 Rizal, did not know the Japanese
language. To avoid further
embarrassment, Rizal decided to study
the Japanese language. He also studied
the Japanese drama (Kabuki), Japanese
art of self defense (Judo), arts and
music.
Rizal and the Tokyo Musicians
 One spring afternoon on March 1888,
Rizal was strolling in a street of Tokyo
near a park. In the park, Rizal heard
the Tokyo band playing a classical work
of Strauss. He was amzaed of the
performance and listen in rapt
attention.
 The band stopped playing. The
musicians walked around for a rest.
Then he heard them speakong in
Tagalog, he asked in amazement:
"Paisano, taga saan po kayo?
 The musicians were all surprised and
delighted to meet him. Musicians told
Rizal they are Filipinos and they were
playing for the secondary instruments.
Rizal's Impression of Japan
.1. The things which favorably impressed
Rizal in Japan were:
1. The beauty of the country - it's
flowers, mountains, streams, and
scenic panoramas
2. The cleanliness, politeness, and
industry of the Japanese people
3. The picturesque dress and simple
charm of the Japanese women
4. There were very few thieves in Japan
so that the houses remained open
day and night, and in the hotel room
one could safely leave money on the
table.
5. were rarely seen in the city streets,
unlike in Manila and other cities
.2. One thing Rizal did not like in Japan
was the popular mode of
transportation by means of rickshaws
drawn by men. Seeing people working
on rickshaws recoiled the sensitive
soul of Rizal. He felt disgusted at the
way human was employed like a horse
Romance with O-Sei-San
 One spring afternoon after Rizal moved
to the Spanish Legation in the Azubo
district, Rizal saw a pretty Japanese girl
walking.having an eye for beauty, he
was attracted by her loveliness and
charm, modesty, and intelligence. She
was also his guide, tutor, and
interpreter.
 Rizal then made inquiries in the
legation emplyoyess and learned from a
Japanese gardener that she was Seiko
Usui who lived in her parent's home.
 The following afternoon, Rizal and the
gardener waited for Seiko. After seeing
her, Rizal took off his hat and politely
introduced himself just like how
Germans do.the gardener took aid of
Rizal's Japanese as he's Japanese at
that time was still very poor.
 Seiko and Rizal's language barrier was
eliminated when Seiko converse with
Rizal in English and French
 They visited the interesting spots of the
city
o Imperial Gallery
o Hibiya Park
o Universities
o Shrines
o Shokubutsu-En (Botanical
Garden)
Sayonara, Japan
 After 45 days in Japan. On April 13,
1888, Rizal boarded 'Belgic' bound for
United States. His sojourn in Japan
was one of the happiest interludes in
his life.
O-Sei-San after Rizal's Departure
 Brokenhearted by the first man to
capture her heart. About 1897, she
married Mr. Alfred Chariton, British
chemistry teacher in Tokyo. Their
wedlock was blessed by a daughter
named Yuriko, later Yuriko married
Yoshiharu Takiguchi, son of a Japanese
senator. O-Sei-San survived WWII and
died at the age of 80, May 1, 1947
Voyage Across the Pacific
 Despite his sorrowing heart, Rizal
enjoyed the pleasant trans-Pacific
voyage to the United States. On board
the ship, he met a semi-Filipino Me.
Reinaldo Turned, his wife Emma
Jackson, their children, and their maid
servant from pangasinan.
 One day one of the children, a bright
young boy asked Rizal: "Do you know,
sir, a famous man in Manila named
Richal? He wrote a novel, Nopi Me
Rangers." "Yes, hijo, I am Richao," Rizal
replied.
Rizal and Tetcho
 Tetcho Suehiro
o A fighting Japanese journalist,
novelist, and champion of
human rights.
o Was forced by the Japanese
government to leave the country,
just as Rizal was compelled to
leave the Philippines by the
Spanish authorities.
o April 13 - December 11, 1888
Tetcho came to admire Rizal,
 whose patriotism and
magnificent talents greatly
fascinated him and influenced
him to fortify his own crusade for
human rights in his own
country.
o Shortly after his return to Japan,
Tetcho published his travel diary
which contained his impression
of Rizal. He then entered into
politics and was elected as
member of the lower house of the
First Imperial Diet (Japanese
parliament), where he carried on
his fight for human rights.
o The following year, he published
a political novel titled"Nankai-no-
Daiharan" (Storm Over the South
Sea) which resembles Rizal 'Noli
Me Tangere' in plot.
o He then published another novel
entitled 'O-unabara' (The Big
Ocean) which was similar to 'El
Filibusterismo'
o Tetcho died of heart attack in
February, 1896. He was then 49
years old
 Rizal and Tetcho were valiant Patriots,
implacable does of injustice and
tyranny. Both were men of peace using
their trenchant pens as formidable
weapons.
Chapter 13 Rizal in US
Rizal's Visit to the United States
 Rizal first saw America on April 28,
1888. His arrival in this great country
was marred by racialnprejudice. He saw
the discriminatory treatment of the
Chinese and the Negros by the white
Americans.
Arrival in San Francisco
 Saturday, April 28, 1888, the steamer
Belgic docked at San Francisco.
American authorities did not let the
passengers to land for one week
because of the rumored cholera
epidemic
 Rizal knew there was no cholera
epidemic that time and he protest with
other passengers the unjustifiable
actions of American authorities.
 He soon discovered that it was
motivated by politics and the ship was
carrying 643 Chinese coolies.
 After a week of qirantine, all of the
passengers were allowed to land except
for the second and third-class Chinese
ad Japanese passengers
Rizal in San Francisco
 May 4, 1888, the day he was permitted
to go ahore and registered at the Palace
Hotel which was then considered a
first-class hotel in the city.
 Leland Stanford, was a senator
representing California and the founder
and benefactor of Stanford University
 Grover Cleveland was the President of
the United States at that time.
 May 4-6, 1888, RizL stayed in San
Francisco
Across the American Continent
 May 6, 1888, it was Sunday, 4:30 P.M.,
Rizal left San Francisco for Oakland
kind miles across San Francisco Bay,
by ferry boat.
 May 7, 1888, it was morning, Rizal
awoke and had a good breakfast at
Reno, Nevada, now glamorized by
American high-pressure propaganda as
"The Biggest Little City in the World."
 May 7-13, 1888, Rizal wrote in his diary
the beautiful memories from Nevada,
Chicago until he reached Albany
 Oakland, first stop via ferry boat
 Travel flow
o Sacramento, where he ate his
supper 75cengs and slept at his
couch
o Reno, Nevada, where he had
breakfast
o Utah, where he saw Mormons,
thickly populated
o Colorado, a lot of snow and pine
trees
o Nebraska, Omaha City, as big as
San Francisco
o Missouri River, twice as big as
Pasiig River
o Chicago, every cigar store has
Indian figure, and always
different.
o Albany, where he saw the
Hudson River.
Rizal in New York
6. It was Sunday morning on May 13,
1888 wh Rizal reached New York. He
stayed three days in this city, which he
called the "big town".
7. On May 16, 1888, Rizal left New York
for Liverpool on board the City of Rome.
Rizal saw the Statue of Liberty on
Bedloe Island.
Rizal's Impression of America
 The good impressions were:
o The material progress of the
country as shown in the great
cities, huge farms, flourishing
industries, and busy factories.
o He drive and the energy of the
America people.
o The natural beauty of the lanthe
high standard of living
 o The opportunities for better life
offered to poor immigrants
 The bad impression Rizal had of
America was the lack of racial equality.
 In year 1890, two years after Rizal's
visit to the United States,Jose
Alejandro, who was then studying
engineering in Elgiul, roomed with him.
 Rizal impression of America "is the land
par excellence of freedom but only for
whites".
Chapter 14 Rizal in London
Lived in London from May 1888 to March
1889
3 reasons why he stayed there
 To improve his knowledge of the
English language
 To study and annotate Morga's Sucesos
de Las Islas Filipinas
 London was a safe place for him to
carry on his fight against Spanish
Tyranny
During his stay, he had Filipiniana studies, he
completed annotating Morga's books, he wrote
many articles for La Solidaridad, and penned
young women of Malolos.
Trip Across the Atlantic
 He made friends in his Atlantic voyage
 Rizal was on board the "City of Rme".
While on board, Rizal entertained the
American and European passengers
with his marvelous skill of the yo-yo as
a defensive weapon.
 Rizal arrived at Liverpool,England on
May 24, 1888.
o He spent his night at
AdelphiHotel
o He also wrote to his family
Life in London
 Rizal went to London on Ay 25, 1888.
 He stayed asba guest at the home of Dr.
Antonio Ma. regidor, an exile of 1872
and practicing lawyer in London
 By the end of May, he was boarder of
the Beckett family
o Mr. Beckettis an organist at St.
Paul Chur h
o Has three sons and four
daughters, the eldest of the
sisters was Gertrude,called
'Gettie'
 Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost
the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and the authority on Malayan
Languages and Customs.
 Dr. Rost called Rizal "A Pearl of a Man"
 Rizal spent of his time in the British
Museum.
News from Home, Good and Bad
 The bad news were injustices
committed by Spanish authorities on
the Filipino people and the Rizal family.
 Among which were as follow:
o Persecution of Filipino Patriots
who signed the "Anti-Friar
Petition of q888"
o Persecution of Calamba tenants
including Rizal's family and
relatives
o Furious attack on Rizal by
Senators Salamance and Vida
o Rizal's brother-in-law, Manuel T.
Hidalgo, was exiled to Bohol
without due process of law.
o A friend of Rizal, Laureno Viado,
was jailed in Bilibid prision,
because copies of "Noli Me
Tangere'" were found in his
house.
 Good news that cheered Rizal
o Was Rev. Vicente Garcia's
defense of the Noli against the
attack of the friars.
Annotating Morgan's Book
 The greatest achievement of Rizal was
annotating Morgan's Book, Succos De
Los Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of
the Philippine Island), which was
published in Mexico, 1609.
 Rizal laboriously read the old histories
of the Philippines written by Fr.
Chirino, Fr. Collin, Fr. Argensola, Fr.
Plasencia, etc.
Short Visit to Paris and Spain
 Rizal visited Paris for a week. Earlier in
September, 1888. To search for
historical materials in Bibliotheque
Nationale
 He was entertained in this gay French
metropolis by Jua Luna and his
wife(Paz Prado de Tavera)
 On December 11, 1888, he went to
Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona
o There he met Marcelo H. Del
Pilar and Mariano Ponce
Christmas in London
 Rizal returned to London on December
24 and spent Christmas and New Year
with the Beckett Family
 He sent Christmas gifts to his friends.
o To Blumentritt, bust of Emperor
of Agustus
o To Dr. Carlos Czepelak, a bust of
Julius Caesar
o To Rizal's landlady, Mrs. Beckett
a book entitled, "The Life and the
 Adventures of Valentine Vox, The
Ventriliquist".
Rizal Becomes Leader of Filipinos in Europe
 Rizal learned that Filipinos in
Barcelona were planning to establish a
patriotic society. This was called:
Asociacion La Solidaridad which was
inaugurated on December 31,1888.
 Officers of Asociacion La Solidaridad
o Galiciano Apacible - President
o Garciano Lopez - Vice President
o Manuel Santa Maria - Secretary
o Mariano Ponce - Treasurer
o Jose Ma. Panganiban -
Accountant
Rizal and the La Solidaridad Newspaper
 Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the
patriotic newspapers called La
Solidaridad in Barcelona on February
18, 1889.
 La Solidaridad aims:
o To oppose work peacefully for
political and social reforms
o To portray the deplorable
conditions of the Philippines so
that Spain may remedy them
o To oppose evil forces of reaction
and medievalism
o To advocate liberal ideas and
progress
o To champion the legitimate
aspiration of Filipino people to
xlife, democracy, and happiness.
First article in La Solidaridad
 Rizal's first article was entitled 'Los
Agricultores Filipino' (The Filipino
Farmers), which was published on
March 25, 1889, six days after he left
London for Paris
Writings in London
 Rizal received news on Fray
Rodriguez'anabated attack on Noli
 In defense, he wrote a pamphlet; La
Vision de Fray Rodriguez (The Vision of
Fray Rodriguez) which was published in
Barcelona under his nom-de-plume
"Dina's Alang". In this pamphlet, Rizal
demonstrated two things:
o His profound knowledge on
religion
o His biting satire
"Young Women of Malolos" (February 22,
1889) in Tagalog
 The main points of the letter were:
o A Filipino mother should teach
her children Love of God,
fatherland, and mankind
o The Filipino mother should be
glad, like the Spartan mother, to
her sons in defense of the
fatherland
o A Filipino woman should know
how to preserve her dignity and
honor
o A Filipino woman should educate
herself, aside from retaining her
good racial values
o Faith is not merely retaining long
prayers and wearing religious
pictures but rather it is living in
the real Christian way, with good
morals and good manners.
 Dr. Host, editor in Trubner's Record
requested Rizal o contribute some
articles. In which Rizal prepared two
articles: (1) "Specimens of Tagalog
Folklore" published in the journal in
May 1889 and (2) "Two Eastern Fables",
published in ajune 1889
Romance with Gertrude Beckett
 Rizal had a romantcie interlude with
the eldest of the four Beckett sisters,
Gertrude. Gettie as she was affectionaly
called was a Buxom English girl with
brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks.
 Rizal eventually called the finish of four
sculptural works:
o Prometheus Bound
o The Triumph of Death Over Life
o Triumph of Science Over Death
o A Composite Carving of the
Beckett Sisters (The last named
carving was a farewell gift to the
Beckett Sisters)
Adios to London
 Suddenly on March 19,1889, Rizal
bade goodbye to the kink Beckett
family (particularly to Gertrude) and
he left London for Paris because
Rizal suddenly realized that he
could not marry Gettie for he had
mission to fulfill in life.
 He was sad as he crossed the
English channel for he cherished so
many beautiful memories of London.
Chapter 15 Rizal's Second Sojourn in Paris
and the Universal Exposition in 1889
Difficulty in Finding quarters
 In March 1889, it was extremely
difficult for a visitor to find a living
quarters in Paris because Universal
Exposition was scheduled to open on
May 6, 1889
 The cost of living was high because the
French landlords are taking advantage
for the upcoming event.
 For a short time, Rizal lived in the
house of his friend Valentin Ventura at
No. 45 Rue Maubeuge
  He transferred residence several time
and finally he lived in a little room,
together with Capitan Justo Trinidad
(former gobernadorcillo of Sta. Ana,
Manila), Jose Albert ( a young student
from Manila, and a refugee from
Spanish Tyranny
Life in Paris
 He used most of his time in the reading
room of the Bibliotheque Nationale
(National Library) checking up his
historical annotations on Morga's book
 In Paris, he writes letter to his family
and friends and goes to gymnasium for
his daily physical exercises.
 In spare hours, Rizal used to find at the
homes of the Taveras, the Venturas,
Bousteads, and Lunas
 On June 24, 1889, a baby girl was born
to Juan Luna and Paz Pardo de Tavera.
She was their second child, the first
was a boy named Andres, whose pet
name was Puking
 Rizal was her baptismal godfather, who
chose her name "Maria de la Paz,
Blanca, Laureana, Hermenegilda Juan
Luna y Pardo de Taveras"
Rizal and Paris Exposition of 1889
 The greatest attraction of this
exposition was the Eiffel Tower. 984 feet
high, which was built by Alexander
Eiffel, who is a celebrated French
Engineer
 One of the features of the exposition
was the international competition, Felix
R. Hidalgo's painting was awarded
second prize, the paintings of Juan
Luna and Felix Pardo de Tavera each
obtained third prize,while Rizal's entry
got no prize
Kidlat Club
 March 19, 1889, the day Rizal arrived
in Paris, he organized his compatriots
into a society called Kidlat Club.
 Among the members were Antonio and
Juan Luna, Gregorio Aguilera,
Fernando Canon, Lauri Dimayuga,
Julio Llorente, Guillermo Puatu, and
Baldomero Roxas
 Kidlat Club aims to bring together the
young Filipinos in the French Capital so
that they could enjoy their sojourn in
Paris.
 "Kidlat in Tagalog means Lightning and
for the same reason this club will last
only during the Exposition. It will also
disappear like lightning" -letter dated
March 19, 1889 to Blumentritt
Indios Bravo's
 Rizal was enchanted by the dignified
and proud bearing and the American
Indians whose red-skinned andproudly
riding their sturdy ponies, elegantly
dressed in their native attire and
wearing their war feathers and paints
 This was born the Indios Bravo's and
replaced Kidlat Club
 It's members pledged to excel in
intellectual and physical prowess. They
practicesld the use of the sword and
pistol. Rizal taught them Judo, an
Asian art of self-defense, that he
learned in Japan
R.D.L.M Society
 Many biographers of Rizal did not
mention the R.D L.M Society. Of the
numerous letters written by Rizal and
his fellow propagandists, only two
mentioned this secret society:
o Rizal's letter to Jose Maria Basa,
Paris, September 21, 1889.
o Rizal's letter to Marcelo H. del
Pilar, Paris, November 4, 1889.
 According to Dr. Leoncio Lopez- Rizal,
grandnephew of the hero, the society
has a symbol or countersign
represented by a circle divided into
three parts by two semi-circles having
in the the interlocked letter I and B
meaning Indios Bravos, and the letters
R D L M. placed outside an upper,
lower, left and right sides of the circle.
 The letters R.D.L.M. are believed to be
the initials of the society's secret name
Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption
of the Malays)
 Only a few of Rizal's trusted friends
became members of the society,
namely, Gregorio Aguilera, Jose Ma.
Basa, Julio Llorente, Marcelo H. del
Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Baldomero Roxas,
and Father Jose Ma Changco (Filipino
Priest)
 The aim of the society, as stated by
Rizal was "the propagation of all useful
knowledge - scientific, artistic, literary,
etc. - in the Philippines"and the
"Redemption of Malay Race"
 February 23, 1892, Rizal's writing to
Blumentritt frm Hong Kong, revealed
his intention to be a leader of freedom,
if not in Philippines, then in other lands
 Provision for Bornean Colonization
o Right of the colonists to buy
lands
o Free use of the seashores
o Unusual long term of lease for
999 years
o "A period of timelong enough fo
many generationa to form a
Nation and to consolidate its
status"
Annotated Edition of Morga Published
  Was Rizal's outstanding achievement in
Paris (1890) which he wrote in the
British Museum and was printed by
Garnier Freres. By the request of Rizal
a prologue was written by Professor
Blumentritt.
 Rizal's errors
o Rizal commits the error of many
historians in appraising the
rents of the past in the light of
present standards
o Rizal's attacks on the church
were unfair and unjustified
because the abuses of the friars
should not construed to mean
that Catholicism is bad
 Rizal published Morga's Sucesos
because it was the best of the many
histories of the Philippines written by
the early Spanish writers
 Rizal dedicated the new edition of
Morga to the Filipino people to know
their glorious past
Comments on Morga's Publication Date
 "Paris, Libreriavde Garnier Hermanos,
1890" was the title page of Rizal's
annotated edition of Morga
 Documentary evidence to show that
Rizal's edition of Morga must have come
off the press in 1889 and not in 1890
are:
o October 12, 1889, Blumentritt
received the edition (Leitmeritz)
o December 28, 1889, Rizal sent
copies to Dr. Baldomero Roxas
from Paris to Lipa
o December 31, 1889, Mariano
Ponce received the book
Rizal as Historian
 Rizal's research studies in the British
Museum (London) and in the
Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris) enriched
his historical knowledge
 Rizal's knowledge on foreign languages
enabled him to read historical
documents:
o Pigafetta's famous First Voyage
Around the World (Italian)
o Works of Marsden, Raffles, Lord
Stanley, and Wallace (English)
o Writings of Blumentritt, Jagor,
Virchow (German)
 Historical Commentaries which qualify
Rizal to be a real hsitorian
o Ma-yi (December 6, 1888) and
Tawalis of Ibn Batuta (January
7, 1889). Both were written in
London
The Philippines Within a Century
 Artcile in which Rizal expressed his
views on the Spanish Colonization in
the Philippines
 Predicted with amazing accuracy the
tragic end of Spain's sovereignty in Asia
 Parts of the article
o Begins with a glorious past of the
Filipino people
o Then he described the economic
stagnation and happiness under
the harsh Spanish rule
o Ends peered into the future and
warned Spain of what would
happen to her colonial empire in
Asia if she would not adopt a
more liberal and enlightened
policy towards the Philippines
The Indolence of the Filipinos
 Essay written by Rizal in defense of the
alleged indolence of the Filipinos. It
studied the causes of why the Filipinos
did not work hard during the Spanish
regime.
 Main thesis: Filipinos are not by nature
indolent
 10 causes of decline one economic life
1. Native revolts and other internal
disorder
2. Wars which the Filipinos fought
for Spain
3. Raids on the coastal towns and
village by the Muslim pirates of
Mindanao and Sulu
4. Forced labor
5. Lack of stimulus to work harder
because people could not enjoy
the fruits of their labor
6. Government neglect and
indifference to agriculture,
industry, and commerce
7. Bad example shown by
Spaniards
8. Teaching of Spanish missonaries
9. Gambling
10. System of Spanish education
International Association of Filipinologists
 Rizal proposed the International
Association of Filipinologists in order to
take advantage of the world's attention
which is centered to Universal
Exposition in 1889.
 The aim of the association is to study
the Philippines from the scientific and
historical point of view
 Officers:
1. President - Dr. Ferdinand
Blumentritt (Austrian)
2. Vice-president - Mr. Edmund
Plauchut (French)
3. Counsellors
 Dr. Reinhold Rost (Anglo-
American)
 Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
(Filipino-Spanish)
4. Secretary - Dr. Jose Rizal
(Filipino)
  August 1889 (Paris) - scheduled holding
of the inaugural convention
 Invited renowned scholars in Europe:
1. Dr. Reinhold Rost
2. Sir Henry Yule
3. Dr. Feodor Jagor
4. Dr. A.B. Meyer
5. Dr. H. Kern
6. Dr. Czepelak
Project for Filipino College in Hong Kong
 Planned by Rizal while he was still in
Paris was to establish a modern college
in Hong Kong. He wrote this letter to
Jose Maria Basa. It aims "to train and
educate men of good family and
financial means in accordance with the
demands of modern times and
circumstance
 Mr. Mariano Cunanan from Mexico,
Pampanga promised to help him raised
40,000 pesos as initial capital
 Subjects
o Ethics
o Religion
o Natural law
o Civil law
o Hygiene
o Mathematics
o Physics and chemistry
o Natural history
o Geography, etc
Por Telefono
 By penning a satirical booklet entitled
La Vision del Fray Rodriguez, Rizal was
able to defend Fray Jose Rodriguez'
attacks on Noli
 Rizal also wrote another satirical work
entitled " Por Telefono" as a reply
toanother slanderer Fr. Salvador Font
 The satirical pamphlet under the
authorship of "Dimas Alang" (one of
Rizal's pen name) is a witty satire which
ridicules Fr. Fon
 The satire describes in comical vein a
telephone conversation between Fr.
Font who was in Madrid and the father
provincial of the San Agustin Convent-
Manila
Christmas in Paris
 December 25, 1889, Jose Albert,
Capitan Justo Trinidad, and Rizal
planned to have a Christmas dinner.
Their dinner was compose of fried
chicken, rice, and vegetables. The event
was Rizal's last Christmas dinner in
Paris.
 After New year, Rizal made a brief visit
to London for unknown purpose
o 2 theoritical reasons:
1. To check his annotated
edition of Morga's Sucesos
with the original copy in
the British Museum
2. To see Gertrude Beckett
for the last time
CHAPTER 16: IN BELGIAN BRUSSELS
 On January 28, 1890, Rizal left
Paris for Brussels, capital of
Belgium. Two reasons impelled
Rizal to leave Paris:
o The cost of living in Paris
was very high because of
the Universal Exposition
o The gay social life of the
city hampered his literary
works, especially writing
of his second novel El
Filibusterismo
 Rizal’s friends were of to belief he
left because he was running
away from a girl just as he left
London
I. LIFE IN BRUSSELS
 Rizal was accompanied by Jose
Albert when he moved to
Brussels. They lived in a modesr
boarding house on 38 Rue
Philippines Champagne
II. Articles Published in La Solidaridad
 April 30, 1889 - “A La Defensa”
(To La Defense), a reply to an
anti Filipino writing of Patricio de
la Escura
 May 31, 1889 - “La Verdad Para
Todos” (The Truth For All), a
defense against the Spanish
charges
 June 15, 1889 - “Vicente
Barrantes’ TeatroTagalo”,
exposes Barrantes’ ignorance on
the Tagalog theatrical art
 July 31, 1889 - “Una
Profanacion” (A Profanatio), bitter
attack against the friars for
denying a Christian burial to
Mariano Herbosa because he was
a brother-in-law of Rizal
 July 31, 1889 - “Vervades
Nuevas” (New Truths), a reply to
Vicente Belloc Sanchez
 August 15, 1889 - “Crueldad”
(Cruelty), defense of Blumentrit
from the scurrilous attacks of his
enemies
 September 15, 1889 -
“Diferencias” (Differences), a
reply to biased article entitled
“Old Truths”
 November 30, 1889 -
“Inconsequencias”
(Inconsequences), a defence of
 Antonio Luna against the attack
of Pablo Mir Deas
 January 15, 1890 -
“Ingratitudes” (Ingratitude), a
reply to Governor General
Valerio Weyler
III. NEW ORTOGRAPHY OF TAGALOG
LANGUAGE
 The tagalong letters k and w
should be used instead of the
Spanish c and o.
i. Salacot = salakot/ arao =
araw
 April 15, 1890 - “Sobre la Nueva
Ortofografia de la LenguaTagala”
was published in La Solidaridad
IV. RIZAL CRITICIZES MADRID
FILIPINOS FOR GAMBLING
 Rizal’s letter to M.H del Pilar:
i. Luna in Paris complains of
the gambling of the
Filipinos in Madrid
ii. We are serving the friars’
scheme
iii. Filipinos do not come to
Europe to gamble and to
amuse himself but to work
for his liberty and for the
dignity of his race
iv. We in whom the poor
people place their modest
hopes.
 The gambling Filipinos in Madrid
were angry when they learned of
Rizal’s moralizing
i. They derisively called him
“Papa” (Pope) instead of
“Pepe”
V. BAD NEWS FROM HOME
 The Calamba agrarian trouble
was getting worse.
 The management of the
Dominican Hacienda continually
raised the land rents until such
time that Rizal’s father refused to
pay his rent.
i. The Dominican Order filed
a suit in court to
dispossess the Rizal family
of their lands in Calamba.
ii. Tenants were persecuted
 Jose’s letter to Soledad
i. I have caused much harm
to our family, but at least
there remains to us the
consolation of knowing
that the motive is not
disgraceful nor does it
humiliate any body
ii. It raises us up and gives
us more dignity in the
eyes of our enemies
themselves; to fall with the
head high and the brow
serene is not to fall, it is to
triumph
iii. The sad thing is to fall
with the stain of dishonor
VI. PRESENTIMENT OF DEATH
 He feared that we would not live
long
 He was not afraid to die, but he
wanted to finish his second novel
before he went to his grave
 Letter to del Pilar:
i. In my childhood I had a
strange belief that I would
not reach 30 years of age.
ii. I am preparing myself for
death and for any
eventuality. Laong Laan
(Ever Ready) is my true
name.
VII. PREPARATION TO GO HOME
 In the face of the sufferings
which afflicted his family, Rizal
planned to go home.
 He could not stay in Brussels
writing a book while his family
are persecuted
 Letter to Ponce:
i. Graciano Lopez Jaena
shold not got to Cuba but
to our country to allow
himself to be killed in
defense of his ideals
1. We have only once
to die, and if we do
not die well, we lose
an opportunity
which will not again
be presented to us.
ii. I want to go back to the
Philippines
1. We are not making
any progress by
following prudence
VIII. DECISION TO GO TO MADRID
 Rizal ignored the dire warning of
his friends to return to the
Philippines. No threat of danger
could change his plan
 Something happened that
suddenly made him change his
plan.
i. It was a letter from
Paciano which related that
they lost the case against
the Dominicans in Manila,
but they appealed it to the
Supreme Court in Spain
ii. A lawyer was needed to
handle it in Madrid
 Rizal wrote to del Pilar retaining
the latter’s services as lawyer.
 i. Jose informed del Pilar
that he was going to
Madrid to supervise the
handling of the case
IX. TO MY MUSE (1890)
 A poem that represents Jose’s
worries on the disasters
experienced by his family
X. ROMANCE WITH PETITE JACOBY
 Two things brought some
measure of cheer to the
despondent Rizal, as he was
preparing for his trip to Madrid
i. FIRST: summertime
festival in Belgium, which
was celebrated in carnival
style
ii. SECOND: romance with
Petite Jacoby, niece of his
landladies
CHAPTER 17: MISFORTUNES IN MADRID
(1890-91)
 August 1890 – Rizal arrived in
Madrid to seek justice for his
family and the Calamba tenants.
I. FAILURE TO GET JUSTICE FOR
FAMILY
 Upon arrival in Madrid, Rizal
sought the help of the Filipino
colony, The Associacion Hispano-
Filipina, and Liberal Spanish
Newspapers in securing justice
for the oppressed Calamba
tenants and his family
 Together with M.H del Pilar (his
lawyer) and Dr. Dominador
Gomez (secretary of the
Asociacion Hispano-Filipina):
 Jose called on the
Minister of Colonies
(Señor Fabie) in
order to protest the
injustices
committed by Gov.-
Gen. Valeriano
Weyler and the
Dominicans against
the Calamba Folks.
 Nothing came out
of Rizal’s interview
with Minister Fabie
 El Resumen (Spanish
Newspaper)
 Sympathized with
the Filipino cause
 Said: “To cover the
ears, open the
purse, and fold the
arms – this is the
Spanish colonial
policy.”
 More terrible news:
o Ejectment order by the
Dominicans against
Francisco Rizal and other
Calamba tenants
 Their parents had
been forcibly
ejected from their
home
o Deportation of some of his
family members, including
Paciano to Mindoro
 Rizal sought the aid of the liberal
Spanish statesmen
o Jose was disappointed –
the statesmen merely gave
him honeyed words of
sympathy and nothing
else
 Blumentritt urged Jose to see
Queen Regent Maria Cristina
o But Jose doesn’t have
powerful friends to bring
him to her nor gold to
grease the palms of
influential courtiers
II. RIZAL’S EULOGY TO PANGANIBAN
 August 19, 1890 – Jose Ma.
Panganiban died in Barcelona,
after lingering illness. He was
very talented co-worker of Rizal
in the Propaganda Movement.
III. ABORTED DUEL WITH ANTONIO
LUNA
 Luna was drunk in one of the
social reunions of Filipinos in
Madrid.
 Luna was bitter because of his
frustrated romance with Nellie
Boustead
o He was blaming Rizal for
his failure to win her
o Although Rizal had
previously explained to
him that he had nothing
to do about it
o Because of jealousy and
the effects of alcohol,
Luna uttered certain
unsavory remarks about
Nellie
 Rizal, with high sense of chivalry,
could not tolerate any slur
against the honor of any woman
o Angered by the slanderous
remarks, he challenged
Luna to a duel.
o Rizal was a better pistol
shot than Luna and Luna
was a superior
swordsman
 Luna, as the
challenged party,
 had the choice of
weapons
 Logically, he would
have to choose the
sword; in which
case, Rizal’s life
would be in
jeopardy
o Filipinos tried to pacify
them pointing out that
such a duel would damage
their cause in Spain
 When Luna became sober
o He realized that he had
made a fool of himself and
apologized for his bad
remarks
o Rizal accepted the apology
IV. RIZAL CHALLENGES RETANA TO
DUEL
 Wenceslao E. Retana:
o A talented Spanish
scholar, was then a press
agent of the friars in Spain
o Used to attack the
Filipinos, including Rizal
in various newspapers in
Madrid
o He wrote that the family
and friends of Rizal had
not paid their rents so
that they were ejected
from their lands
o Retana apologized in the
newspapers for he
believed that discretion is
better part of valor, and,
more so, to save his skin
V. INFIDELITY OF LEONOR RIVERA
 In the autumn of 1890, Rizal was
feeling so bitter at so many
disappointments he encountered
at Madrid.
 Early in December 1890, Rizal
received a letter from Leonor,
announcing her coming marriage
to an Englishman (the choice of
her mother) and asking his
forgiveness.
 At February 15, 1891 - Rizal
received from Blumentritt
consoling him. Three months
later, Blumentritt sent another
comforting letter to Rizal saying
that she was not the woman for
Rizal.
VI. RIZAL-DEL PILAR RIVALRY
 Rizal tried to imbue his
compatriots with his own
idealism for
o He believed that to gain
prestige for the
Propaganda Movement
and to win the respect of
the Spanish people they
must possess high
standards of morality,
dignity, and spirit of
sacrifice
o Unfortunately, his
idealism was not shared
by others who loved wine,
women, and cards
o Rizal’s leadership declined
 They resented
Jose’s interference
in their private lives
 They became
supporters of del
Pilar
 The Filipinos in Madrid met on
January 1, 1891 to patch up
their differences and to intensity
the campaign to reform. Rizal
Abdicates his Leadership
VII. RIZAL ABDICATES HIS
LEADERSHIP
 The election took place during
the first week of February, 1891.
