Rizal Technological University

Boni Ave, Mandaluyong City

College of Arts and Science
Department of Biology

Science Technology and Society

The Nano World: Nanotechnology

Submitted To:
Prof. Patricino Macalinao

Submitted By:
CAS-02-301A
Bulalacao, Daniel
Bungag, Julie Ann
Cabayao, Vanne
Cabigting, Marie Fe
Casiple, Jelly
TITLE

 The Nano World: Nanotechnology

1. Definition of Nanotechnology
2. Timeline of Nanotechnology
3. Advances of Nanotechnology
4. Micro machines
5. Four Generation of Nanotechnology

OBJECTIVES

 To explain the following topic: a. Nanotechnology b. Timeline of Nanotechnology c.

Advances of Nanotechnology d. Micro machines c. Four Generation of Nanotechnology,
 To expand the student’s information in order to be informed about the opportunities and
impacts of nanotechnology,
 To utilize materials and other example of nanotechnology in approaching students to fully
understand nanotechnology,

TARGET POPULATION:

 CAS-02-301A (BS in Biology students)

INSTRUCTION:

1. Create an energizer that would help the students to have prior knowledge about the
given topic.
2. Ask what is nanotechnology?
3. Ask about their background information about nanotechnology.
4. Report the topic.
5. Ask what their insights about the topic are after reporting.

INTRODUCTION:

Nanotechnology is the study and manipulation of matter at incredibly small sizes, generally
between one and 100 nano meters. To put this in perspective, a piece of paper is about 100,000
nano meters thick. Revolutionary nanotech products, materials and applications, such as nano
robotics, are years in the future. What qualifies as "nanotechnology" today is basic research and
development that is happening in laboratories all over the world. "Nanotech" products that are
on the market today are mostly gradually improved products where some form of nano-enabled
material (such as carbon nanotubes, nano composite structures or nanoparticles of a particular
substance) or nanotech process (e.g. nano patterning or quantum dots for medical imaging) is
used in the manufacturing process. Evolutionary nanotechnology should therefore be viewed as a
process that gradually will affect most companies and industries

CONTENT:

Introduction of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is part of the next wave of innovation in science and engineering that will
transform many sectors, including aerospace, energy, information technology, medicine, national
defense and transportation. Nanotechnology will enable the development of next generation
materials that are stronger, lighter and more durable than the materials used today in buildings,
bridges, airplanes, automobiles and other applications.

Nanotechnology also holds great promise for creating products for a more energy-efficient
world, such as more efficient fuel cells, batteries and solar panels. Almost all electronic devices
made in the last decade, including today’s most advanced computer chips and personal electronic
devices, were manufactured using nanotechnology.

Timeline Examples of Nanotechnology

4th Century: The Lycurgus Cup (Rome) is an example of dichroic glass; colloidal gold and silver in
the glass allow it to look opaque green when lit from outside but translucent red when light shines
through the inside.

9th-17th Centuries: Glowing, glittering “luster” ceramic glazes used in the Islamic world, and later
in Europe, contained silver or copper or other metallic nanoparticles.
6th-15th Centuries: Vibrant stained glass windows in European cathedrals owed their rich colors
to nanoparticles of gold chloride and other metal oxides and chlorides; gold nanoparticles also
acted as photocatalytic air purifiers.

13th-18th Centuries: “Damascus” saber blades contained carbon nanotubes and cementite
nanowires—an ultrahigh-carbon steel formulation that gave them strength, resilience, the ability
to hold a keen edge, and a visible moiré pattern in the steel that give the blades their name.

1857: Michael Faraday discovered colloidal “ruby” gold, demonstrating that nanostructured gold
under certain lighting conditions produces different-colored solutions.

1936: Erwin Müller, working at Siemens Research Laboratory, invented the field emission
microscope, allowing near-atomic-resolution images of materials.

1947: John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs discovered the
semiconductor transistor and greatly expanded scientific knowledge of semiconductor interfaces,
laying the foundation for electronic devices and the Information Age.

1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments originated the concept of, designed, and built the first
integrated circuit, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 2000.

1974: Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology to
describe precision machining of materials to within atomic-scale dimensional tolerances.

1993: Moungi Bawendi of MIT invented a method for controlled synthesis of nanocrystals
(quantum dots), paving the way for applications ranging from computing to biology to high-
efficiency photovoltaics and lighting. Within the next several years, work by other researchers such
as Louis Brus and Chris Murray also contributed methods for synthesizing quantum dots.

1998: The Interagency Working Group on Nanotechnology (IWGN) was formed under the National
Science and Technology Council to investigate the state of the art in nanoscale science and
technology and to forecast possible future developments. The IWGN’s study and report,
Nanotechnology Research Directions: Vision for the Next Decade (1999) defined the vision for and
led directly to formation of the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative in 2000.
1999: Chad Mirkin at Northwestern University invented dip-pen nanolithography® (DPN®), leading
to manufacturable, reproducible “writing” of electronic circuits as well as patterning of
biomaterials for cell biology research, nanoencryption, and other applications.

1999–early 2000’s: Consumer products making use of nanotechnology began appearing in the
marketplace, including lightweight nanotechnology-enabled automobile bumpers that resist
denting and scratching, golf balls that fly straighter, tennis rackets that are stiffer (therefore, the
ball rebounds faster), baseball bats with better flex and "kick," nano-silver antibacterial socks, clear
sunscreens, wrinkle- and stain-resistant clothing, deep-penetrating therapeutic cosmetics,
scratch-resistant glass coatings, faster-recharging batteries for cordless electric tools, and
improved displays for televisions, cell phones, and digital cameras.

2003: Naomi Halas, Jennifer West, Rebekah Drezek, and Renata Pasqualin at Rice University
developed gold nanoshells, which when “tuned” in size to absorb near-infrared light, serve as a
platform for the integrated discovery, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer without invasive
biopsies, surgery, or systemically destructive radiation or chemotherapy.

2004: The European Commission adopted the Communication “Towards a European Strategy for
Nanotechnology,” COM(2004) 338, which proposed institutionalizing European nanoscience and
nanotechnology R&D efforts within an integrated and responsible strategy, and which spurred
European action plans and ongoing funding for nanotechnology R&D.

2006: James Tour and colleagues at Rice University built a nanoscale car made of oligo(phenylene
ethynylene) with alkynyl axles and four spherical C60 fullerene (buckyball) wheels. In response to
increases in temperature, the nanocar moved about on a gold surface as a result of the buckyball
wheels turning, as in a conventional car. At temperatures above 300°C it moved around too fast
for the chemists to keep track of it.

2007: Angela Belcher and colleagues at MIT built a lithium-ion battery with a common type of virus
that is nonharmful to humans, using a low-cost and environmentally benign process. The batteries
have the same energy capacity and power performance as state-of-the-art rechargeable batteries
being considered to power plug-in hybrid cars, and they could also be used to power personal
electronic devices.
2009–2010: Nadrian Seeman and colleagues at New York University created several DNA-like
robotic nanoscale assembly devices. One is a process for creating 3D DNA structures using
synthetic sequences of DNA crystals that can be programmed to self-assemble using “sticky ends”
and placement in a set order and orientation. Nanoelectronics could benefit: the flexibility and
density that 3D nanoscale components allow could enable assembly of parts that are smaller,
more complex, and more closely spaced.

2010: IBM used a silicon tip measuring only a few nanometers at its apex (similar to the tips used
in atomic force microscopes) to chisel away material from a substrate to create a complete
nanoscale 3D relief map of the world one-one-thousandth the size of a grain of salt—in 2 minutes
and 23 seconds. This activity demonstrated a powerful patterning methodology for generating
nanoscale patterns and structures as small as 15 nanometers at greatly reduced cost and
complexity, opening up new prospects for fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, and
medicine.

2011: The NSET Subcommittee updated both the NNI Strategic Plan and the NNI Environmental,
Health, and Safety Research Strategy, drawing on extensive input from public workshops and
online dialog with stakeholders from Government, academia, NGOs, and the public, and others.

2012: The NNI launched two more Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (NSIs)--Nanosensors and
the Nanotechnology Knowledge Infrastructure (NKI)--bringing the total to five NSIs.

2013: The NNI starts the next round of Strategic Planning, starting with the Stakeholder Workshop.
Stanford researchers develop the first carbon nanotube computer.

2014: The NNI releases the updated 2014 Strategic Plan.The NNI releases the 2014 Progress
Review on the Coordinated Implementation of the NNI 2011 Environmental, Health, and Safety
Research Strategy.
Advances of Nanotechnology

1. Health: Drug Delivery

Nanoparticles for chemotherapy drug carriers have made some of the greatest
advancements in cancer treatment. By using nanocarriers to treat patients, treatments can
focus on targeting cancerous cells and limit the damage to healthy cells.
2. Agriculture: Crop Protection and Livestock Productivity
Currently, the world population is growing at 1.13 percent per year, with an
estimated 7.4 billion people in the world today. Experts predict this number will continue
to rise to more than 90 billion by 2050, with the largest population increase expected to
occur in less developed countries (Population Reference Bureau). These predictions have
world leaders, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
anticipating significant increases in food demand and rising pressure for healthy crops in
developing countries.
In response to these growing population concerns, scientists in the nanotechnoloy
and nanoagriculture fields are focused on determining how nanosized particles can
increase crop and livestock productivity. While nanoagriculture is a more recent
application of nanotechnology, the benefits are clear with its “potential to protect plants,
monitor plant growth, detect plant and animal diseases, increase global food production,
enhance food quality and reduce waste.”

3. Water Treatment: Safe Purification

According to the World Health Organisation, “2.6 billion people—half the

developing world—lack even a simple ‘improved’ latrine and 1.1 billion people have no
access to any type of improved drinking water.” This lack of access to clean, safe water
poses dire health risks to much of the world’s population, including: death from diarrheal
disease, schistosomiasis infection, and intestinal parasites.

Scientists and engineers are focused on applying nanotechology to resolve these issues
and make water safe and purified.
 4. Diseases: Early Detection

Nanotechnology applications for early disease detection are gaining a significant

amount of traction and attention. Essentially, scientists are exploring the use of
nanoparticles to raise a warning or “biomarker” if a cancerous tumor or other disease is
found. Since these nanoparticles carry several peptides, in theory, it should send numerous
biomarkers to indicate that a disease is present. Early detection of diseases like Alzheimer’s
and cancer allows treatments and, potentially, a cure to begin sooner.

5. Energy Storage: Solar Power

In an effort to accelerate solar power advancements, researchers are applying

nanotechnology to solar energy. For example, nanoparticles “have been shown to enhance
the absorption of light, increase the conversation of light to electricity, and provide better
thermal storage and transport (National Nanotechnology Initiative).” With these
advancements, nanotechnology has the potential to improve solar energy efficiency and
reduce costs.

Micro machines

Micromachines are mechanical objects that are fabricated in the same general manner as
integrated circuits. They are generally considered to be between 100 nanometres to 100
micrometres in size, though that is debatable. The applications of micromachines include
accelerometers that detect when a car has hit an object and trigger an airbag. Complex systems
of gears and levers are another application.

Four Generations of Nanotechnology

Generation 1: Passive Nanostructures

The first generation of nanotechnology is the one that we are currently in and it’s really getting
into the swing of things. This is the generation of “passive” nanostructures. In other words, it’s the
creation of materials where we control their structure on a molecular level, but the actual product
doesn’t “do” anything. It has material properties that are useful or even revolutionary, but that’s
as far as it goes. This includes the creation and addition of nano-scale particles that change the
properties of existing materials.

Generation 2: Active Nanostructures

This generation also includes nanoscale devices such as the MEMS system in your smartphone.
These microscopic accelerometers and gyroscopes allow your phone to know which way it’s being
held and to track its own motion. The next generation of transistors will also be three-dimensional
nanostructures and quite likely enable a new generation of computer performance.

