March 9, 1954 F. J.

FONTEIN ET AL 2,671,566
MULTIPLE-HYDROCYCLONES
Filed June 14, 1950
5 Sheets-Sheet 1

FIG!

INVENT _
Freerk J. Fon mm
Jan N. . Leemm
BY
QA?LMM¢M _ -

ATTORNEY
 9, 1954 F. J. FONTEIN ETAL 2,671,560 '
MULTIPLE-HYDROCYCLONES
Filed June 14, 1950
5 Shee‘cls-Sheet 2 I

FIG. 2

FIG. 3

_ INVENTORS
Freerm J. Fomein
Jun . J. Leeman

(1% m
AT TORN
March 9, 1954 F. J. FONTEIN ETAL 2,671,560 '
MULTIPLE-HYDROCYCLONES
Filed June 14, 1950 5 Sheets-Sheet 3

F Wu 6.

INVENTORS
Freerk J. Fontein
Jan N. J. Leemun
BY M“... nvldemw
ATTORNEY -
March ~9, 1954 F. J. FONTEIN ETAL 2,671,560
MULTIPLE-HYDROCYCLONES
Filed Jurie 14, 1950 5 Sheets-Sheet 4

INVENTORS
Freerk J. Fontein
Jan N. J. Leemun
BY
QJJQMW mam
ATTORNEY
March 9, 1954 F. J. FONTEIN ETAL 2,671,560
MULTIPLE-HYDROCYCLONES
Filed June 14, 1950 5 Sheets-Sheet 5

724mm 7074
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/1
. $9

'INVENTORjs
Fmevk J. Fmm
Jan N. J. Lwm

ATTORNEY
 Patented 'Mar. 9, 1954
2,671,560

UNITED STATES PATENT QFFICE

2,67 1,560
MULTIPLE HYDROCYCLONES
Freerk J. Fontein, Heerlen, and J an N. J. Leeman,
Hoensbroek, Netherlands, assignors to Stami
carbon N. V., Heerlen, Netherlands
Application June 14, 1950, Serial No. 168,132
14 Claims. (Cl. 209*211)
1 2
This invention relates to hydrocyclones such drical section; or the shape of the conical section.
as are used to treat solids in liquid suspension In general, the smaller the dimension of the sus
for the purpose of thickening or of classifying the pended solids to be separated, the smaller must
suspended solids into predetermined fractions. be the diameter of the cylindrical section of the
Such solids may be either organic or inorganic, hydrocyclone. For instance, a hydrocyclone for
such as starch, paper-pulp, ores, coal, phosphate the separation of phosphate rock from limestone
rock, and the like. However, such diverse mate will have a cylindrical section of the order of
rials require different dimensions of hydrocy“ 48 inches in diameter, whereas a hydrocyclone for
clones and different operating conditions, so a the thickening of starch will have a cylindrical
brief description of the general characteristics 10 section of the order of one-half an inch in diam
of such a hydrocyclone may be helpful. eter. A 48-inch hydrocyclone will have an hourly
A hydrocyclone is a generally cylindrical vessel capacity of about 10,000 times that of a half
comprising a truly cylindrical part or section inch hydrocyclone—the capacity of the latter
which merges into a generally conical part or being about 25 gallons per hour.
section. There is an opening at the apex of the 15 Thus, in a starch factory where it is desired
cone of the conical section and there is another to thicken say 25,000 gallons of starch per hour,
opening, coaxial with the apex opening, in the 1,000 half-inch hydrocyclones would be re
cover-plate on the cylindrical section. quired. While this may seem to be a star
In the opening in the cover-plate, is carried tling number, the efficiency of these smaller
a tube that extends from that plate outward and 20 hydrocyclones for making satisfactory separa
extends inwardly into the cylindrical section of tions along the line of in?nitesimal size differ
the hydrocyclone. This is called a vortex ?nder. ences, is such as to make their use desirable.
There is a tangential feed inlet to the cylindrical However, mechanical problems of hooking up so
section. I many tiny hydrocyclones as to feed, and dis
In operation, the liquid suspension is supplied 25 charges, are serious. So it is a major object of
to the hydrocyclone under pressure through the this invention to take this tiny type of hydro
tangential feed. inlet to the cylindrical section cyclone out of the laboratory stage by devising
whereby the suspension is given a quick enough - ways and means whereby they are to be supplied
rotational impulse to keep it rotating during its and discharged economically without having a
passage through the hydrocyclone. One fraction 30 maze of feed and discharge pipes and ?ttings.
of the suspended solids is discharged from the A further object of this invention is to devise
hydrocyclone through the apex opening while ways and means to collect a considerable number
another fraction is discharged through the vortex of hydrocyclones in a small space. Another ob
?nder and thus from the base of the generally ject of the invention is to devise ways and means
conical hydrocyclone. The apex-discharge con 35 whereby a multiplicity of hydrocyclones, herein
tains the larger suspended solids while the base after referred to as a multiple-hydrocyclone, can
discharge contains the smaller suspended solids, be cast or moulded into a unit which can be
if separation is being based upon sizedifference. housed in a single casing or container.
If separation is based upon speci?c gravity dif A more speci?c object of the invention is to
ference, the solids having less speci?c gravity are 40 cast or mould the conical and cylindrical section
discharged through the base, while the solids hav and the infeed entrance thereinto of every hydro
ing greater speci?c gravity are discharged cyclone in the multiple-hydrocyclone into a
through the apex. As separation in a hydro block-like body unit, while casting or moulding
cyclone is dependent upon intense rotational separate cover-plates provided with vortex-?nd
forces, no obstructions can be tolerated in the ers to cover the hydrocyclones of the multiple
hydrocyclone which must have a perfectly smooth hydrocyclone. Another object of the invention
bore for otherwise harmful secondary eddies are is to devise ways and means to exert forces from
set up. The feed entrance also must be smooth every direction on a multiple-hydrocyclone in
and unobstructed. operation, so that such multiple-hydrocyclone
The functioning of a hydrocyclone is readily 50 even when it is composed of resilient material
effected by slight environmental changes, such like soft rubber, will retain its original shape in
as changing the area of the infeed entrance; the operation.
infeed pressure; the diameter of the apex-dis , In other words it is an object of this invention