 The Filipinos were divided into
two hostile camps: the Rizalistas
and the Pilaristas
o Jose obtained the
necessary 2/3 vote and
became the Responsible
 But Jose graciously declined the
coveted position
o He was a man of dignity
and did not relish being a
leader of a divided people
o He preferred to abdicate
his leadership rather than
be the cause of disunity
and bitterness among his
countrymen
VIII. ADIOS, MADRID
 First stay in Madrid: happy
 Second stay in Madrid:
unhappy/ last time he saw
Madrid
CHAPTER 18: BIARRITZ VACATION AND
ROMANCE WITH NELLY BOUSTEAD (1891)
I. ROMANCE WITH NELLIE
BOUSTEAD
 To seek solace for his
disappointments in Madrid, Rizal
took a vacation in the resort city
of Biarritz on the fabulous
French Riviera
o Jose was a guest of the
rich Boustead Family at
its winter Residence –
Villa Eliada
o It was in Biarritz where he
had a serious romance
 with Nellie and finished
the last chapter of his 2nd
novel, El Filibusterismo
 Jose proposed marriage to Nellie
(rebound love from Leonor)
o Del Pilar:
 Teased him about
changing the “o” in
Noli to an “e” (Noli
to Neli)
o Tomas Arejola
 By marrying her, I
fear that instead of
happiness, you
would only find
bitterness and
trouble
o Antonio Luna:
 Who had previously
loved and lost Nelly
, encouraged Rizal
to woo and marry
Nellie
 Rizal’s marriage proposal failed
for two reasons:
o He refused to give up his
catholic faith and be
converted to
Protestantism, as Nelly
demanded
o Nelly’s mother did not like
Rizal as son-in-law
 Nelly’s mother , like
the mother of
Leonor Rivera, had
no wish to entrust
her daughter’s
happiness to a man
who was poor in
material things,
 a physician without
a paying clientele,
 a writer who earned
nothing from his
pen,
 and a reformer who
was persecuted by
the friars and
government officials
in his own country
II. EL FILIBUSTERISMO FINISHED IN
BIARRITZ
 Frustrated in romance, Rizal El Filibusterismo Published in Ghent (1891)
found consolation in writing
 The eve of his departure from
Biarritz to Paris, he finished the
manuscript of El Filibusterismo
III. RETIREMENT FROM THE
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
 Owing to the intrigues of his
jealous compatriots, Rizal retired
from the Propaganda Movement,
or reform crusade
 He notified the Propaganda
authorities in Manila to cancel
his monthly allowance and
devote the money to some better
cause, such as the education of a
young Filipino student in Europe
IV. RIZAL STOPPED WRITING FOR LA
SOLIDARIDAD
 Simultaneous with his
retirement from the Propaganda
Movement, Rizal ceased writing
articles for La Solidaridad
 Del Pilar himself realized the
need for Rizal’s collaboration in
both the Propaganda Movement
and in the La Solidaridad
newspaper
o because the enthusiasm
for the reform crusade in
Spain was declining
o he wrote to Rizal begging
forgiveness for any
resentment and
requesting him to resume
writing for the La
Solidaridad
 Jose’s reply to del Pilar:
o Rizal denied any
resentment
o Reasons of Rizal:
 More time to work
on his novel
 He wanted other
Filipinos to work
also
 He considered it
very important to
the party that there
be unity in the
work
 It is better for del
Pilar to leave him
alone to direct the
policy such as he
understands it and
Jose doesn’t want
to meddle with it
(they have their
own personal ideas)
 He had begun writing it in October 1887
while practicing medicine in Calamba.
 The following year (1888), in London, he
made some changes in the plot and
corrected some chapters already written.
 He wrote more chapters in Paris and
Madrid, and finished the manuscript in
Biarritz on March 29,1891. It took him
three years to write his second novel.
 On July 5,1891, Rizal left Brussels for
Ghent, a famous university city in
Belgium because the cost of printing in
 Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels and
to escape from the enticing attraction of
Petite Suzzane.
 In Ghent, he met Jose Alejandro and
Edilberto Evangelista, both studying
engineering in the world-famed
University of Ghent. Rizal lived in a
cheap boarding house with Jose
Alejandro as roommate.
 Shortyly after his arrival in Ghent, rizal
searched for a printing shop and he did
find F. MEYER-VAN LOO PRES. Who
was willing to print his book on
installment basis. He pawned his jewels
in order to pay the down payment and
the early partial payments during the
printing of the novel.
 On August 6, the printing had to be
suspended as Rizal feared because he
could no longer give the necessary funds
to the printer.
Ventora, Savior of the Fili
 Valentin Ventura in Paris learned of
Rizal’s predicament and immediately
sent him the necessary funds. With his
financial aid, gthe printing of the Fili was
resumed.
The Fili Comes Off the Press
 On September 18, 1891, El
Filibusterismo came off the press.
 Rizal immediately sent on this date two
printed copies to Hong Kong – one for
Basa and the other for Sixto Lopez.
 Rizal gratefully donated the original
manuscript and an autographed printed
copy to Valentin Ventura.
 He sent other complimentary copies to
Blumentritt, Mariano Ponce, G. Lopez
Jaena, T.H. Padro de Tavera, Antonio
and Juan Luna, and other friends.
Dedicated to Gom-Bur-Za
 Rizal dedicated the El Filibusterismo to
them.
The Manuscript and the Book
 The original manuscript of El
Filibusterismo in Rizal’s own
handwriting is now preserved in the
Filipiana Division of the Bureau of
Public Libraries Manila.
 It had been acquired by the Philippine
Government from Valentin Ventura for
10,000. It consists of 279 pages of long
sheets of paper.
Noli and Fili compared
 The Noli is a romantic novel; it is a work
of the heart; a book of feeling; it has
freshness, color, humor, lightness and
wit.
 On the other hand, Fili is a political
novel; it is a work of the head; a book of
the thought; it contains bitterness,
hatred, pain, violence and sorrow.
 The original intention of Rizal was to
make the Fili longer than Noli. As
printed, however, it is shorter than Noli.
It contains 38 chapters as against the
Noli’s 64. Rizal had to cut the Fili
drastically owing to lack of funds.
 Rizal himself considered the Noli as
superior to the Fili as a novel.
Rizal’s Unfinished Third Novel
 On September 22, 1891, four days after
the Fili came off the press, Rizal wrote to
Blumentritt that he is thinking of writing
a third novel.
 On October 18, 1891, Rizal boarded the
steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound
for Hong Kong. During the voyage he
began writing the third novel in Tagalog
which he intended for Tagalog readers.
 In Hong Kong he continued it, but for
reason or another he did not finish it.
 The unfinished third novel has no title.
It consists of 44 pages (33 cm. x 21 cm.)
in Rizal’s handwriting, still in
manuscript form. It is preserved in the
National Library, Manila.
 It is said that Rizal was fortunate not to
have finished this novel because it would
have caused greater scandal and more
Spanish vengeance on him.
Rizal’s Other Unfinished Novels
 Makamisa – a novel in Tagalog. It is
written in a light sarcastic style and is
incomplete for only two chapters are
finished. The manuscript consists of 20
pages, 34.2 cm. x 22 cm.
 Dapitan – written in Ironic Spanish. He
wrote it during his exile in Dapitan to
depct the town life and customs. The
manuscript consists of 8 pages, 23 cm.
x 16 cm.
 Without title – novel in Spanish about
the life in Pili, a town in Laguna. The
manuscript consists of 147 pages, 8” x
6.5”.
 Without title – about Cristobal, a
youthful Filipino student who has
returned from Europe. The manuscript
consists of 34 pages, 8 ½” x 6 ¼”.
 The beginning of another novel are
contained in two notebooks – the first
notebook contains 31 written pages,
35.5 cm x 22 cm. and the second 12
written pages, 22 cm. x 17 cm. This
unfinished novel is written in Ironic
Spanish, describing the deplorable
conditions of the Philippines.
Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong (1891-
92)
  After publication of El Filibusterismo,
Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong, where
he lived from November 1891 to June
1892. In Hong
 On October 3, 1891, Rizal left Ghent for
Paris, where he stayed a few days to say
goodbye to his friends. He then
proceeded by train to Marseilles and on
October 18 he boarded the steamer
Melbourne bound for Hong Kong.
 Rizal arrived in Hong Kong on November
20, 1891. HE established his residence
at No. 5 D’Aguilar Street, No. 2
Rednaxola Terrace, where he also
opened his medical clinic.
 The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong
was one of the happiest Yuletide
celebrations in Rizal’s life. For he had a
happy family reunion.
 A Portuguese physician, Dr. Lorenzo P.
Marques, helped Rizal to build a wide
clientele. In due time, Dr. Rizal became
a successful and well-known medical
practitioner in the British colony.
 He successfully operated on his mother’s
left eye so that she was able to read and
write again. Aside from being an eye
specialist, he was a general practitioner.
Borneo Colonization Project
 Rizal conceived the establishment of a
Filipino colony in North Borneo (Sabah).
He planned to move the landless Filipino
families to that rich British-owned
island and carve out of its virgin
wilderness a “New Calamba”.
