the effectiveness of this operation, one local
method is found to be very effective. Few strings of iron wire used for fencing are rolled
on and drag from both side of ponds like drag net. This method is more effective than
netting for racking the rotten bottom sediment of culture ponds.
4. Apply lime in the turbid water side by side with the racking operation so that lime comes
in contact of the sediment. Remember that lime should be applied before the sediment is
settled down. The dose of lime should be 500-1000 kg/ha. On an average, 100 kg lime
may be applied per bigha (where 1 ha = 7.5 bigha). The above action should be repeated
continuously for 3 days. Operation (3) & (4) should be completed before 11 AM.
5. To increase the effectiveness, many experienced farmers apply botox to control
ectoparasites, fresh neem leaves in smashed form to control pathogens. In absence of
neem trees, farmers also apply the smashed plants of some common wetland weeds of the
genus Polygonum. It was observed in CIFE, Kolkata Centre that smashed aerial parts of
77
Polygonum hydropiper (Local name in Bengal: Lankashira, Bankalmi etc.), Polygonum

glabrum (Local name in Bengal: Lal Jhaloghash), Polygonum barbatum (Local name in
Bengal: Sada Jhaloghash) have antibacterial and antifungal properties against fish
pathogens (unpublished data). Farmers collect these weeds in gunny bags which grow in
marshy lands. Smashed them in wooden hammer and apply in pond water after the
application of lime. 5-6 gunny bags of Polygonum weeds or neem leaves are sufficient
for the treatment of 1.0 acre pond water.
6. On 4th day one can realise the better condition of infected pond just by observing the
change in colour of pond water. Transfer the infected fishes from the other ponds to this
pond again. Before that give the bath treatment with potassium permanganate 4 ppm
solution. Mortality of infected fish will be reduced.
Farmers often will have trouble finding the proper chemicals for treating their ponds or deciding
which disease the fish have and which treatment to give. Here are some general treatments; any
of these treatments will help an infected pond.
Baths: Potassium permanganate 4ppm, Salt 3-5%, Copper sulfate 500ppm for 1-2 minutes,
Formalin 250ppm for 1 hour, Malachite green 67 ppm for 10-30 seconds or use unslaked lime
(caCO3) directly in the pond as described above.
Some pond owners always treat new brood stock with a one-hour bath in 10ppm of
potassium permanganate, and then transfer the fish to a bath of 15ppm of formalin for 4 to 12
hours. This ensures that no parasites will be introduced into the pond with the brood stock.
Q6. I have purchased around 1 lakh spawn and fry from the best hatchery and stocked
them in my pond. But when I harvested the fish for selling, I catch hardly 2-3
thousands. Where the other fishes have gone?
Ans. The size and stocking density of fish depends on depth and size of pond. Just like human,
during delivery and after the baby is born, for 3 -4 weeks new born baby is kept in Antur Ghar in
villages and in nursing home in cities. Similarly small size fishes should not be kept with adult
fishes as it is a very common phenomemnon called ‘matsyanyaya' in which big
fishes always eats little fishes. Different size of ponds is there for different size of fishes. Depth
of pond water is also important as small fishes can't adjust their breathing capacity with the large
water column of stocking ponds. Given below a table in which what fish should be stocked at
what density in which pond, the depth and size of the pond are mentioned.
Name of the Ideal depth Ideal size Fish stocked Stocking density
pond (m) (ha)
Nursery pond 1.0 -1.5 m < 0.1 ha Spawn 5 to 10 million/ha
Rearing pond 1.5 - 2.0 m 0.1 - 1.0 ha Fry 200,000/ha
(20-25 mm size)
Stocking pond 2.0 - 2.5 m > 1.0 ha Fingerlings 6-10,000/ ha
If spawn and small fry are stocked in stocking pond, most of them are died as they are unable to
cope up with the situation. Very few of them are survived which are caught at the time of
harvesting.
78
Q7. I have found lots of algae and aquatic weeds in my ponds. This make the netting
operation difficult and I can't harvest my fish. What should I do to tackle this
situation?
Ans. Floating aquatic weeds e.g. water hyacinth, pistia, salvinia are found in ponds and lakes
which are not managed properly. Floating weeds are easier to control than submerged weeds
only thing is that action should be taken at right time. Floating aquatic weeds can be removed
easily by netting operation before the weed covers the half of the pond water area. Labourers
may face problem to remove it manually by netting operation due to itching in skin when they
come in contact with pond water. For this, lime should be applied in water. For application of
lime also some water area should remain vacant. So action should be taken in time i.e. before the
weeds covered up the half of water area in pond. Remove the floating aquatic weed by netting, 2-
3 days before netting apply lime @ 500 kg/ha water area. When the whole pond is infested with
floating aquatic weeds and it can not be removed manually and the fish which are there in the
pond can be sacrificed for the sake of clearance of weed, 2,4-D Na salt (Killweed®) may be
applied when the pond is infested with water hyacinth, or glyphosate (Round up®) when the
pond is infested with pistia, salvinia etc. @ 10 kg/ha water area.
Problem is more severe when the pond is infested with algae and submerged aquatic
weeds like hydrilla, ceratophyllum, chara, vallisneria, najas etc. This problem occurs due to two
factors: (i). the depth of water column is less then the optimum (pl. see above for the depth of
water column to be maintained for different types of ponds), (ii). The water is transparent enough
to permit sunlight to strike the mud bottom of the pond. When the depth of water column is less
and water is transparent, sunlight directly hits the pond bottom and promotes the growth of
submerged aquatic weeds and algae. To check this menace strict management measures have to