charge; the diameter of the length of the vortex to secure together a soft rubber body block and
?nder; the diameter of the length of the cylin 55 a multiplicity of cover-plates in a main body as
 2,671,660
3 4
sembly to which can be applied a minimum of
other separable sections that contain within
themselves the essential feed and discharge open
ings required to make the multiple-hydrocyclone
into an operable device with no external acces
sories other than a unitary feed conduit and a
unitary conduit each for the base-discharges and
for the apex-discharges. A further object of the
invention is to devise ways and means whereby
the discharge of one multiple-hydrocyclone can 10
be fed into and treated in another multiple
hydrocyclone which is housed in an extension of
the casing housing the ?rst mentioned multiple
hydrocyclone.
To realize these objects, the invention com 15 plates 3‘ are shown so that the features of the
prises a construction consisting of a substantially body block Iv are visible, but it is obvious that
cylindrical body block, cover-plates and a casing
to secure these parts together, this construction
containing at least as many hydrocyclones as
there are cover-plates in the construction, an 20
infeed entrance for every hydrocyclone and a
substantially central hole connected directly or
indirectly with the infeed entrances. The cen
tralv hole is connected with an infeed tube. The
vortex-?nders of the hydrocyclones of a multi
ple-hydrocyclone discharge into one common
vessel, whereas the apex-apertures discharge in
to another common vessel. The construction is
provided with means to disconnect the infeed
means and the separate discharge means of one '
multiple-hydrocyclone, although a discharge ves
sel of one multiple-hydrocyclone may be con
nected with the central hole of another multiple
hydrocyclone.
The best embodiment of. the invention now
known to‘ us, will be described hereinafter for
illustrative purposes but it is to be understood
that it is illustrative and not limiting because
obviously certain changes and, modi?cations are
possible as long as they fall within the metes and
bounds as de?ned by the appended claims or
the equivalents of the latter’s requirements.
In, the accompanying. drawings the embodi
ment has been illustrated wherein:
Figure 1. is. a perspective view of. a multiple
hydrocyclone partially provided with cover
plates and partially broken away;
Figure 2 is a longitudinal section of the multi
ple-hydrocyclone;
Figure 3 is a cross-section of the multiple- v
hydrocyclone;
Figure. 4 is a plan view of the multiple-hydro
cyclone partially provided with cover-plates;
Figure 5 is a longitudinal section of an as
sembly with two multiple-hydrocyclones in
series;
Figure 6 is a plan view of the assembly of Fig
ure 5;
Figure '7 is a longitudinal section of an as
sembly with two multiple-hydrocyclones in par
60 no part corresponding'with infeed connection 26.
allel.
The, cylindrical body block. or multiple-hydro
cyclone I is shown in the Figures 1 to 4» inclu
sive. A central cylindrical infeed hole 2 extends
from one end to the other end of block I so that
the block I has an annular shape. Three radial
holes or ducts» 3 connect the central hole 2 with
the periphery of the block. The block I is pro
vided with a number of bores or hydrocyclones
4 whose axes are arranged on two cylinders co 7.0 is a closing member 41 perforated for receiving
axial with cylindrical block I. The bores are of
diminishing diameter and extend from one end
to the other end of block. I, the narrow ends of
the bores pointing in the same’ direction. All
hydrocyclones 4 have: the. same dimensions and 75 Packing, 52 is provided between the ?anges Z'I'and
one infeed entrance 5 debouching tangentially
thereinto. All the infeed entrances 5 are situ
ated in one plane perpendicular to the axis of
the cylindrical block I. The infeed entrances of
the outer hydrocyclone are connected with the
periphery of block I whereas the inieed entrances
of the inner bores are connected with the cen
tral hole 2. Every hydrocyclone 4 consists of a
cylindrical part‘ 5 into which the infeed entrance
5 debouches, a conical part 'I and a cylindrical
discharge aperture or apex opening 8. The
cover-plates 9 cover the bores 4 and the infeed
entrances 5, so as to form the base of the hydro
cyclones. In the drawings only a few cover
every bore 4 and every infeed entrance 5 has to
be covered when the multiple hydrocyclone is
operated.
The cover-plates 9 are provided with tubes or
vortex-finders I0 co-axial with the bores 4 they
cover and extending into the bores and in the
opposite direction. To hold the vortex-?nders
It in the centres of the hydrocyclones 4 the body
block I is provided with an extension II wherein
spaces are left which ?t around the cover-plates
9, preventing them to move sideways. The block
is further provided with a resilient outer collar
or ?ange I2 and a resilient inner collar or flange
l3 both connected with the apex end of block I,
the loose-end of the outer collar I2 encircling
the block and the loose end of the inner collar I3
being situated within the central hole 2.
Figures 5 and 6 show an assembly with two soft
rubber multiple-hydrocyclones in series. The
casing 14 comprises an outer tube I5 which sur
rounds multiple-hydrocyclone I, while ?tting
closely around the outer collar I2 of the block.
