Oswald Avery 1877 – 1955.
Dis covered tha t DNA passes heredi ty ins tructions through
successi ve genera tions of organisms – i t ca rries the
chemi cal code of life, as revealed by the Avery–Ma cLeod–
McCa rty experi ment.
Elizabeth Blackwell 1821 – 1910.
The firs t woman to qualify as a physi cian in Ameri ca ;
founder of Ameri ca ’s fi rs t medi cal s chool for women.
Linda Buck Born 1947.
Co-discovered how our sense of smell works : humans ha ve
about 350 different types of odor receptor cell which send
signals di rectl y into the brain’s olfa ctory bulb.
Sa ntiago Ra món y Ca jal 1852 – 1934.
Founder of modern neuros cience: proved the neuron
doctrine, which sa ys tha t neurons beha ve as biochemi call y
dis tinct cells ra ther than a network of interlinked cells.
Ra chel Ca rson 1907 – 1964.
A founder of 20th century envi ronmentalism, her book
Silent Spring led to a reappraisal of the effect of chemi cals
such as DDT on the envi ronment, leading to ba ns and
hea vy restri cti ons .
George Washington Ca rver c.1860 – 1943.
Improved the agri cultural economy of the United Sta tes by
promoting nitrogen-provi ding peanuts as an al terna ti ve
crop to cotton to prevent soil depletion.
Erwi n Cha rgaff 1905 – 2002.
Cha rga ff’s rules pa ved the wa y to the discovery of DNA’s
s tructure.
Ja cques Cousteau 1910 – 1997.
Os ca r winning ma rine pioneer; coinvented the brea the-on-
demand val ve for SCUBA di ving; popula rized ma rine
biology wi th several dra ma ti c television series.
Fra ncis Cri ck 1916 – 2004.
Codis covered DNA’s s tructure a nd repli cation mechanis m;
es tablished the Sequence Hypothesis and the Central
Dogma ; discovered that DNA uses a triplet code to control
the forma tion of proteins from ami no acids .
Ma rie Curie 1867 – 1934.
Codis covered the chemi cal elements ra dium and poloni um;
ma de numerous pioneeri ng contributions to the s tudy of
radioa cti ve elements ; ca rried out the fi rs t research into
the trea tment of tumors with radiation.
Cha rles Da rwin 1809 – 1882.
Authored one of the mos t fa mous books in his tory, On the
Ori gin of Species, in whi ch he des cribed and provided
evidence for the theory of evolution by na tural selection.
John Eccles 1903 – 1997.
Dis covered how messages pass between nerve cells in
ma mmals, es tablishing tha t both exci tatory and inhibitory
processes a re chemi cal in na ture, ra ther than electri cal .
Empedocles c. 490 BC – c 430 BC.
An ancient theory of na tural selection; mass conserva tio n;
and the four elements whi ch a re now often misattri buted
to Aris totle.
Ronald Fisher 1890 – 1962.
Invented experimental design; devised the s ta tisti cal
concept of va riance; uni fied evolution by na tural selection
wi th Mendel ’s rules of inheri tance, so defining the new
field of popula tion geneti cs.
Alexander Fleming 1881 – 1955.
Dis covered tha t trea ting wounds and infections with
antisepti c a gents ca used more dea ths than if no a ction
were ta ken. Dis covered peni cillin and predi cted the rise of
antibioti c resistant ba cteria .
Howa rd Florey 1898 – 1968.
Howa rd Florey and his s cientifi c team transformed
penicillin from a s cienti fic curiosity i nto a potent antibioti c
– a magi c bullet tha t has sa ved countless millions of li ves .
Rosalind Franklin 1920 – 1958.
Provided much of the experi mental da ta used to es tablish
the s tructure of DNA; discovered tha t DNA can exis t in two
forms.
Galen 129 – c. 216
Began his pra cti ce as a physician to gladiators and
es tablished a link between diet and health. Galen created
a flawed doctrine tha t domina ted Wes tern and Ara b
medi cine for 1,500 yea rs.
Jane Goodall Born 1934.
Ground breaking dis coveries in chimpanzee beha vior;
es tablished that chi mpanzees ha ve simila r social beha vi or
to humans and also tha t they make tools and hunt for
meat.
Stephen Ja y Gould 1941 – 2002.
Devised the theory of punctua ted equilibrium, which
proposes tha t evolution consists of long peri ods of s tability
broken by shorter peri ods of rapid change. An awa rd-
wi nning author and popula ri zer of s cience.
William Ha rvey 1578 to 1657.
Explained blood ci rcula tion for the fi rs t time, showing
there is a complete ci rcui t beginning and ending in the
hea rt.
George de Heves y 1885 – 1966.
Pioneered isotopes as tra cers to s tudy chemi cal and
biologi cal processes; dis covered how plants and ani mals
utilize pa rti cula r chemi cal elements after they a re taken i n
as nutrients . Discovered element 72, hafnium.
Mauri ce Hilleman 1919 – 2005.
The most prolifi c inventor of va ccines in his tory; developed
over forty va ccines ; invented eight of the fourteen
va ccines used in routine va cci nation s chedules toda y; his
va ccines ma y a ccount for as ma ny as eight million li ves
sa ved every yea r.
Hi ppocra tes 460 BC – c. 370 BC.
The father of Wes tern medicine: s ys tema tized medi cal
trea tments , disentangling them from reli gion and
supers ti tions ; trained physi cians; produced a la rge body of
medi cal textbooks. The famous Hippocra ti c Oath binds
physi cians to good ethical pra cti ces.
Robert Hooke 1635 – 1703.
Dis covered cells and wrote one of the most signi fi cant
books in scienti fi c history, Mi crographia, revealing the
mi cros copi c world for the fi rs t time.
Ja ck Horner Born 1946.
Popula rizer of s cience: dis covered tha t dinosaurs ca red for
thei r young and some nes ted in colonies. Worki ng on
rea cti va ting dormant dinosaur DNA to ha tch a modern-da y
dinosaur.
Irene Joliot-Curie 1897 – 1956.
Codis covered how to convert stable chemi cal elements
into ‘desi gner’ radioa cti ve elements ; these ha ve sa ved
millions of li ves and a re used in tens of millions of medi cal
procedures every yea r.
Fra nces Kelsey 1914 – 2015.
In the ea rl y 1960s , thousands of children died or were
born mal formed because thei r mothers took the drug
thalidomide during pregnancy. Few ‘thalidomide babies ’
were born in the USA, la rgel y beca use Fra nces Kelsey
blocked Ameri ca n sales.
Ka rl Lands teiner 1868 – 1943.
Dis covered the human blood group s ys tem, pa vi ng the
wa y for safe bl ood trans fusions ; discovered the Rh factor
in blood; proved polio is an infectious disease spread by a
vi rus ; discovered haptens.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632 – 1723.
The father of mi crobi ology, he used rema rkable self-made
lenses to dis cover single-celled animals and plants,
ba cteria , and sperma tozoa.
Ca rolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778.
Organized our view of the na tural world wi th the two -pa rt
na ming s ys tem we use to classify all lifeforms ; named and
classified about 13,000 lifeforms ; broke wi th tradi tion by
classifying huma ns in the same wa y as other lifeforms.
Ba rba ra McClintock 1902 – 1992.
Groundbrea king geneti cs : showed tha t genes swi tch the
physi cal trai ts of an organism on or off; discovered
chromosomal crossover, whi ch increases geneti c va ria tion
in species; dis covered transposition – tha t genes can move
about wi thin chromosomes .
Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884.
Founded the s cience of geneti cs ; i dentified many of the
rules of heredi ty; identified recessi ve and dominant trai ts ,
and tha t trai ts a re passed from pa rents to offspri ng in a
ma thema ti call y predi ctable wa y.
Fra nz Mes mer 1734 – 1815.
Mes mer wrongl y believed he had discovered a rema rkable
new phenomenon, whi ch he called ani mal ma gnetism. He
used this to trea t people wi th ps ychosoma tic illnesses. The
trea tment actually worked through the power of
sugges tion, la ter recogni zed as the genuine phenomenon
of hypnosis (or mesmerism).
Fl orence Nightingale 1820 – 1910.
A health pioneer who trans formed nursing into a
respected, highl y trained profession; used s ta tisti cs to
anal yze wider heal th outcomes ; advoca ted sanita ry
reforms la rgel y credi ted wi th adding 20 yea rs to life
expecta ncy between 1871 and 1935.
Louis Pas teur 1822 – 1895.
The father of modern mi crobiology; trans formed
chemistry and biology with his dis covery of mi rror-i mage
molecules ; discovered anaerobi c bacteria ; es tablished the
germ theory of disease; invented food preserva ti on by
pas teuri za tion.
Linus Pauling 1901 – 1994.
Ma veri ck giant of chemis try; formulated valence bond
theory and electronega ti vi ty; founded the fields of
quantum chemis try, molecula r biology, and molecula r
geneti cs. Discovered the alpha -heli x s tructure of proteins ;
proved that si ckle-cell anemia is a molecula r disease.
Philippe Pinel 1745 – 1826.
Founded s cientifi c ps ychia try; made humane changes to
the condi tions under whi ch mentall y ill people were held;
promoted the idea that mentall y ill people should be
unders tood as indi viduals.
Fra nces co Redi 1626 – 1697.
Devised and performed the fi rs t controlled experiments in
s cientifi c his tory; showed that flies breed and la y eggs and
do not spontaneousl y genera te; founded modern
pa rasitology.
Theodor Schwa nn 1810 – 1882.
Es tablished tha t the cell is the basic uni t of all livi ng things ;
his classifi cati on of cells is the founda tion of modern
his tology; discovered the enzyme pepsin; identi fied the
role microorganisms pla y in al cohol fermenta tion.
Gene Shoemaker 1928 to 1997.
The firs t astrogeologist and a founder of planeta ry impact
s cience; proposed micros copi c life could tra vel between
planets on rocks blasted into spa ce by asteroid impa cts .
B. F. Skinner 1904 – 1990.
The 20th century’s most influential ps ychologis t;
pioneered the s cience of beha viorism; dis covered the
power of posi ti ve reinforcement in learning; designed the
fi rs t ps ychologi cal experi ments producing quanti ta ti vel y
repea table resul ts.
Nettie Stevens 1861 – 1912.
Dis covered tha t an organism’s sex is determined by i ts
chromosomes , now known as the XY sex-determina tion
s ys tem – the dis covery was the fi rs t time a link was
demonstra ted between a physi cal cha racteris ti c and
chromosome di fferences .
Youyou Tu Born 1930.
Dis covered the drug a rtemisinin, a trea tment for mala ria,
extra cting it from sweet wormwood, an herb utilized in
Chi nese fever trea tments for more than 2,000 yea rs.
Artemisinin and i ts deri va ti ves ha ve sa ved or improved the
li ves of millions of people.
Ha rold Urey 1893 – 1981.
Dis covered deuteri um; showed how isotope ra tios in rocks
reveal pas t Ea rth clima tes ; founded modern planeta ry
s cience; the Miller-Urey experiment demonstra ted that
electri call y spa rking simple gases produces a mino a cids –
the building blocks of life.
Crai g Venter Born 1946.
Fi rs t to read the enti re genome of a free -li ving organism;
pla yed a ma jor role in ma pping the huma n genome;
dis covered more genes than had ever been previ ousl y
documented; crea ted s yntheti c DNA and new ba cteria
species .
Andreas Vesalius 1514 – 1564.
Founded modern ana tomy, overthrowing mis conceptions
about the body tha t had persisted for over a thousand
yea rs .
Rudol f Vi rchow 1821 – 1902.
A founder of both pa thology a nd social medi cine, Vi rchow
correctl y identi fied that diseases a re caused by
mal functi oning cells . He named leukemia and was the fi rs t
to ca talog and name conditions such embolism,
thrombosis, chordoma , and ochronosis .
George Wald 1906 – 1997.
Explained the chemistry of the eye after dis coveri ng the
vi ta min A chemi cal cycle tha t allows our eyes to record
light. Es tablished the chemis try of color vision and color
blindness.
Sel man Waks man 1888 – 1973.
Dis covered antibioti cs made by soil-dwelling ba cteria
including s treptomyci n, the fi rs t effecti ve trea tment for
tuberculosis ; coined the word antibioti c.
Alfred Russel Wallace 1823 – 1913.
Independentl y formulated the theory of evolution by
na tural selection; was one of the fi rs t biologists to express
concern about the effects human a cti vi ties were ha ving on
the na tural world.
Mauri ce Wilkins 1916 – 2004.
Ini tia ted the experi mental resea rch into DNA tha t
cul mina ted in Wa tson and Cri ck’s discovery of i ts s tructure
in 1953; crys tallized DNA and obtained the bes t quality X-
ra y ima ges of DNA seen a t tha t time, indi ca ting DNA
molecules were heli x shaped.
Sergei Wi nogra dsky 1856 – 1953.
Founded mi crobial ecology; discovered chemos yntheti c
life forms whi ch obtain energy from chemical rea ctions
ra ther tha n from sunlight; discovered nitrogen-fi xing
ba cteria in soil that make ni tra tes a vailable to green plants.
Ca rl Woese 1916 – 2004.
Dis covered a thi rd basic form of life, the Archaea ; redrew
the tree of life; revolutioni zed biology using geneti c
anal ysis, allowing all forms of life to be included in the
s tudy of evolution.
Scientist of the Week
William Perkin: Youthful curiosi ty brought the color purple
to all
Recent Scientis ts of the Week
Democri tus : Atomi c theory BC and a uni verse of di verse
inhabi ted worlds
Susumu Tonegawa : Discovered how our bodies make
millions of different antibodies
Cecilia Pa yne: Dis covered tha t s ta rs a re almost enti rel y
hydrogen and helium
Ka rl Lands teiner: Dis covered the blood group s ys tem
Hypa tia : Ma thema ti cian – her murder signaled the coming
da rk a ges
Ma tthew Maury: A founder of oceanography
Adolphe Quetelet: Body mass index; social physi cs; the
a vera ge man
Alha zen: A founder of modern opti cs
Diophantus : Father of algebra
Ma ry Somerville: Celestial Mechani cs ; uni ty of the s ciences
Hermann Staudinger: Founder of ma cromolecula r s cience
Perci val Lowell: The hunt for Planet X; Pl uto; Ma rtian
canals
Joseph La grange: Revolutioni zed physi cs ; founded
va ria tional calcul us
Howa rd Florey: Tra nsformed penicillin i nto a potent
antibioti c
Sel man Waks man: Dis covery of TB antibioti c s treptomycin
Ca roline Hers chel : Discoverer of comets and nebulae
John Wallis: Conserva tion of momentum; infini tesimal
cal culus
George Heves y: Discovered ha fnium; isotope tra cers i n
biology
Ma rtin Ga rdner: Enemy of pseudos cience; inspi rational
ma th
Pyotr Kapi tsa : Discovered superfluidi ty
Ca rl Woese: Revolutioni zed our unders tanding of li fe ’s
his tory
Linda Buck: Discovered how we smell things
John Mi chell : Black holes & weighing the ea rth in the
1700s
Abdus Salam: The second great unifi ca tion in physi cs
James Croll : Visiona ry janitor who explained the ice a ges
J Ha rlen Bretz: Proven ri ght after deca des of mega-flood
ridi cule
Youyou Tu: Mala ria drug discovery sa ved millions of li ves
Ambrose Fleming: The da wn of the electroni c age
Ernes t Wal ton: Arti fi cially spli t the a tom; Verified E = mc2
Fra nz Mes mer: Mesmeri zing pseudos cience & hypnosis
Phillipe Pinel : Founder of ps ychiatry & humane therapy
Rudol f Vi rchow: Discovered diseases s trike by a tta cking
cells
Irene Joliot-Curie: The fi rs t a rti fi cial radioa cti ve elements
Thomas Gold: Ma veri ck streetfi ghter; explained pulsars &
hea ring
Clinton Da visson: Proved tha t electrons can be wa ves
Henrietta Lea vi tt: The key to the size of the uni verse
Robert Boyle: The bi rth of chemistry
Hi ppocra tes : The fa ther of Western medi cine
Sophie Germain: Elasti ci ty theory & Ferma t’s last theorem
Thomas Kuhn: The pa radi gm shi ft

Howa rd Robertson – the Ma n who Proved Eins tein Wrong
Wal king the Uni verse’s Shortes t Planck
Susskind, Alice, and Wa ve -Pa rti cle Gullibility
11 Great Scientists Who Rose From Ha rsh Beginnings
13 Great Scientists Who Were Home-s chooled
Was Archi medes ’ Fa ther Reall y an As tronomer?
Interes ting Fa cts about Numbers 0 to 10
Quotes – Scientis ts Bashing Philosophy and Philosophers
Eins tein did NOT sa y that!
Evol ution by Na tural Selection – Essential Quotes
The Watson Cri ck Feud
The Unsung Heroes of DNA (Not Rosalind)
Scientists Beha vi ng Ba dl y
As tonishing Ancient Greek Automatons
Alphabeti cal Lis t of Scientists
Louis Agassiz | Ma ria Gaetana Agnesi | Al-Battani Abu Nas r
Al-Fa rabi | Alhazen | Ji m Al -Khalili | Muhammad i bn Musa
al-Khwa ri zmi | Mihailo Petrovi c Alas | Angel Al cala | Salim
Ali | Luis Al va rez | Andre Ma rie Ampère | Ana ximander |
Ca rl Anders on | Ma ry Anning | Vi rginia Apga r |
Archi medes | Agnes Arber | Arista rchus | Aris totle |
Svante Arrhenius | Os wald Avery | Amedeo Avogadro |
Avi cenna
Cha rles Babbage | Francis Bacon | Alexander Bain | John
Logie Bai rd | Joseph Banks | Ra mon Barba | John Bardeen
| Cha rles Barkla | Ibn Ba ttuta | William Ba yliss | George
Beadle | Arnold Orville Beckman | Henri Becquerel | Emil
Adolf Behring | Alexander Graha m Bell | Emile Berliner |
Claude Berna rd | Ti mothy John Berners-Lee | Daniel
Bernoulli | Ja cob Berzelius | Henry Bessemer | Hans Bethe
| Homi Jehangi r Bhabha | Al fred Binet | Cla rence Bi rdseye
| Kris tian Bi rkeland | Elizabeth Bla ckwell | Al fred Blalock |
Ka tha rine Burr Bl odgett | Franz Boas | Da vi d Bohm | Aage
Bohr | Niels Bohr | Ludwig Bol tzmann | Ma x Born | Ca rl
Bos ch | Robert Bos ch | Jagadish Chandra Bose | Sa tyendra
Na th Bose | Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe | Robert Boyle
| La wrence Bra gg | Tycho Brahe | Brahma gupta | Henni g
Bra nd | Georg Brandt | Wernher Von Braun | J Ha rlen
Bretz | Louis de Broglie | Alexander Brongnia rt | Robert
Brown | Mi chael E. Brown | Les ter R. Brown | Edua rd
Buchner | Linda Buck | William Buckland | Georges-Louis
Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | Robert Bunsen | Luther
Burbank | Jocel yn Bell Burnell | Ma cfa rlane Burnet |
Thomas Burnet
Benjamin Cabrera | Santiago Ramon y Ca jal | Ra chel
Ca rson | George Washington Ca rver | Henry Ca vendish |
Anders Celsius | James Chadwick | Subrahmanyan
Cha ndrasekha r | Erwin Cha rgaff | Noa m Chomsky | Steven
Chu | Leland Cla rk | John Cockcroft | Arthur Compton |
Ni colaus Copernicus | Gerty Theresa Cori | Cha rles-
Augus tin de Coulomb | Jacques Cous teau | Brian Cox |
Fra ncis Cri ck | James Croll | Nicholas Culpeper | Ma rie
Curie | Pierre Curie | Georges Cuvier | Adalbert Czerny
Gottlieb Daimler | John Dalton | James Dwi ght Dana |
Cha rles Da rwin | Humphry Da vy | Peter Debye | Ma x
Delbruck | Jean Andre Deluc | Democri tus | René
Des ca rtes | Rudol f Chris tian Ka rl Diesel | Diophantus |
Paul Di ra c | Prokop Di vis | Theodosius Dobzhansky | Frank
Dra ke | K. Eri c Drexler
John Eccles | Arthur Eddington | Thomas Edison | Paul
Ehrli ch | Albert Eins tein | Gertrude Elion | Empedocles |
Era tos thenes | Euclid | Leonha rd Euler
Mi chael Fa rada y | Pierre de Fermat | Enri co Fermi |
Ri cha rd Feynman | Fibona cci – Leona rdo of Pisa | Emil
Fis cher | Ronald Fisher | Alexander Flemi ng | John
Ambrose Fleming | Howa rd Florey | Henry Ford | Lee De
Fores t | Dian Fossey | Leon Foucaul t | Benja min Franklin |
Rosalind Franklin | Sigmund Freud
Galen | Galileo Galilei | Francis Galton | Lui gi Gal vani |
George Gamow | Ma rtin Ga rdner | Ca rl Friedri ch Gauss |
Murra y Gell -Mann | Sophie Germain | Willard Gibbs |
William Gilbert | Sheldon Lee Glashow | Robert God da rd |
Ma ria Goeppert-Ma yer | Thomas Gol d | Jane Goodall |
Stephen Ja y Gould
Fri tz Haber | Erns t Haeckel | Otto Hahn | Albrecht von
Haller | Edmund Halley | Thomas Ha rriot | William Harvey
| Stephen Hawking | Otto Ha xel | Werner Heisenberg |
Hermann von Helmholtz | Jan Baptis t von Helmont |
Joseph Henry | Ca roline Hers chel | John Hers chel |
William Hers chel | Gus ta v Ludwig Hertz | Heinri ch Hertz |
Ka rl F. Herzfeld | George de Heves y | Antony Hewish |
Da vi d Hilbert | Mauri ce Hilleman | Hippa rchus |
Hi ppocra tes | Shinta ro Hi rase | Dorothy Hodgki n | Robert
Hooke | Frederi ck Gowland Hopkins | William Hopkins |
Gra ce Murra y Hopper | Frank Hornby | Ja ck Horner |
Berna rdo Houssa y | Fred Hoyle | Edwin Hubble |
Alexander von Humboldt | Zora Neale Hurs ton | James
Hutton | