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ON SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS FOR CONFORMABLE FRACTIONAL INTEGRALS

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 ON SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS FOR CONFORMABLE
FRACTIONAL INTEGRALS

M.Z. SARIKAYA, A. AKKURT, H. BUDAK, M.E. YILDIRIM, AND H. YILDIRIM

Abstract. In this paper, we introduce the ( ; k)-gamma function; ( ; k)-beta

function, Pochhammer symbol (x)n;k and Laplace transforms for conformable
fractional integrals. We prove several properties generalizing those satis…ed by
the classical gamma function, beta function and Pochhammer symbol. The
results presented here would provide generalizations of those given in earlier
works.

1. Introduction
The classical Euler gamma function or Euler integral of the second kind is given
by
Z 1
(x) = tx 1
e t dt; x > 0
0
and the beta function or Eulerian integral of the …rst kind with two variables is
de…ned by
Z 1
y 1
B (x; y) = tx 1 (1 t) dt; x; y > 0:
0
Therefore, the classical beta function in terms of gamma function is de…ned in [3]
as
(x) (y)
B (x; y) = ; x; y > 0:
(x + y)
The rising factorial x(n) , sometimes also denoted (x)n ([5, p. 6]) or xn ([9, p. 48]),
is de…ned by
x(n) = x (x + 1) ::: (x + n 1)
This function is also known as the rising factorial power ([9, p. 48]) and frequently
called the Pochhammer symbol in the theory of special functions. The rising fac-
torial is implemented in the Wolfram Language as Pochhammer [x; n]. In recently,
Diaz and Pariguan give a new de…nition for the function of variable x as follows
(x)n;k = x (x + k) (x + 2k) ::: (x + (n 1) k)
and they called the Pochhammer k-symbol. Setting k = 1 one obtains the usual
Pochhammer symbol (x)n . Recently, in a series of research publications, Diaz et
al. ([6]-[8]) have introduced k-gamma and k-beta functions and proved a number
of their properties. They have also studied k-zeta function and k-hypergeometric

Key words and phrases. Gamma function, beta function, Pochhammer symbol, confromable
fractional integrals.
2010 Mathematics Sub ject Classi…cation 26D15, 26A51, 26A33, 26A42.
1
2 M .Z. SARIKAYA, A. AKKURT, H. BUDAK, M .E. YILDIRIM , AND H. YILDIRIM

functions based on Pochhammer k-symbols for factorial functions. The k-gamma

function is de…ned by
x
1
n!k n (kn) k
k (x) = lim ; k > 0.
n!1 (x)n;
tk
It has been shown that the Mellin transform of the exponential function e k is
the k-gamma function, explicitly given by
Z 1
tk
k (x) = tx 1 e k dt:
0
x x
1
Clearly, (x) = lim k (x) ; k (x) = k k k and k (x + k) = x k (x) : This
k!1
gives rise to k-beta function de…ned by
Z
1 1 x 1
y
1
Bk (x; y) = tk (1 t) k dt
k 0
so that Bk (x; y) = k1 B xk ; ky and Bk (x; y) = k (x) k (y)
k (x+y)
:
The purpose of this paper is to introduce ( ; k)-gamma function and ( ; k)-beta
function for conformable fractional integrals and obtain some of their properties.
When ( ; k) ! (1; 1), it turns out to be the usual gamma function and beta func-
tion.

2. Definitions and properties of conformable fractional derivative

and integral
The following de…nitions and theorems with respect to conformable fractional
derivative and integral were referred in [1], [2], [10], [12]-[17].
De…nition 1. (Conformable fractional derivative) Given a function f : [0; 1) !
R. Then the “conformable fractional derivative” of f of order is de…ned by
f t + "t1 f (t)
(2.1) D (f ) (t) = lim
!0 "
for all t > 0; 2 (0; 1) : If f is di¤ erentiable in some (0; a) ; > 0; lim f ( )
(t) exist,
t!0+
then de…ne
(2.2) f( )
(0) = lim f ( )
(t) :
t!0+