The inner tube I6 ?ts closely in the inner collar
I3 of the multiple-hydrocyclone. Cover I‘! is a
circular member provided with circular perfora
tions I8 surrounding the vortex-?nders I0. Bot
tom I9, is a circular plate provided with a central
perforation 29 surrounding inner tube I6 and
with circular perforation 2 I facing the apex ap
ertures 8v of multiple-hydrocyclone I. The outer
tube I5 and the inner. tube I6 are connected by
wall 22 opposite bottom. l9. Between wall 22 and
bottom I9 there is a discharge opening 23 leading
to tube 24 and valve 25. Wall 22 is provided with
an infeed connection 26 for inner tube I6. The
outer tube I5 is provided with a ?ange 21 per
forated for. receiving the bolts 28 which can be
tightened by nuts 29. The cover I‘! has a cylin
drical part 30 and a ?ange 3I, so that the cover
IT can be brought into the outer tube I5 with
?ange 3I resting on ?ange 21, tightening. the
cover-plates 9 against the block I in the mean
time. The opposite side of ?ange 3I meets casing
32, which is similar to casing I4 but which has
Number 33 refers to an outer tube, 34 to an inner
tube, 35 to a cover with perforations 36, 31 to a
bottom. with a central perforation or aperture
38 and circular perforations 39, 40 to a well, M
to a discharge openingleading to tube 42 and
valve 43, 44' to a perforated ?ange of outer tube
33, 45 to the cylindricalpart of cover 35' and 46
to the ?ange of cover 35. On top of ?ange 46
the bolts 28 and a discharge aperture 48 leading
to tube 49 and va1ve.5?. Inside casing‘ 32 is
multiple-hydrocyclone 5|, similar to multiple
hydrocyclone I and showing the same features.
 2,671,560
5 a
‘U
3I, between H and 32, between 44 and 46 and is divided into two parts, both parts passing into
between 46 and 41 to prevent leakage. By tight an inner tube 55. The assembly further com
ening the ?ve .nuts 29 all separate parts of prises casings 56, outer tubes 51, inner tubes 55,
the multiple-hydrocyclone and the casing are covers 58 with perforations 59, bottoms Bllwith
clamped together. v) central perforation 6| and circular perforation
In operation the material to be treated, e. g. a B2, walls 63, discharge openings 64 leading to
starch suspension, is introduced continuously tubes 65 and valves 65, perforated ?anges 61 of
under pressure into the inner tube I6 and enters outer tubes 51, cylindrical parts 68 and ?anges
central hole 2 of multiple-hydrocyclone I. The 59 of covers 58, closing members 10, perforated
pressure of the suspension presses the loose end for receiving the bolts ‘II which can be tightened
of collar I3 against the outer surface of inner with nuts ‘l2, discharge apertures 13 leading to
tube I6 so that no suspension can leak out. Part tubes ‘I4. Packing ‘i5 is provided between parts
of the suspension passes through the radial holes of the casing to prevent leakage. Inside the eas
3 and enters the space between block I and the ings 56 are multiple-hydrocyclones 16 similar to
inner surface of tube I5. The pressure of the 15 multiple-hydrocyclone I.
suspension forces the loose end of collar I2 The assembly as shown in Figure '7 contains 48
against the inner surface of outer tube I5 so that hydrocyclones, yet only 5 pipe connections are
no suspension can leak out. The suspension required. In a factory requiring one thousand
’ therefore is led through the infeed entrances 5 small hydrocyclones only 21 apparatus as shown
into the bores of hydrocyclones 4. The inner 20 in Figure 7 have to be installed.
hydrocyclones receive suspension from central We claim:
hole 2 directly, Whereas the outer hydrocyclones 1. Apparatus for a multiple-hydrocyclone com
receive suspension from the space between the prising a cylindrical block with a cylindrical hole
block I, and the outer tube I5. Rotating bodies centrally therethrough and radial holes con
of suspension come into being in the cylindrical necting the central hole with the periphery of
parts 6 and conical parts ‘I of the hydrocyclones the block, bores of diminishing diameter from
4 and the separated fractions are discharged one end to the other end each bore having at its
through the apex openings 3 and through the large end an infeed entrance tangentially de
vortex-?nders ID. The apex-discharge of the bouching thereinto, the axes of the bores being
multiple-hydrocyclone is received in a space con 30 arranged on two cylinders co-axial with the
?ned by wall 22, bottom I9, inner tube I6 and block, the infeed entrances of the bores of the
outer tube I5 and is discharged therefrom inner cylinder being connected with the cen
through discharge opening 23, tube 24 and valve tral hole, the infeed entrances of the bores of
. 25. The vortex-?nder-discharge is received in a the outer cylinder being connected with the pe
space con?ned by cover I’! and wall 40 and closed riphery of the block, a cover-plate for each bore
by packing 52 and enters through inner tube 34 and the infeed entrance thereto with each cover
into the central hole 2 of multiple-hydrocyclone plate having a co-axial aperture therethrough
5|. The operation of multiple-hydrocyclone 5i for each bore and a tubular member extending
I corresponds with the operation of multiple-hy axially from the cover plate into the bore and in
drocyclone I. The apex-discharge of multiple the opposite direction, an outer and an inner