Generation 3: Systems of Nanosystems

The third-generation of nanotechnology is one that we have yet to reach. This is essentially the
nanotech world that most people think of when you bring up the subject. Third generation
nanotech is where we see various nanomachines working together. Nanofactories assembling
molecules or complex large-scale machines and materials are an example of a third-generation
nanotech application.

Generation 4: Molecular Nanosystems

Fourth-generation is the perfection of this technology. At this level we have complete control of
the actual molecules that make up our nanomachines. In other words, while a third generation
nanomachine may have different components made from specific molecules, a fourth-generation
nanomachine is made from different molecules with specific structures; each molecule has a
specific structure and function. We are literally building these nanomachines at the molecular level
by using specific atoms to build them.
PRE-TEST/POST TEST:

 Pre-test: Class discussion about the difference, benefits and significance of different type
of sim cards.

 Post-test: Nanotechnology Questions

I. Identification
Nanotechnology 1. The study and manipulation of matter at incredibly small sizes, generally
between one and 100 nano meters.
Lycurgus Cup 2. An example of dichroic glass; colloidal gold and silver in the glass allow it to
look opaque green when lit from outside but translucent red when light shines through the
inside.
Michael Faraday 3. He discovered colloidal “ruby” gold, demonstrating that nanostructured
gold under certain lighting conditions produces different-colored solutions.
Generation 1: Passive Nanostructures 4. The first generation of nanotechnology is the one
that we are currently in and it’s really getting into the swing of things.
Micromachines 5. Mechanical objects that are fabricated in the same general manner as
integrated circuits.
Naomi Halas, Jennifer West, Rebekah Drezek, and Renata Pasqualin 6. They developed gold
nanoshells, which when “tuned” in size to absorb near-infrared light, serve as a platform for
the integrated discovery, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer without invasive
biopsies, surgery, or systemically destructive radiation or chemotherapy.
Biomarker 7. The term used to raised warning if a cancerous tumor or other disease is found.
 Nanoagriculture 8. This is a more recent application of nanotechnology, the benefits are clear
with its “potential to protect plants, monitor plant growth, detect plant and animal diseases,
increase global food production, enhance food quality and reduce waste.”
Nanocarrier 9. This is used to treat patients, treatments can focus on targeting cancerous
cells and limit the damage to healthy cells.
Nanoelectronics 10. This could benefit the flexibility and density that 3D nanoscale
components allow could enable assembly of parts that are smaller, more complex, and more
closely spaced.
II. Enumeration

1. Give five advances of nanotechnology with examples.

2. Give the four generations of nanotechnology.

FEEDBACK OR REACTION:

Nanotechnology is broad course that encompass chemistry, physics, biology, materials

science, electrical engineering and more. The report will provide a fundamental principles behind
nanotechnology and their vital role in novel sensing properties and applications. The reporters will
discuss interesting interdisciplinary scientific knowledge about nanotechnology to understand by
the students. By the end of the report, students will understand the advances, characterization,
and manipulation of nanomaterial used in nanotechnology, and how they can be exploited for new
applications. Also, students will apply their knowledge of nanotechnology to a topic of personal
interest in this course.

REFERENCES:

 Bernardo, N.C. et al (2018). Science, technology and society.

Quezon City, Philippines. Rex Book Store
 Dayrit, Fabian. “Sustainable Development: An Evolving Paradigm
for the 21st Century,” in Stellar Origins, Human Ways:
 Readings in Science, Technology, and Society, ed. Ma. Assunta
Cuyegkeng, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press,
2011.
 Nanotechnology timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.nano.gov/timeline?fbclid=IwAR3lUVG9ct3vQMzvZ
eSoRHRZOcp6aANb37dof4rtrBd9Mfcx_EvGyxCCbn4
 The four generations of nanotechnology. (February 2, 2017).
Retrieved from https://humanparagon.com/four-generations-
of-nanotechnology/
 What is nanotechnology?. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/introduction/intr
oduction_to_nanotechnology
 Wilson, L. (2016). 5 of the latest advancements in
nanotechnology. Retrieved from
https://memeburn.com/2016/04/5-latest-advancements-
nanotechnology/