Gauss Seidel Load Flow Example

Active power demand of the 1 j0.4 2

132 kV system shown in G1
V2=1 G2
Figure is supplied by two
generators G1 and G2. p=0.9
p=0.6
System voltage is supported j0.2 j0.25
by generator G2 and a large 3
V3=1
synchronous compensator
SC, which both maintain the SC
s= 1.5+j0.3
voltage at 1 p.u. at their
respective nodes. Generator
G1, connected at node 1, has
• Form the Ybus matrix for this
no reactive power capacity system.
available for voltage control. • Perform two iterations of the
Gauss – Seidel load flow.
1

Ybus matrix
z12 = 0 + j 0.4 p.u z13 = 0 + j 0.2 p.u z 23 = 0 + j 0.25 p.u
1 1 1
y12 = = − j 2.5 p.u. y13 = = − j 5 p.u. y 23 = = − j 4 p.u.
z12 z13 z 23
Y11 = y12 + y13 = − j 2.5 + (− j 5) = − j 7.5 p.u.

Y 22 = y 12 + y 23 = − j 2 . 5 + ( − j 4 ) = − j 6 . 5 p.u.
Y33 = y13 + y23 = − j 5 + (− j 4) = − j 9 p.u.
Y12 = Y21 = − y12 = j 2.5p.u. ⎡− 7.5 2.5 5⎤
Y13 = Y31 = − y13 = j 5p.u. Y = j ⎢ 2.5 − 6.5 4 ⎥⎥
⎢

Y23 = Y32 = − y 23 = j 4p.u. ⎢⎣ 5 4 − 9⎥⎦

1
 Bus definition
• Slack bus is bus 2, as generator 1 has no
reactive power capacity available for
voltage control.
• PV bus is bus 3 as SC keeps voltage at 1
p.u.
• PQ bus is bus 1

Initialisation
V1( 0 ) = 1 + j 0 PQ bus
V2( 0 ) = V2spec = 1 + j 0 Slack bus
V3( 0 ) = V3spec = 1 + j 0 PV bus

Q3( 0 ) = − Im{V3( 0 )∗ ⋅ (Y31 ⋅ V1( 0 ) + Y32 ⋅ V2( 0 ) + Y33 ⋅ V3( 0 ) )}

= − Im{(1 − j 0) ⋅ [ j 5 ⋅ (1 + j 0) + j 4 ⋅ (1 + j 0) + ( − j 9) ⋅ (1 + j 0)]} = 0 p.u.

S 3( 0 ) = − Re( s3 ) + jQ3( 0 ) = − Re(1.5 + j 0.3) + j 0 = - 1.5 p.u

Note: SC does not produce real power

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2
 First iteration
1 S1∗
= ⋅ ( ( 0)∗ − Y12 ⋅ V2( 0 ) − Y13 ⋅ V3( 0) )
(1)
V1
Y11 V1
1 0.9 − j 0
= ⋅( − j 2.5 ⋅ (1 + j 0) − j 5 ⋅ (1 + j 0))
− j 7.5 1 − j 0
= 1 + j 0.12 p.u.
~ (1) 1 S 3( 0 )∗
V3 = ⋅( − Y31 ⋅ V1(1) − Y32 ⋅ V2( 0 ) )
Y33 V3( 0 )∗
1 − 1 .5
= ⋅( − j 5 ⋅ (1 + j 0.12) − j 4 ⋅ (1 + j 0)) = 1 - j0.1 p.u
− j9 1 − j0
~ (1)
V3 1 − j 0.1
= V3 ~ (1) = 1 ⋅ 1 − j 0.1 = 0.995 - j0.0995 p.u.
(1) spec
V3
V3
5

First iteration
(
S 2(1) = V2( 0 ) ⋅ Y21 ⋅ V1(1) + Y22 ⋅ V2( 0 ) + Y23 ⋅ V3(1) )
∗

= (1 + j 0) ⋅ ( j 2.5 ⋅ (1 + j 0.12) + ( −6.5) ⋅ (1 + j 0) + j 4 ⋅ (0.995 − j 0.0995 ))*

= 0.0980 + j 0.0199 p.u.

Q3(1) = − Im(V3(1)∗ ⋅ (Y31 ⋅ V1(1) + Y32 ⋅ V2( 0 ) + Y33 ⋅ V3(1) )) = 0.1044 p.u.
S 3(1) = Re( S 3( 0) ) + jQ3(1) = -1.5 + j 0.1044 p.u

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 Power flow and mismatches
S12 = V1(1) ⋅ ((V1(1) − V2( 0 ) ) ⋅ y12 )∗ = 0.3 + j 0.036 p.u.
S 21 = V2( 0) ⋅ ((V2( 0 ) − V1(1) ) ⋅ y12 )∗ = −0.3 p.u
S13 = V1(1) ⋅ ((V1(1) − V3(1) ) ⋅ y13 )∗ = 100945 + j 0.1565 p.u
S 31 = V3(1) ⋅ ((V3(1) − V1(1) ) ⋅ y13 )∗ = −1.0945 + j 0.0845p.u
S 23 = V2( 0) ⋅ ((V2( 0) − V3(1) ) ⋅ y23 )∗ = 0.3980 + j 0.0199 p.u
S 32 = V3(1) ⋅ ((V3(1) − V2( 0) ) ⋅ y23 )∗ = −0.3980 + j 0.0199 p.u
ΔS1(1) = S1 − S12 − S13 = −0.4945 − j 0.1925 p.u
ΔS 2(1) = S 2(1) − S 23 − S 21 = 0 p.u (no mismatch at slack bus)
ΔS 3(1) = S 3(1) − S 32 − S 31 = - 0.0074 + j0 p.u
ΔV1(1) = V1(1) − V1( 0 ) = (1 + j 0.12) − (1 + j 0) = 0.12 p.u

ΔV3(1) = V3(1) − V3( 0) = (0.995 − j 0.995) − (1 + j 0) = 0.0996 p.u. 7

Second iteration
1 S∗
= ⋅ ( (11)∗ − Y12 ⋅ V2( 0) − Y13 ⋅ V3(1) )
( 2)
V1
Y11 V1
1 0.9 − j 0
= ⋅( − j 2.5 ⋅ (1 + j 0) − j 5 ⋅ (0.995 − j 0.0995))
− j 7.5 1 − j 0.12
= 0.9825 + j 0.0520 p.u
~ ( 2 ) 1 S3(1)∗
V3 = ⋅( '
− Y31 ⋅V1( 2) − Y32 ⋅V2( 0) )
Y33 V3(1)

1 − 1.5 − j 0.1044
== ⋅( − j5 ⋅ (0.9825 + j 0.0520) − j 4 ⋅ (1 + j 0))
− j9 0.995 + j 0.0995
= 0.9852 - j0.1381 p.u
~ ( 2)
V 0.9852 − j 0.1381
= ~3( 2) = = 0.9903 − j 0.1388 p.u
( 2)
V3
V3 0.9852 − j 0.1381 8

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 Second iteration
(
S 2( 2 ) = V2( 0 ) ⋅ Y21 ⋅ V1( 2) + Y22 ⋅ V2( 0) + Y23 ⋅ V3( 2 ) )
∗

= (1 + j 0) ⋅ ( j 2.5 ⋅ (0.9825 + j 0.0520) + (− j 6.5) ⋅ (1 + j 0) + j 4 ⋅ (0.995 − j 0.0995))

= 0.4255 + j 0.0825 p.u.

Q3( 2 ) = − Im(V3( 2 )∗ ⋅ (Y31 ⋅V1( 2 ) + Y32 ⋅V2( 0 ) + Y33 ⋅V3( 2) )) = 0.2099 p.u.
S 3( 2) = Re( S 3(1) ) + jQ3( 2) = - 1.5 + j0.2099 p.u

S sc = S 3( 2 ) + s3 = (-1.5 + j0.2099) + (1.5 + j0.3) = j0.5099 p.u

Power flow and mismatches

S12 = V1( 2 ) ⋅ ((V1( 2) − V2( 0) ) ⋅ y12 )∗ = −0.1299 + j 0.0438 p.u.
S 21 = V2( 0 ) ⋅ ((V2( 0) − V1( 2) ) ⋅ y12 )∗ = −0.1299 + j 0.0438 p.u.
S13 = V1( 2) ⋅ ((V1( 2 ) − V3( 2) ) ⋅ y13 )∗ = 0.939 + 0.0112 p.u
S31 = V3( 2) ⋅ ((V3( 2) − V1( 2) ) ⋅ y13 )∗ = −0.9393 + 0.1712 p.u
S 23 = V2( 0 ) ⋅ ((V2( 0) − V3( 2) ) ⋅ y23 )∗ = 0.5554 + j0.03871 p.u
S32 = V3( 2 ) ⋅ ((V3( 2) − V2( 0) ) ⋅ y23 )∗ = - 0.5554 + j0.03871 p.u
ΔS1( 2) = S1 − S12 − S13 = - 0.1692 + j 0.0251 p.u
ΔS 2( 2) = S 2( 2) − S 23 − S 21 = 0 p.u
ΔS 3( 2) = S 3( 2) − S 31 − S32 = - 0.0053 p.u

ΔV1( 2) = V1( 2 ) − V1(1) = (0.9825 + j 0.0520) − (1 + j 0.12) = 0.0703 p.u

ΔV3( 2 ) = V3( 2 ) − V3(1) = (0.9903 − j 0.1388) − (0.995 − j 0.0995) = 0.0396 p.u. 10

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 Inclusion of PV Buses in G-S
• To solve for Vi at PV bus we must first make a
guess of Qi:
n
S = Vi
*
i
*
∑Y V
k =1
ik k = Pi − jQi
• Hence
⎡ (ν )* n ⎤
Q i
(ν )
= − Im⎢Vi ∑ YikVk(ν ) ⎥
⎣ k =1 ⎦
• In the iteration we use
Si(ν ) = Pi + jQi(ν )
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Inclusion of PV Buses

Tentatively solve for Vi( v +1)

1 ⎛ Si( v )* n ⎞
%
Vi ( v +1)
= ⎜ ( v )* − ∑ YikVk( v ) ⎟
Yii ⎜ V k =1,k ≠i ⎟
⎝ i ⎠
But since Vi is specified, replace V%i( v +1) by Vi

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