hydrocyclone 5|, 1. e. the second apex discharge, resilient collar connected with the block at the
- is received in a space con?ned by wall 45, bot~ edge where the bores have their smaller ends,
tom 31, inner tube 34 and outer tube 33 and is the loose end of the outer collar surrounding the
discharged therefrom through discharge 4!, tube block, the loose end of the inner collar lying
42 and valve 43. The vorteX-?nder-discharge of within the central hole, all bores with the infeed
multiple-hydrocyclone 5I is received in a space 45 entrances debouching thereinto and the aper
con?ned by closing member 41 and cover 35 and tures leading therefrom de?ning identical hydro
closed by packing 52 and is discharged through ' cyclones and means for enclosing the block hav
aperture 48, tube 49 and valve 55. ing a casing encircling the block and a cover
The operation of the mu1tiple~hydrocyclcnes plate as well as a bottom plate with an infeed‘
I and 5| can be controlled by adjusting the valves 50 tube wherein the outer collar closingly co-acts
25, 43 and 50 and by regulating the infeed pres with the casing and the inner collar closingly
sure in inner tube I6. co-acts with the feed tube.
The assembly shown in Figures 5 and 6 con 2. A casing for apparatus according to claim 1
. tains two multiple-hydrocyclones of twenty-four comprising an outer tube whose inner diameter
hydrocyclones each, yet only four outer pipe con. 55 is larger than the outer diameter of the cylin
nections are required. The suspension exerts drical block but smaller than the largest diam
pressure on the blocks from all sides and the eter of the resilient outer collar therearound so
blocks therefore are only slightly deformed, even that said collar closes the opening between the
if they consist of an easily deformed material. multip-le-hydrocyclone and the outer tube, an
The separate hydrocyclones thus retain their 60 infeed tube whose outer diameter is smaller than
circular shape. This makes it possible to cast the inner diameter of the central hole of the mul
or mould the multiple-hydrocyclones of soft tiple-hydrocyclone but larger than the smallest
- rubber, which is of great advantage because soft diameter of the inner resilient collar therein so
rubber is wear resistant and has a smooth sur that said inner collar provides a closed connec
face and is therefore especially suited for the 65 tion between the infeed tube and the multiple
' inner surface of small hydrocyclones.
hydrocyclone, a cover with apertures arranged
The same units as described in Figures 5 and as to correspond with the discharge apertures of
' 6 may be used to assemble three multiple-hydro
cyclones in series, so that every casing contains the hydrocyclones to cover the end of the mul
72 hydrocyclones. Such an assembly is especially 70 tiple-hydrocyclone at the end opposite its collars.
useful for the thickening of starch suspensions. a bottom with apertures arranged as to corre
A similar assembly with two multiple-hydro spond with the infeed tube and with the discharge
cyclones in parallel is shown in Figure 7. The apertures of the hydrocyclones to cover the col
suspension is introduced through tube 53 into a lared end of the multiple-hydrocyclone and
space surrounded by cylindrical member 54 and 75 means to clamp the outer tube, the infeed tube,
 2,671,660
7
the cover and the bottom together so that the discharging it after being so collected, and of a
multiple-hydrocyclone is tightened between the chamber for collecting discharge from the apex
cover and the bottom. outlets of the bores and discharging it'after being
3. A casing according toclaim 2 with the addi so collected.
tion of a closed vessel into which the apertures 11. A multiple hydrocyclone according-to claim
of the cover debouch and having a discharge 10, wherein the tube for conductingthe incoming
opening. feed passes through the chamber that collects
4. A casing according to claim 2 provided with discharge from the apex outlets.
a closed vessel having a discharge opening with 12. A mu'ltiple‘hydrocyclone according to claim
the apex apertures of the hydrocy'clone's debouch 10 11, wherein there are two such complete assem
ing through the bottom into the vessel. blie‘s arranged in ‘superposed position with the
5'. A casing according to claim 4,‘ wherein'the outlet from the casing that collects discharge
‘discharge opening has regulating means. from-oneiset of similar outlets of the subjac'ent
6. A multiple-hydrocyclone comprising a cylin assembly comprising the tube that feeds to the
drical block having an axial hole therethrough central hole of the superjac'ent assembly.
and therearound a plurality of axially disposed 13. A multiple hydrocyclone having a generally
cylindrical bores large at one end and of dimin cylindrical casing with apertured cover means
ishing diameter at the other smaller end, cover and an apertured bottom, an annular block with
means for the large ends having an aperture a feed-receiving central hole located co-axially
therethrough for each, an apertured bottom plate within the casing having an inner and an outer
closing an end of the block whose apertures form ring of similarly directed substantially conical
‘an outlet area therethrough for liquid discharging bores therethrough each of which bores is a
from the smaller end of the bores, ‘an apertured hydrocyclone with a base outlet discharging
top plate for the other-end of the block whose through an aperture in the cover means, as wen
‘apertures form an outlet area therethrough for as an apex outlet discharging through an aper
liquid discharging from the large end of each ture in the bottom, outwardly extending liquid
bore,~clamping means connecting the top plate sealing means extending between the block and
and the bottom plate, conduit‘ means for carrying its casing at an elevation between said outlets
away liquid discharging through the bottom plate, to provide there a feed-‘receiving annular space
conduit means for carrying away liquid discharg- ' between the block and its casing above the seal
ing through ‘the top plate, means for feeding a ing means, inwardly extending liquid-sealing
suspension to be treated by the hydrocyclone into means extending from the block into‘ its hole at
the-central hole as a receiver of a common supply a similar elevation, fe'edeconducting ducts ex
of feed, and means for distributing feed from the tending through the block from its hole to the
hole to the bores having an individual feed-con-' > annular space, an infeed entrance to each of the
ducting passageway leading from the common bores of the inner ring leading ‘from the hole,
feed supply and debouching tangentially into the an infeed entrance to each of the ‘bores of the
large end of each bore. outer ring leading from said space, and a tube
'7 . A multiple-hydrocyclone according to claim projecting eontactingly past the inwardly extend
6, with the addition of a casing encircling the a \ ing liquid-sealing means into the hole for con
block at its side but constructed and arranged to ducting incoming feed thereto for distribution
leave a liquid holding space between it and the to each feed entrance of the bores of the inner
block, a further plurality of bores and associated ring thereof directly from the hole and t'oe'ach
cover plates in all respects like the ?rst plurality feed entrance of the outer ring thereof indirectly
thereof except that their feed entrance passage from the hole through the radial ducts and said
ways connect each of them with said space, and annular space.
liquid-conducting conduit means connecting the 14. A multiple hydrocyclon'e ‘having a vcasing
hole with said space. with an apertured cover and an apertured bot
3. A multiple hydrocyclone according to claim tom, a block with a feed-‘receiving central hole
6, wherein the suspension feeding means include located within the casing having an ‘inner and
tubular means projecting through the bottom an outer ring of similarly directed substantially
plate‘, with the addition of resiliently deformable conical bores therethrough each of which bores
liquid-sealing means between the tubular means is a hydrocyclone with a base outlet discharging
through an aperture in the cover as well as an
and the block.
“9. A multiple hydrocyclone comprising a block _
apex outlet discharging through an aperture in
with a central axial hole and parallel to that the bottom, the block being spaced from its cas
ing {or a portion of its length above the apex
hole aplurality of substantially conical bores of outlets to provide there an annular feed-receiving
diminishing diameter with all the base outlets space, feed-conducting duct means extending
at one end of the block and all the apex outlets through the block from its central hole to the
at the other end of the block, apertured top cover annular space, an infeed entrance to each of the
means for closing the base outlets of the bores‘ bores of the inner ring leading from the central
except for an aperture aligned therewith, aper hole, an infeedv entrance to each of the bores of
tured bottom cover meansv having an aperture the outer ring leading from the annular space,
area to form an outlet for liquid discharging and a tube projecting sealingly into the central
therefrom, pressure means including a tube for 65 hole for conducting incoming feed thereto for
feeding‘ a suspension to be treated in‘ the hydro distribution to' each feed entrance of the inner
cyclone intoithe central hole, and a feed-conduct— ring of bores directly from the hole and to each
in‘g'passageway tangentially‘ debouching into the feed entranceof the outer ring of bores indirectly
large end of each bore leading from the feed from the hole through the duct means and the
receiving hole whose common feed supply is thus 70 annular space.
‘?owed through the feed passagewaysand distrib
uted individually to the'bores. FREERK J. FONTEINL
10. A multiple hydrocyclone according to claim JAN N. J. LEEMAN.
9, with the addition of a chamber for collecting
discharge from the base outlets of the bores and 75 (References on following page)
 2,671,560
.9 10
References Cited in the ?le of this patent Number Country Date
880,715 France ___________ __ Apr. 2, 1943
UNITED STATES PATENTS 607,777 Great Britain _____ __ Sept. e, 1948
Number Name Date
348,132 Leopold __________ __ Aug. 24, 1886 5 OTHER REFERENCES
Greer et a1.: “Preliminary American Tests etc.,”
FOREIGN PATENTS Feb. 1947, Aime T. P. 2136 in Coal Technology,
Number Country Date DD. 2 and 3. '
2,117 Great; Britain ______ __ Dec. 4, 1397 Driessen et a1.: “Cyclone 'I'hickener,” Mining
22,299 Great Britain _____ __ Aug, 13, 1903 10 Technology, vol. 181, Jan. 1950.
328,652 Great Britain ______ __ May 2, 1930