Basalt

Basalt is a mafic extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-
rich lava exposed at or very near the surface of a terrestrial planet or a moon. More than 90% of all
volcanic rock on Earth is basalt.

Granite
Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.
Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy.

Mica White
The mica group of sheet silicate minerals includes several closely related materials having nearly
perfect basal cleavage. All are monoclinic, with a tendency towards pseudohexagonal crystals, and are
similar in chemical composition.

Pumice
Pumice, called pumicite in its powdered or dust form, is a volcanic rock that consists of highly
vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals. It is typically light colored.

Quartz
Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in a continuous framework of SiO₄
silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall
chemical formula of SiO₂. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, behind
feldspar.

Rhyolite
Rhyolite is an igneous, volcanic rock, of felsic composition. It may have any texture from glassy
to aphanitic to porphyritic. The mineral assemblage is usually quartz, sanidine and plagioclase. Biotite
and hornblende are common accessory minerals. It is the extrusive equivalent to granite.

Biotite
Biotite is a common phyllosilicate mineral within the mica group, with the approximate
chemical formula K ₃AlSi ₃O ₁₀ ₂.

Calcite
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate. The Mohs
scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines value 3 as "calcite". Other
polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite.

Garnet
Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as
gemstones and abrasives. All species of garnets possess similar physical properties and crystal forms,
but differ in chemical composition. The different species are pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular,
uvarovite and andradite.
Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly
calcite or dolomite. Marble is typically not foliated, although there are exceptions.

Pyrophyllite
Pyrophyllite is a phyllosilicate mineral composed of aluminium silicate hydroxide:
Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂. It occurs in two more or less distinct varieties, namely, as crystalline folia and as compact
masses; distinct crystals are not known

Mica Schist
Schist is a medium-grade metamorphic rock. Schist has medium to large, flat, sheet-like
grains in a preferred orientation. It is defined by having more than 50% platy and elongated minerals,
often finely interleaved with quartz and feldspar.

Quartzite
Quartzite is a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz sandstone.
Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tectonic
compression within orogenic belts

Serpentine
The serpentine subgroup are greenish, brownish, or spotted minerals commonly found in
serpentinite rocks. They are used as a source of magnesium and asbestos, and as a decorative stone.
The name is thought to come from the greenish color being that of a serpent.

Slate
Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original
shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional
metamorphism. It is the finest grained foliated metamorphic rock

Bituminous coal
Bituminous coal or black coal is a relatively soft coal containing a tarlike substance called
bitumen or asphalt. It is of higher quality than lignite coal but of poorer quality than anthracite. Formation
is usually the result of high pressure being exerted on lignite.

Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of
the mineral calcite. Calcite is an ionic salt called calcium carbonate or CaCO₃.

Diatomaceous earth
Diatomaceous earth – also known as D.E., diatomite, or kieselgur/kieselguhr – is a naturally
occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. It
has a particle size ranging from less than 3 μm to more than 1 mm, but typically 10 to 200 μm
Dolomite
Dolomite is an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate,
ideally CaMg(CO₃)₂. The term is also used for a sedimentary carbonate rock composed mostly of the
mineral dolomite. An alternative name sometimes used for the dolomitic rock type is dolostone.

Beryl
Beryl is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate with the chemical formula
Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈. Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine. Naturally occurring,
hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several meters in size, but terminated crystals are relatively rare.

Red Feldspar
Plagioclase has a color range from white to dark gray, and it's typically translucent. Alkali
feldspar (also called potassium feldspar or K-feldspar) has a color range from white to brick-red, and
it's typically opaque. Many rocks have both feldspars, like granite.

Halite
Halite, commonly known as rock salt, is a type of salt, the mineral form of sodium chloride.
Halite forms isometric crystals. The mineral is typically colorless or white, but may also be light blue, dark
blue, purple, pink, red, orange, yellow or gray depending on the amount and type of impurities.

Sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or
rock fragments. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because they are the most resistant
minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface, as seen in Bowen's reaction series.

Shale
Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of
clay minerals and tiny fragments of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite. Shale is characterized
by breaks along thin laminae or parallel layering or bedding less than one centimeter in thickness, called
fissility