 On March 7,1892, Rizal went to
Sandakan to negotiate with British
authorities for the establishment of
Filipino colony. The British authorities
of Borneo were willing to give the Filipino
colonists 100,000 acres of land, a
beautiful harbor, and a good government
for 999 years free of all charges.
 Governor Despujol notified the Spanish
consul general in Hong Kong to tell Rizal
that he could not approve the Filipino
immigration to Borneo, alleging that the
Philippines lacked laborers and it was
not very patriotic to go off and cultivate
foreign soil.
Writings in Hong Kong
 Ang mga karapatan ng tao (The Rights of
Man)
 A la Nacion Española (To the Spanish
Nation)
 Sa Mga Kababayan (To my Countrymen)
 Una Visita la Victoria Gaol (A Visit to
Victoria Gaol)
 Colonisation du British North Borneo,
par de Families de Iles Philippines
(Colonization of British North Borneo by
Families from the Philippine Islands)
 Proyecto de Colonization del British
North Borneo por los Filipinos (Project of
the Colonization of British North Borneo
by the Filipinos)
 La Mano Roja (The Red Hand)
 Constitution of the Liga Filipina
 Rizal also contributed articles to the
British daily newspaper, The Hong Kong
Telegraph.
Decision to Return to Manila
 In May 1892, Rizal made up his mind to
return to Manila. Not even the fear of
death could deter Rizal from his
decision.
 On June 19, 1892, he spent his 31st
birthday in Hong Kong. Evidently, he
had a premonition of his death.
Second Homecoming And The Liga Filipina
 Rizal returned to Manila in June 26,
1892, his second homecoming.
 At that night he went to Malacañang
Palace to seek audience with the
Spanish governor general, General
Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe.
Governor General Despujol agreed to
pardon his father but not the rest of his
family.
 The following day (June 27), Rizal visited
his friends.
Founding of the Liga Filipina
 On the evening of Sunday, July 3, 1892,
following his morning interview with
Governor General Despujol, Rizal
attended a meeting of the patriots at the
home of the Chinese-Filipino mestizo,
Dodroteo Ongjunco, on Ylaya Street,
Tondo, Manila.
 Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga
Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos, which
he desired to establish and its role in the
socio-economic life of the people. He
presented the Constitution of the Liga
which he had written in Hong Kong and
discussed its provisions. The patriots
were favorably impressed and gladly
approved the establishment of the Liga.
 The motto of the Liga Filipina was: Unus
Instar Omnium (One Like All).
 The governing body of the league was the
Supreme Council which had a
jurisdiction over the whole country.
 All Filipinos who have at heart the
welfare of their fatherland are qualified
for membership. Every member pays an
entrance fee of two pesos and a monthly
due of 10 centavos.
Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago
 On July 6, Rizal went to Malacañang
Palace to resume his series of interviews
with the governor general.
  During the interview, Governor General
Despujol suddenly showed him some
printed incriminatory leaflets which
were allegedly found in Lucia’s pillow
cases. The incriminatory leaflets were
entitled Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars)
under the authorship of Fr. Jacinto and
printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos
del Pais, Manila. They were a satire
against the rich Dominican friars who
amassed fabulous riches contrary to
their monastic vow of poverty.
 Rizal vigorously denied having those
leaflets in either hisor Lucia’s baggage,
which had been thoroughly searched
upon their arrival from Hong Kong by
the custom authorities who found
nothing.
 Despite his denial and insistent demand
for investigation in accordance with due
process of law, he was placed under
arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by
Ramon Despujol.
 The following day, July 7, the Graceta de
Manila published gthe story of Rizal’s
arrest which produced indignant
commotion among the Filipino people,
particularly the members of the newly
organized Liga Filipina.
Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan
 Shortly after midnight of July 4 (12:30
am of July 15, 1892), Rizal was brought
under heavy guard to the steamer Cebu
which was sailing fro Dapitan, reaching
Dapitam on Sunday, the 17th of July at
7:00 in the evening.
 Captain Delgras went ashore and
handed Rizal over to Captain Ricardo
Carnicero, Spanish commandant of
Dapitan. That same night, July 17,
1892, Rizal began his exile in lonely
Dapitan which would last until July 31,
1896, a period of four years.
CHAPTER 22
-Exile in Dapitan, 1892-96
-Dapitan , a remote town in Mindanao
which was under the missionary
jurisdiction of Jesuits.
-He practiced medicine , pursued
scientific studies , continued his artistic
and literary work , widened his
knowledge of languages , established a
school for boys , promoted community
development projects , invented a
wooden machine for making bricks and
, engaged in farming and commerce.
-fellow reformist and eminent scientist
and scholars of Europe
*Blumentritt , Reinhold Rost , A.B
Meyer ,W. Joest of Berlin ,s. Knuttle of
Stuttgart and N. M Kheil of Prague
Beginning of Exile in Dapitan
-steamer cebu carved a letter from
Father Pablo Pastells, superior of the
Jesuit Society of the Philippines to
Father Antonio Obach which contains 3
conditions
1.) “That Rizal publicly retract his
errors concerning religion and make
statements that were clearly pro-
spanish and against revolution”.
2.) That he perform the church rites
and make a general confessions of his
past life.
3.) That henceforth he conduct himself
in an exemplary manner as a Spanish
subject and a man of religion.
-Rizal didn’t agree with the condition
and consequently live in the house of
the commandant Captain Carnicero
-Captain Carnicero give Rizal a freedom
to go anywhere , reporting only once a
week at his office and permitted Rizal to
ride his chestnut horse.
-Rizal wrote a poem entitle “A Don
Ricardo Carnicero” because of his
kindness and generous on August 26,
1892
Wins in Manila Lottery
-On September 1892 , mail boat
butuan came to Dapitan bringing
happy tidings that the lottery ticket no.
9736 jointy owned by Captain
Carnicero , Dr. Rizal and Francisco
Equilior , resident of Dipolog won the
2nd prize of 20,000 in the Government-
owned Manila lottery.
-he gave 2,000 to his father and 200 to
his friend basa in Hongkong.
Rizal-Pastells Debate
-During his exile in Dapitan , Rizal had
a long and scholarly dabate with Father
Pastells on religion.
-As he wrote blumentritt from Paris on
January 20, 1980 “I want to hit the
friars but only friars who utilized
religion not only as shield, but also as a
weapon, castle, fortress armor, etc.I
was forced to attack their false and
suoertitious religion in order to fight the
enemy who hid himself behind it.
-Rizal and Pastells remained good
friends. Father Pastell gave Rizal a copy
of the Imitation De Cristo by father
 Thomas a kempis. And Rizal gave his
Jesuit opponent in debate a bust of St.
Paul which he had made.
Rizal Challenges a Frenchman to a Duel
-he involved in a quarrel with a French
acquaintance in Dapitan , Mr. Juan
lardet a business man.
-this man purchased many logs from
lands of Rizal because some of the logs
were of poor quality Rizal and Father
Sanchez
-Father Pastell instructed Father Obach
cura of Dapitan and Father Jose
Villaclara cura of Dipolog to try their
best to persuade Rizal to bring back
Rizal within the catholic Fold.
-Father Pastell assigned Father
Francisco De Paula Sanchez, Rizals
favorite teacher at the Ateneo De
Manila.
-Father Sanchez did not convince Rizal
Idyllic life in Dapitan
-Rizal family took turns in visiting Rizal
in order to assuage his loneliness in the
isolated outpost of Spanish power in
the Moroland.
-Rizal wrote to Blumentritt describing
his experience in Dapitan on December
19, 1983.
Rizal Encounter with the Friar’s spy
-Florencio Namanan , A.K.A Pablo
Mercado ,spy of the friars
-He introduced himself as a friend and
relative, showing photo of Rizal and a
pair of buttons with the initials “P.M” as
evidence on his kinship with the Rizal
Family.
-Rizal irked by the impostor lies and
sent him away from his house at the
next day.
-The rascal was still in Dapitan and
after Rizal knowing that, he went to the
commandancia and denounced the
impostor to Captain Juan Sitges
(successor of Captain Carnicero on May
4, 1893.
-Captain Sitges instruct Anastacio
Adriatico to arrest Pablo Mercado and
investigate him immediately. After
investigation, the truth came out.
-Florencio Namanan, a single and about
30 years old. He hired by the Recollect
Friars to a secret mission in Dapitan; to
spy Rizal’s activities and to Filch certain
letter and writings.
-Captain Sitges submitted the report to
Governor General Blanco and these
document confidential.
-After the incident, Rizal wrote a letter
to his Brother-in-Law, Manuel T.
Hidalgo about the incident.
As Physician in Dapitan
-Rizal practiced medicine in Dapitan
but most of his ptients are poor that’s
why he gave them free medicine.
-His mother and sister Maria went to
Dapitan to have operations to his
mother’s eye and it was successful
operate but unfortunately it was been
infected because Rizal’s instruction was
ignored by his mother.
-He had many patient from Luzon,
Bohol, Panay, Negros and Mindanao
and even from Hongkong.
-Don Ignacio Tumarong, a rich Filipino
was able to see again because of Rizal’s
skill and paid 3000 and another
English patient paid 500.
-Don Florencio Azacarraga, a rich
hacendero of Aklan was also cured of
eye ailment and paid Rizal a cargo of
sugar.
Water System for Dapitan
-Rizal construct a system of waterworks
in order to furnish clean water to the
townspeople.
-Modern Engineers marveled how Rizal
could have built such a system of
waterworks even he had inadequate
tools and meager materials and his
finances were very limited.
-Mr. H.F Cameron, an American
Engineer praised Rizal’s engineering
work.
Community Projects for Dapitan
-When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he
wants to improve it to the best of his
God-given talent.
-Aside from the first water system, Rizal
spent many months draining the
marshes in order to get rid of malaria
that infested in Dapitan.
 -He also made a lighting system
consisted of coconut oil lamps and
remodeled the town plaza.
Rizal as Teacher
-Rizal established a school in 1893
which existed until the end of his exile
in July 1896.
-It began with 3 pupils and in the
course of time the enrollment increase
to 16 and later to 21.
-16 pupils didn’t pay any tuition
instead he made them work in his
garden and construct projects in the
community.
-Formal classes were conducted 2:00
pm and 4:00 pm
-One day the lessons were conducted in
Spanish and on the next day in English
-“Emperor” the best pupil in Ateneo
-“Himno A Talisay”, In honor of talisay.
Contribution to Science
-Rizal found Mindanao a rich virgin
field to collecting specimen.
-Rizal built up a rich collection of
concology which consisted of 346 shells
representing 203 species
-Rizal discover some rare specimen
which were named in his honor; among
these were Draco Rizali (flying dragon),
Apogonia Rizali (small beetle) and
Rhacophorus rizali (a rare frog).
Linguistic studies
-Rizal learned the Bisayan, Subanum
and Malay languages.
-He wrote a Tagalog grammar made of
comparative study of the Bisayan and
Malayan languages.
-He wrote a letter to Blumentritt about
what he had learned.
Artistic Works in Dapitan
-Rizal contributed his painting skill to
the sisters of charity who were
preparing the sanctuary of the Holy
Virgin in their private chapel.
-Rizal made sketches of person and
things that attracted him in Dapitan.
-other sculptural works of Rizal in
Dapitan were a bust of Guerrico (Ateneo
Professors, statue of Dapitan Girl,
woodcarving of Josephine Bracken and
St. Paul.
Rizal as a Farmer
-Rizal bought 16 hectares of land in
Talisay where he built his home, school,
and hospital and planted cacao. Later,
he acquired more land until his
holdings reached 70 hectares
containing 6000 hemp plant, 1000
coconut trees and numerous fruit trees
and other crops.
-He applied and introduced modern
methods of Agriculture which he had
observe in Europe and America.
Rizal as Businessman
-Rizal engage in business and made a
partnership with Ramon Carreon,
Dapitan Merchant.
-He invited his relatives particularly
Saturnina and Hidalgo to come to
Mindanao.
-Hemp Industry was the most profitable
business venture of Rizal in Dapitan.
-Rizal organized the cooperative
Association of Dapitan Farmers in
January 1,1895.
Rizal’s Inventive Ability
-While practicing medicine in Calamba
Rizal Invented a cigarette lighter which
he sent as gift to Blumentritt. He called
it “sulpukan”.
-He invented a machine for making
bricks.
My Retreat
-In February 1895, Donya Telesfora with her
eyesight fully restored, returned to Manila.
-Donya Teodora saw how busy her talented
son was and regretted that he had neglected
the muses that’s why she requested him to
write poetry again.
-Rizal wrote a poem entitled “Mi Retiro”.
Rizal and Josephine Bracken
-On August 28, 1893, Leonora Rivera died
and this was make Rizal lonely exile and
melancholy mood.
 -Josephine Bracken, Irish girl of sweet
eighteen, “slender”, a chestnut blond with
blue eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity. She
was born in Hongkong on October 3,1876.
-James Bracken, father of Josephine and a
corporal in the British Garrison.
-Elizabeth Jane MacBride, Mother of
Josephine and died in the childbirth of
Josephine
-Mr. George Taufer , serve as guardian of
Josephine and a blind person
-Josephine Bracken and Mr. Taufer went to
Manila to seek the service of Dr. Rizal a card
of introduction by Julio Elorente, his friend
and schoolmate.
-Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each
other and agreed to marry but Father Obach
refused to marry them without the permission
of the Bishop of Cebu.
-When Mr. Taufer heard of their projected
marriage he flared up in violent rage and tried
to commit suicide but Rizal prevented it.
-Mr. Taufer returned alone to Hongkong
while Josephine stayed in Manila with the
Rizal Family.
-Rizal wrote a poem for Josephine
-In the early part of 1896, Rizal was
extremely happy because Josephine was
expecting a baby unfortunately, he played a
prank on her, frightening her so she
prematurely gave birth to an eight months
baby boy who live only for 3 hours.
-The lost son was named “Francisco” in
honor of Don Francisco
Rizal and the Katipunan
-While Rizal was mourning the loss of his
son, ominous clouds of revolution gradually
darkened the Philippine skies.
-Andres Bonifacio, the “Great Plebeian”
-“Katipunan”, secret revolutionary society
which Rizal founded on July 7,1892
-In a secret meeting of the katipunan at a
little river called Bitukang Manok on May
2,1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named
emissary to Dapitan, in order to inform Rizal
of the plan of the katipunan.
-June 15, 1896, Dr. Valenzuela left Manila
on board the steamer venus with a Blind man
named Raymundo Mata and a guide to hide
his true mission.
-June 21, 1896, Dr. Valenzuela arrive in
Dapitan in the evening and after dinner they
went to the garden and had a heart to heart
talk about the plan of katipunan but Rizal
objected it because of two reasons
1.) the people are not ready
2.) arms and funds must first be collected
before raising the cry of revolution
Volunteers as Military Doctor in Cuba
-Rizal offered his services as a military
doctor in Cuba as what Blumentritt said to
him which there was a shortage of physicians
to minister to the needs of Spanish troops and
the Cuban people
-Rizal wrote to Governor General Ramon
Blanco, Despujol successor on December 17,
1895 offering his services as military doctor in
Cuba
-July 1, 1896 a letter from governor Blanco
arrived at Dapitan notifying him of the
acceptance of his offer.
-Rizal wrote his heart warming poem “EL
Canto del Viajero”.
-On July 31, 1896, Rizal’s 4 years exile in
Dapitan came to an end. At midnight of that
date, he embarked on board the steamer
Espana and accompanied by Josephine,
Narcisa, Angelica his three nephews and six
pupils.
CHAPTER 23
Last Trip Abroad
-Rizal had a pleasant trip from Dapitan to
Manila, with a delightful stopovers in
Dumaguete, Cebu, Ilo-ilo, Capiz and Romblon.
-Rizal missed the steamer Isla De Luzon
which should be brought him to Spain
-While waiting Rizal was kept as a guest on
board the Spanish cruiser Castilla
From Dapitan to Manila
-Dumaguete, first stopover and which Rizal
visited a friend and a former classmate,
Herrero Regidor, judge of the province. He also
visited other friends including Periquet and
Rufina families and operated on a Spanish
Captain of the Guardia Civil.
-Cebu, second stopover which Rizal was
fascinated by the entrance of the place which
he considered beautiful. He visited Attorney
Mateos and met an old couple he had known
in Madrid.
-Ilo-ilo, third stopover and Rizal went
shopping in the city and visited the molo
church.

Rizal Misses Ship going to Spain
-August 6, 1896, Espanya arrived early in
the morning which is one day after Isla De
Luzon departed.
Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution
-While Rizal was waiting for the next
steamer, portentous event occurred passaging
the downfall of Spanish Power in Asia and in
the evening of August 19, 1896 the katipunan
was discovered by Fray Mariano Gil,
Agustinian Cura of Tondo.
-The katipunan led by Bonifacio attacked
San Juan, near City of Manila but they were
repulsed with heavy losses.
-After the battle in San Juan, Governor
General Blanco proclaimed a state of war in
the first eight provinces in Manila, Bulacan,
Cavite, Batangas, Laguna Pampanga Nueva
Ecija and Tarlac.
-Rizal knowing the event happened was
worried because of two reasons; One, violent
revolution which he sincerely believe to be
premature and would only cause must
suffering and terrible loss of human lives.
Second it would arouse Spanish vengeance
against all Filipinos.
Departure for Spain
-August 30, 1896, the day when Rizal
received from Gobernador General Blanco two
letters of introduction for the Minister of
Colonies, with a covering letter which absolved
him from all blame for the raging revolutions.
-September 2, 1896, Rizal was transferred to
the steamer Isla de Panay which was sailing
for Barcelona and in the next day Rizal’s last
trip to Abroad began.
Rizal in Singapore
-Isla De Panay arrived at Singapore on
September 7 and Rizal went ashore for sight-
seeing and shopping for souvenirs.
-Don Pedro and Don Manuel adviced Rizal
to stay in Singapore for the protection of his
life but unfortunately, Rizal ignored their
appeal because he had given his word of
honor.
Victim of Spanish Duplicity
-Rizal was unaware that since his departure
from Manila Bay on his way to Spain, Blanco
and the Minister of war and Colonies were
exchanging coded telegrams and confidential
messages for his arrest.
Rizal Arrested before Reaching Barcelona
-September 27, he heard from the
passengers that a telegram arrived from
Manila reporting the execution of Francisco
Roxas, Genato and Osorio.
-September 28, a day after the steamer had
left port said, a passenger told Rizal the bad
news that he would arrested by order of
Gobernador General Blanco and sent to prison
in Ceuta.
-Rizal was shocked by the alarming news
and belatedly realized that he was doped by
the unscrupulous Spanish official particulary
Governor General Blanco.
-September 30, Rizal was officially notified
by Captain Alemany that he should stay in his
cabin until further orders from manila.
Arrival in Barcelona as a Prisoner
-October 3, La Isla de Panay arrived in
Barcelona with Rizal as Prisoner. His jailor
was General Eulogio Despujol, the one who
ordered his banishment to Dapitan.
-October 6, Rizal was awakened by the
guards and taken out of prison which they
brought Rizal to Despujol’s Headquarter to
have an interview which lasted quarter of an
hour.
- Rizal was shipped back to Manila on
the transport ship Colon
CHAPTER 24
Last Homecoming and Trial
- October 11, before reaching Fort
Said, Rizal’s diary was taken away
and was critically scrutinized by the
authorities but nothing
incriminating was found
- Unsuccessful Rescue in Singapore
- Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto
Lopez dispatched frantic telegram to
an English lawyer in Singapore
named Hugh Fort to rescue Rizal
from the Spanish steamer by a writ
habeas corpus
- Unfortunately, Chief Justice Loinel
Cox denied the writ of habeas
corpus
Arrival in Manila
- November 3, Colon arrived in Manila
- Rizal was transferred to Fort
Santiago
 - Spanish Authorities fished for
evidence against Rizal by way of
torturing many Filipino patriots
including Deodato Arellano, Dr. Pio
Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Jose
Dizon, Domingo Franco, Temoteo
Paez and Pedro Serrano Laktao.
Paciano also was tortured.
- Two kinds of evidence were
presented against Rizal namely
documentary and testimonial
- Documentary evidence consists of
15 exhibits
- Testimonial evidence consisted of
the oral testimonies of Martin
Constantino, Aguedo del Rosario,
Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose
Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato
Arellano, Ambrosio Salvador, Pedro
Gerrano Laktaw, Dr. Pio Valenzuela,
Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison
and Timoteo Paez.
- Captain Rafael Dominguez, special
judge advocate to institute the
corresponding action against Rizal.
- Dominguez made a brief resume of
the changes and returned the
papers to Blanco who transmitted
again to Judge Advocate Don
Nicolas De la Pena.
- Pena submitted the following
recommendations
1. The accuse must be
immediately brought to trial
2. He should be in prison
3. Order of attachment be
issued against his property to
the amount of 1 million as
indemnity
4. he should be defended in
court by an army, not by a
civilian army
Rizal Chooses his defender
- December 8, Spanish authorities
give Rizal a list of 100 first and
second lieutenant in the Spanish
army
- Don LuisTaviel de Andrade, 1st Lt.
and a brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de
Andrade who is Rizal’s bodyguard in
Calamba
Reading of information of charges to the
accused
- Rizal was accused of being the
principal organizer and the living
soul of the Filipinos insurrection,
the founder of societies, periodical
and books to fomenting and
propagating ideas of rebellion
- Rizal admitted that he wrote the
Constitution of the Liga Filipina
which was merely a civic association
Rizal’s Manifesto to his People
- December 25, Rizal’s wrote a
manifesto to his people appealing to
them to stop the necessary shedding
of blood.
Rizal’s Saddest Christmas
- December 25, it was a dark and
cheerless Christmas for Rizal
- Rizal wrote a letter to Lt. Taviel de
Andrada informing him to have time
to talk before going to the Court
The Trial of Rizal
- December 26, 1896, court-martial of
Rizal started in the military building
called Cuartel de Espanya
- Rizal was given by the court the
verdict of death
- Court give chance to Rizal what he
want to say and Rizal read a
supplement to his defense which he
wrote in his prison cell to prove his
innocence by his 12 points
- The supplement was remained
indifferent and president, Lt. Col.
Togores Arjona considered the trial
over
Polavieja signs Rizal’s executions
- December 28, Polavieja approved
the decisions of the court-martial
and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00
o’clock in the morning of December
30 at Bagumbayan field.
Chapter 25
Last hours of Rizal
- Captain Rafael Dominguez was
designated to the arrangement for
the execution of Rizal
- Rizal was moved to the prison
chapel
At 7:00 am of December 29, 1896
- Father Miguel Saderra Mata and
Father Luis Viza was his first
visitors
At 8:00 am
- Father Antonio Rosell arrived to
relieve Father Viza and after
breakfast Lt. Tavieda de Andrade
came.
At 9:00 am
- Father Federico Faura arrived, Rizal
reminded him that he will be a
prophet to his book Noli Me
Tangere.
At 10:00 am
-Father Jose Villaclara and Vicente
Balaguer visited Rizal and after them is the
Spanish journalist, Santiago Mataix who
interviewed Rizal for his newspaper El Heraldo
de Madrid.
From 12;00 am to 3:30 pm
- Rizal wrote a poem and hid it inside
his alcohol cooking stove which was
given to him as a gift by Paz Pardo
de Tavera ( wife of Juan Luna) and
his last letter to Blumentritt.
At 3;30 pm
- Father Balaguer returned to Fort
Santiago and discussed with Rizal
about his retraction of the anti-
Catholic Ideas in his writing,
At 4:00 pm
- Rizal’s mother arrived with his sister
Trinidad.
- As they were leaving Rizal gave his
alcohol cooking stove to Trinidad
and whispering to her in English
that there is something inside the
stove.
At 6:00 pm
- Rizal received a new visitor, Don
Silvino Lopez Tunon, Dean of the
manila Cathedral
At 8:00 pm
- Rizal’s last supper and inform
Captain Dominguez who has with
him that he forgave his enemies
At 9:30 pm
- Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar
Gestano, the fiscal of the Royal
Audiencia of Manila
- He left Rizal with a good impression
of Rizal’s intelligence and noble
character
At 10;00pm
- The draft of the retraction sent by
the anti-Filipino Archbishop
Bernardino Nozaleda was submitted
by Father Balaguer to Rizal for
signature but the hero rejected it
because it was too long and he did
not like it (this retraction was still in
debate if he did or not)
At 3:00 o’clock in the morning on
December 30, 1896
- Rizal heard mass, confessed his sins
and took holy communion
At 5:30 am
- He wrote two letters for his family
and for his older brother Paciano
after his last breakfast
- Josephine Bracken accompanied by
his sister of Rizal, Josefa arrived.
- Rizal gave her last gift to Josephine
which is a religious book entitled
Imitacion of Christ by Father Thomas
a Kempis
At 6:00 am
- Death March to Bagumbayan
Death March to Bagumbayan
- Rizal walked calmly with his defense
counsel Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade
with the two priest Father March
and Villaclara
- Rizal was dressed elegantly in a
black suit, black derby hat, black
shoes, white shirt and balck tie.
Martyrdom of Hero
- One of the priest blessed him and
offered him a crucifix to kiss
- Rizal with a supreme effort, turned
his bullet-riddled body to the right
and fell on the ground dead with
face upward facing the morning sun
- Rizal was died of aged 35 years, 5
months and 11 days.
Aftermath of a Hero-martyr’s Death
- Spanish authority, residents and
friars exulted with sadistic joy for
the death of Rizal while shouting
“long live spain” “death to the
traitors”
- Spanish military band played the
gay marcha de Cadiz.