We can write f ( ) (t) for D (f ) (t) to denote the conformable fractional derivatives
of f of order . In addition, if the conformable fractional derivative of f of order
exists, then we simply say f is -di¤ erentiable. For 2 n 2 N; we denote
Dn (f ) (t) = D Dn 1 (f ) (t) :
Theorem 1. Let 2 (0; 1] and f; g be -di¤ erentiable at a point t > 0. Then
i: D (af + bg) = aD (f ) + bD (g) ; for all a; b 2 R;
ii: D ( ) = 0; for all constant functions f (t) = ;
iii: D (f g) = f D (g) + gD (f ) ;
f f D (g) gD (f )
iv: D = :
g g2
v: If f is di¤ erentiable, then
df
(2.3) D (f ) (t) = t1 (t) :
dt
 ON SOM E SPECIAL FUNCTIONS FOR CONFORM ABLE FRACTIONAL INTEGRALS 3

De…nition 2 (Conformable fractional integral). Let 2 (0; 1] and 0 a < b: A

function f : [a; b] ! R is -fractional integrable on [a; b] if the integral
Z b Z b
(2.4) f (x) d x := f (x) x 1 dx
a a

exists and is …nite.

Remark 1.
Z t
a f (x)
I (f ) (t) = I1a t 1
f = dx;
a x1
where the integral is the usual Riemann improper integral, and 2 (0; 1].
Theorem 2. Let f : (a; b) ! R be di¤ erentiable and 0 < 1. Then, for all
t > a we have
(2.5) I a Da f (t) = f (t) f (a) :
Theorem 3. (Integration by parts) Let f; g : [a; b] ! R be two functions such
that f g is di¤ erentiable. Then
Z b Z b
b
(2.6) f (x) Da (g) (x) d x = f gja g (x) Da (f ) (x) d x:
a a

Theorem 4. [17] (Inverse property) Assume that a 0, and 2 (0; 1), and also
let f be a continuous function such that Ia f exists. Then, for all t > a we have
Da I a f (t) = f (t) :
In this paper, we …stly introduce the ( ; k)-gamma function; ( ; k)-beta func-
tion, Pochhammer symbol (x)n;k and we prove several properties generalizing those
satis…ed by the classical gamma function, beta function and Pochhammer symbol.
Then, we give a new de…nition of Laplace transform for conformable fractional inte-
grals and we prove several properties of generalized Laplace transform. The results
presented here would provide generalizations of those given in earlier works.

3. Gamma and Beta Functions for Conformable fractional integral

De…nition 3. (Pochhammer symbol) Let p 2 (0; 1) ; k > 0; 2 (0; 1] ; and
n 2 N + Pochhammer symbol (p)n;k is given by

(p)n;k = (p + 1) (p + 1 + k) (p + 1 + 2 k) ::: (p + 1 + (n 1) k) :

Proposition 1. Let 2 (0; 1] and k : (0; 1) ! R: For 0 < p < 1; Conformable

gamma function k is given by
p+ 1
1
R1 t k n! n n
k (n k) k

k (p) = 0
tp 1
e k d t = lim :
n!1 (p)n;k

Proof. We will give two di¤erent proofs. Firstly, we take

R1 t k R (nk) k1 t k
n
k (p) = 0
tp 1
e k d t = lim 1 n k tp 1
d t:
n!1 0
4 M .Z. SARIKAYA, A. AKKURT, H. BUDAK, M .E. YILDIRIM , AND H. YILDIRIM

i
t k R (n k)
1
k
Let An;i (p) ; i = 0; :::; n; be given by An;i (p) =
0
1 tp 1
d t: The
n k
following recursion formula is proven using integration by parts

i
R (n k)
1
k t k
An;i (p) = 0
1 tp 1
d t
n k
i
R (n k)
1
k t k
= 0
1 tp+ 2
dt
n k
1
i (n k) k
t k tp+ 1
= 1
n k p+ 1
0
i 1
i R (n k)
1
k t k
+ 0
1 tp+ + k 2
dt
n (p + 1) n k
i 1
i R (n k)
1
k t k
= 0
1 tp+ k 1
d t
n (p + 1) n k

i
= An;i 1 (p + k) :
n (p + 1)