be adopted as in India no weedicide/herbicide is available to control the submerged aquatic
weeds. Filamentous algae (e.g.Spirogyra, Cladophora and Pithophora) are also very difficult to
control. For this maintain the optimum recommended depth of pond water. It has been observed
experimentally at CIFE, Kolkata Centre that when the depth of pond water was not less than 5 ft,
colour of the water was greenish brown to brownish green and density of adult fish was 8 to 10
thousands per ha the submerged aquatic weed was effectively controlled. Grass carps eats on
submerged weeds and algea, therefore, 50% of Rohu fingerlings can be substituted during
stocking with 50g size of grass carp. However, grass carp will find problem to survive when
acute infestation of algae or submerged weeds occurs. When the water is transparent, apply raw
cow dung daily for one week at split dosages to improve the colour. Cow dung should be mixed
with water and spread all over the pond daily @ 0.5 kg/m2 or 500 kg per 0.1 ha water area.
However, depth of water is very important. If minimum depth of water (5 ft) is not maintained
application of anything (cow dung, rice bran or mustard oil cake) to maintain the colour will go
waste and the nutrients will be utilized by weeds and algae. This will only add the problem of
more submerged weeds and algae. If the pond water is covered with floating aquatic weeds e.g.
Wolfia. sp (microweeds) or Lemna minor, Lemna major, Spirodella for one week, then also the
growth of algae and submerged weeds is checked due to lack of penetration of sunlight. The
adult fish dribbled the sides and bottom of pond. This reduces the occurrence of rooted
submerged weeds. To avoid the problem of submerged weeds never keep this type of ponds out
of fish. Stocking of fish at little higher density (i.e. 10,000/ha) will serve the purpose better.
To check this incidence in the next season, some measure may be taken during pond
preparation after harvesting of fish. Advantage of drying the pond bottom is discussed in the
79
answer of Q5 above. After drying the pond bottom in sunlight lime is applied when the top soil is
dried and mixed well by ploughing the soil. Two or three days when the 1 ft layer of soil is
completely dried, rack the soil (ladder can also be used) and remove the roots of submerged
weeds manually. Don't through the roots here and there but collect them in a heap over dyke and
put fire. This will reduce the chance of infestation of rooted submerged weed to a great extent.
Q8. I can't measure any water parameters. I don't have any knowledge or any facility for
the estimation of water parameters. But I want to excel in aquaculture business. Are
there any simple methods for estimation of water parameters with the help of which I
can maintain the fish well in my ponds?
Ans. Estimation of water parameters does not require any special knowledge. Even a class IV
pass person can do these tests. CIFE and Directorate of Fisheries of different State government,
KVKs publishes leaflets and booklets in local languages in different aspects of fisheries time to
time. Interested farmers can easily collect these publications from these sources. However, for
simplification and to clear the fear of tests procedure, please go through the next paragraph.
Dissolved oxygen and pH are most important water parameters and decide the fate of
other parameters in pond water. If one keeps these two parameters in optimum level, 95% of
problems is solved. pH can be tested easily with the help of pH paper (not litmus paper). Please
see the estimation procedure of pH in the previous article of this manual. If the colour chart of
pH paper indicates the pH range is above 7.0 and less than 9.0 then it is Ok. Otherwise take steps
to correct pH as described before. For the estimation of dissolved oxygen you need two solutions
Winkler's A and Winklers'B (Please see the estimation procedure of Dissolved oxygen in the
previous article of this manual). Like pH, by observing the colour of the water (250-300 ml) after
addition of these two solutions (2 ml each), one can guess the level of dissolved oxygen in pond
water. Whitish colour indicates poor dissolved oxygen level. Deeper the colour of the precipitate
higher the dissolved oxygen level in water. Whitish colour indicates low dissolved oxygen
concentration (< 3 mg/L), where as deep brown colour indicates optimum dissolved oxygen
concentration (> 6 mg/L). Concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water sample when light
brown colour appears may be within 3-6 mg/L. After the estimation take measures to improve
the dissolved oxygen level if the colour of water after addition of Winkler's A and Winklers'B is
not deep brown.
Q9. I heard that application of chemical fertilizers enhances the pond fertility and
productivity. What are the dosages of different fertilizers and when should I apply
them?
Ans. The objective of fertilizing fish ponds is to enhance growth of fish food organisms by
improving the nutrient status of pond soil and water. Pond fertilization is an important and
necessary step in extensive or intensive methods of farming operations. Fertilization of pond
should be done after 20-25 days of liming. The main nutrient limiting phytoplankton production
is phosphorus. Nitrogen is also a limiting nutrient in many ponds, but fertilizers should contain
as much P2O5 as N. Optimum ratios of N: P2O5 in fertilizers are about 1:3 for freshwater ponds
and 1:1 in brackish water ponds. Fertilizers should be applied at rates of 5-10 kg P2O5/ha per
application at 2-4 weeks interval. Urea and ammonium fertilizers are popular and inexpensive,
but if used at high rates, they can cause ammonia toxicity. Microbial oxidation of ammonia
80
causes an oxygen demand and is a source of acidity. Nitrate fertilizers are more expensive, but
have advantages over other nitrogen fertilizers; nitrate is not toxic and is fully oxidized.
Table: Fertilizer schedule based on nutrient requirement of ponds.