Also,

p+ 1
R (n k)
1
k
p 1 (n k) k
An;0 (p) = 0
t d t= :
p+ 1

Therefore, integrating by part

An;n (p)
n
R (n k) 1
k t k
= 0 1 tp 1
d t
n k
1
n (n k) k n 1
t k tp+ 1 n R (n k)
1
k t k
= 1 + 0
1 tp+ k 1
d t
n k p+ 1 0 n (p + 1) n k
n 1
n R (n k) 1k t k
= 1 tp+ k 1
d t
n (p + 1) 80 n k
1
>
< n 1 (n k) k
n t k tp+ k+ 1
= 1
n (p + 1) >
: n k p+ k+ 1
0
n 1
)
n
1 R (n k)
1
k t k
p+2 k 1
+ 0
1 t d t
n (p + k + 1) n k
 ON SOM E SPECIAL FUNCTIONS FOR CONFORM ABLE FRACTIONAL INTEGRALS 5

( n 1
)
n 1n R (n k)
1
k t k p+2 k 1
= 0
1 t d t
n (p + 1) n (p + k + 1) n k
..
.
p+ +n k 1
n (n 1) (n 2) ::: (n (n 1)) (n k) k
=
n (p + 1) n (p + k + 1) n (p + 2 k + 1) :::n (p + (n 1) k + 1) (p + +n k 1)
p+ 1 p+ 1
1
n!nn : n :k n (n k) k n! n k n (n k) k
= n p+ 1 =
n (p)n;k n k 1 + n k (p)n;k 1 + p+n k
1

and
p+ 1
n n 1
n! k (n k) k

k (p) = lim An;n (p) = lim :

n!1 n!1 (p)n;k
which completes the proof.
Secondly, for proof of proposition, we …rst prove that
Z 1
n n! n k n
(3.1) 1 t k tp 1 d t =
0 (p)n+1;k
for p > 0 and n = 0; 1; 2; :::: In order to prove (3.1) by induction we …rst take n = 0
to obtain for p > 0
Z 1
1 1
tp 1 d t = = :
0 p+ 1 (p)1;k
Now we assume that (3.1) holds for n = m. Then we have
Z 1 Z 1
m+1 p 1 m
1 t k t d t = 1 t k 1 t k tp 1 d t
0 0
Z 1 Z 1
k m p 1 k m p+ k 1
= 1 t t d t 1 t t d t
0 0

m! m k m m! m k m
=
(p)m+1;k (p + k)m+1;k

m! m k m (m + 1)! m+1 k m+1

= (p + 1 + (m + 1) k p + 1) =
(p)m+2;k (p)m+2;k
which show sthat (3.1) holds for n = m + 1. This proves that (3.1) holds for all
1
n = 0; 1; 2; :::. Now we set t = u (n k) k into (3.1) to …nd that
Z (n k)1= k n
1 u k n! n k n
1 up 1 d u =
(p)n;k n k 1 + p+n k 1
p+ 1
(n k) k 0 n k
and then
Z (n k)1= k n p+ 1
1
u k p 1 n! n k n (n k) k
1 u d u= :
0 n k (p)n;k 1 + p+n k 1
Since we have
n
u k u k
lim 1 =e k ;
n!1 n k
6 M .Z. SARIKAYA, A. AKKURT, H. BUDAK, M .E. YILDIRIM , AND H. YILDIRIM

we conclude that
Z 1 n n
p+ 1
1
p 1 u k n! k (n k) k

k (p) = u e k d u = lim :
0 n!1 (p)n;k

Proposition 2. The ( ; k)-Gamma function k (p) satis…es the following identities

(1) k (p + k) = (p + 1) k (p)
(2) k (p + n k) = (p)n;k k (p)
p+ 1
1 p+ 1
(3) k (p) = ( k) k
k
p+ 1
1 p+ 1
(4) k (p) = ( ) k
k
(5) k ( k+1 )=1
p+ 1R1 at
k
(6) k (p) = a k
0
tp 1
e k d t:

Proof. (1) Using the integration by parts, we have

R1 t k
k (p + k) = 0
tp+ k 1
e k d t
R1 t k
= (p + 1) 0
tp 1
e k d t

= (p + 1) k (p) :

(2) Integrating the by parts for n-times we get

Z 1
t k
k (p + n k) = tp+n k 1
e k d t
Z0 1
t k
= tp+ 2+n k
e k dt
0
Z 1
t k
= (p + 1 + (n 1) k) tp+ 2+(n 1) k
e k dt
0
Z 1
t k
= (p + 1 + (n 1) k) (p + 1 + (n 2) k) tp+ 2+(n 3)k
e k dt
0
..
. Z 1
t k
= (p + 1 + (n 1) k) (p + 1 + (n 2) k) ::: (p + 1) tp+ 2
e k dt
0
= (p)n;k k (p) :

(3 ) By de…nition ( ; k)-Gamma function k (p) ;

Z 1
u k
k (p) = up 1 e k d u
0
k
and by changing the variable t = u k ; we obtain the result (3 ). The proof of the
properties (4), (5) and (6) are abvious from the de…nition of ( ; k)-Gamma function
k:
 ON SOM E SPECIAL FUNCTIONS FOR CONFORM ABLE FRACTIONAL INTEGRALS 7

De…nition 4. Let 2 (0; 1] : The ( ; k)-Beta function Bk (p; q) is given the by

formula Z 1
1 p
1
q
1
Bk (p; q) = t k (1 t) k
d t; p; q; k > 0:
k 0
Proposition 3. The ( ; k)-Beta function Bk (p; q) satis…es the following identities
1) Bk (p; k) = p+ k(1 1) ;
2) Bk ( k (2 ) ; q) = 1q
Proof. From the de…nition of the ( ; k)-Beta function Bk (p; q) ; we have
Z 1
1 p 1
Bk (p; k) = t k 1d t =
k 0 p+ k( 1)
and similarly,
Z 1
1 q
1 1
Bk ( k (2 ) ; q) = t1 (1 t) k d t = :
k 0 q
This completes the proof.
Remark 2. From the Proposition 3, we have
1
Bk ( k; k) = :
k 2
Remark 3. By the Proposition 3 with = 1, we have the following properties for
k-Beta function
1 1
Bk (p; k) = ; Bk (k; q) = :
p q
Proposition 4. The following property holds for ( ; k)-Beta function Bk (p; q)

p+ k( 2)
Bk (p; q) = B (p k; q) :
p+q + k( 2) k
Proof. Integrating the by parts, we have
Z 1
1 p q
1
Bk (p; q) = t k 1 (1 t) k d t
k 0
1
1 k p q
= t k+ 2
(1 t) k
k q 0
Z 1
1 k p p
2
q
+ : + 2 t k (1 t) k
d t
k q k 0
Z 1
p+ k( 2) 1 p
2
q
1
= t k (1 t) (1 t) k
d t
q k 0
Z 1 Z 1
p+ k( 2) 1 p
2
q
1 1 p
1
q
1
= t k (1 t) k
d t t k (1 t) k
d t
q k 0 k 0
p + k2 ( 2)
= [Bk (p k; q) Bk (p; q)] :
q
That is,
p+ k( 2)
Bk (p; q) = [Bk (p k; q) Bk (p; q)]
q
which completes the proof.
8 M .Z. SARIKAYA, A. AKKURT, H. BUDAK, M .E. YILDIRIM , AND H. YILDIRIM

Proposition 5. The following identity holds

1 p+ k( 1) q 1 p q
Bk (p; q) = Bk ; = B + 1;
k k k
where Bk (x; y) is k-Beta function and B (x; y) is classical Beta function.
Proof. The proof is follows directly from the de…nitions of ( ; k)-Beta function and
conformable integral.
Proposition 6. The following property holds for ( ; k)-Beta function in terms of
( ; k)-gamma function
k (p) k (q)
Bk (p + k (1 ) ; q) = :
k (p + q + 1 )
Proof. By using de…nition of ( ; k)-gamma function, we get
Z 1 Z 1
t k s k
p 1
k (p) k (q) = t e k d t sq 1 e k d s
0 0
Z 1 Z 1
t k +s k
= e k tp 1 q 1
s d td s:
0 0

Now we apply the change of variables t k = x k y and s k = x k (1 y) to this

double integral. Note that t k + s k = x k and that 0 < t < 1 and 0 < s < 1
imply that 0 < x < 1 and 0 < y < 1: The Jacobian of this transformation (see [4])
is
! !
@ f @ f 1 @f 1 @f
@x @y x @x y @y
@ g @ g = @g @g
@x @y
x1 @x y 1 @y
1 1
!
1 1
x1 y k k y xy k 1
= 1
1 1
1
1
x1 (1 y) k ky x (1 y) k
1 2 1 1
1
= x y k (1 y) k
:
k
!
@ f @ f
@x @y
Since x; y; k > 0; we conclude that d td s = @ g @ g d xd y: Hence we
@x @y
have
Z 1 Z 1
x k p 1 q 1 1 2 1 1
1
k (p) k (q) = e k xp 1
y k xq 1
(1 y) k
x y k (1 y) k
d xd y
0 0 k
Z 1 Z 1
x k 1 p q
1
= e k xp+q d x y k (1 y) k
d y
0 k 0

= k (p + q + 1 ) Bk (p + k (1 ) ; q)

Remark 4. By the Proposition 6 with = 1, we have the following properties

k (p) k (q)
Bk (p; q) = :
k (p + q)
 ON SOM E SPECIAL FUNCTIONS FOR CONFORM ABLE FRACTIONAL INTEGRALS 9

4. Laplace transform for Conformable fractional integral

In Abbeljawad give the de…nition of the Laplace transform for conformable left
fractional integral of order 0 < 1: In this section, we will generalize the de-
…nition of the Laplace transform for conformable fractional integral and use it to
soleve prove some properties.

De…nition 5. Let 2 (0; 1] ; k > 0; and f : [0; 1) ! R be a function. Then the

fractional Laplace transform of order of f de…ned by

Z1 k
st
(4.1) Lk ff (t)g (s) = Fk (s) = e k f (t)d t
0

which is called ( ; k)-Laplace transform.

Some properties of the ( ; k)-Laplace Transform

1) Lk f0g (s) = 0
2) Lk ff (t) + g(t)g (s) = Lk ff (t)g (s) + Lk fg(t)g (s)
3) Lk fcf (t)g (s) = cLk ff (t)g (s) ; c is a constant.
Properties 2) and 3) together means that the Laplace transform is linear.

Theorem 5. Let 2 (0; 1] ; k > 0; and f : (0; 1) ! R be di¤ erentiable function.

Then
n o
(k 1)
(4.2) Lk fD f (t)g (s) = sLk t f (t) (s) f (0) :

Proof. By de…nition ( ; k)-Laplace transform and using the (2.6), we have (4.2).

It is easy to see from de…niton of the ( ; k)-Laplace transform that we have

rather unusual results given in the following theorem.

Theorem 6. Let 2 (0; 1]; c 2 R and k > 0. Then we have the following results
1
i) Lk f1g (s) = s k k (1) ;
1+
ii) Lk ftg (s) = s k k (2) ;
p+
ftp g (s)o = s k k (p + 1) ;
iii) Lk n
t k 1
iv) Lk ec k (s) = (s c)
k (1) ;
k

n t k
o
v) Lk ff (t)g (s) = Fk (s) ) Lk f (t):ec k (s) = Fk (s c) ;
1 s
vi) Lk ff (t)g (s) = Fk (s) ) Lk ff (ct)g (s) = c Fk c k ;

Example 1. Let us consider the function f (t) = sin w t ; then by using the property
D cos w t = w sin w t ; we can write

Z1 Z1
t st
k t 1 st
k t
Lk sin w (s) = e k sin w d t= e k D cos w d t
w
0 0
10 M .Z. SARIKAYA, A. AKKURT, H. BUDAK, M .E. YILDIRIM , AND H. YILDIRIM

Therefore, using integration by part for conformable integral, we have

Z1
1 t k t
e s k D cos w d t
w
0
8 9
Z1
1 < =
1
k
st k t t k
st k
= e cos w cos w D e d t
w: 0 ;
0

Z1
1 s k st
k t
= t e k cos w d t
w w
0

Z1
1 s k st
k t
= t e k D sin w d t:
w w2
0
Similarly, we get
(4.3)
t 1 s( k ) k 2 t s2 t
Lk sin w (s) = + Lk t sin w (s) L t2 k 2
sin w (s) :
w w2 w2 k
If we take k = 1 in (4.3), we have
t w
L sin w (s) =
w2 + s2
which is proved by Abdeljawad in [1].

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[Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Düzce University, Düzce,

Turkey
E-mail address : sarikayamz@gmail.com

[Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, University of Kahraman-

maraŞ Sütçü I·mam, 46100, KahramanmaraŞ , Turkey
E-mail address : abdullahmat@gmail.com

[Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Düzce University, Düzce,

Turkey
E-mail address : hsyn.budak@gmail.com

[Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, University of Cumhuriyet,

Sivas, Turkey
E-mail address : mesra@cumhuriyet.edu.tr

[Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, University of Kahraman-

maraŞ Sütçü I·mam, 46100, KahramanmaraŞ , Turkey
E-mail address : hyildir@ksu.edu.tr

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