Soil Conditions Fertilizers / manures
requirement
mg/100g soil
Kg/ha/year
Pond type
carbon %
Available
nutrients
Material
Nutrient
Organic
(kg/ha)
pH
CAN 500-650
or Urea 225-290
SSP 315-404
N below
N 200-250 or TSP 110-145
Low 25
<5.5 <0.5 P2O5 100- Rock 300-400
productive P2O5
125 Phosphate 10,000-
below 3
Cow-dung 12,000
or Gobar gas 20,000-
slurry 30,000
CAN 350-500
or Urea 156-225
N 150-200
SSP 219-315
Medium 5.5- N 25-50 P2O5 75-100
0.5-1.5 or TSP 75-110
productive 6.5 P2O5 3-6 Org.C 480-
Cow-dung 8,000-10,000
600
or Gobar gas 16,000-
Slurry 20,000
Urea 112-156
or AS 225-330
N above N 100-150
SSP 1256-219
High 6.5- 50 P2O5 50-75
1.5-2.0 or TSP 54-76
productive 7.5 P2O5 Org.C 300-
Cow dung or 5,000-8,000
above 6 480
Gobar gas 10,000-
slurry 16,000
Q10. I have applied phosphatic fertilizers SSP to enhance the productivity. But I didn't
find any effect on pond productivity. Should I apply some other phosphatic fertilizer
or some other reasons are there for this?
The availability of phosphorus is important to aquatic productivity owing to the fact that PO4
ions in soil form insoluble compounds with iron and aluminium under acidic conditions and with
calcium under alkaline conditions, rendering the phosphorus ion unavailable to water body.
Experiments show that alkaline soil adsorbs more phosphorus than acidic soil. However,
phytoplankton helps in uptake of available phosphorus, which is stored for use in their cells, and
as a result it helps in production of their population, which may directly or indirectly affect pond
productivity. The binding and releasing by adsorption on the pond mud applies not only to the
nutrients naturally occurring in the soil, but also to fertilizer added to the pond. The phosphate in
81
the fish pond remained in the soil, adsorbed on the oxidising layer of the mud on colloidal ferric
hydroxide and in absence of the oxygen (O2). Ferric ion is reduced to ferrous ion and phosphorus
is released in soluble form in the water. Phosphate is also incorporated in the bodies of micro–
organisms. These two factors account for the residual effect of phosphatic fertilizers and
subsequent release under suitable condition even after 4 years of application. So the phosphatic
fertilizers are not utilized immediately in fish ponds. For better utilization maintain a neutral pH
for pond water when any phosphatic fertlizers is applied.
Q11. I have observed that colour of my pond water changes to different shades of green
and brown. Why is it happens? Which colour of water is good for aquaculture and what
should I do to maintain the optimum colour of pond water?
Phytoplankton or algae are green in colour and they serve as main food material for spawn and
fry in nursery ponds. Therefore, intensity of green colouration indicates the productivity of
nursery pond. Euglena is a phytoplankton and green in color owing to the presence of
chloroplasts in its cell. Certain species of Euglena (e.g. E. rubra), a phytoplankton, appears red
under sunlight, which is primarily because of the presence of large amount of red-pigment
granules (carotenoids). Apparent colour of the organisms can be changed from green to red by
the migration of red-pigment granules from a central to peripheral or more uniformly distributed
position. Therefore, colour of water may be reddish in day and green in absence of sunlight.
Brown water indicates that there is floating dirt and particles in the water. Rotting leaves and
debris create "tanning" of the water. Netting followed by addition of lime clears the tanning of
water. Fully transparent and completely clear water is not ideal for fish which signified there is
no natural food material in pond water. Apply raw cow dung if the colour is transparent.
Brownish green to greenish brown colouration of water is good for pond productivity.
***
82

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Training Manual on Freshwater Pisciculture (3rd Edn)

B. K. Mahapatra, Subhendu. Datta, G. H. Pailan, P. Sardar, S. Munilkumar and S. Dasgupta (Eds.)

Answers of Some Common Questions Related to Water Parameters

Dr. Subhendu Datta

Kolkata Centre, Central Institute of Fisheries Education

Polygonum hydropiper (Local name in Bengal: Lankashira, Bankalmi etc.), Polygonum

Table: Fertilizer schedule based on nutrient requirement of ponds.

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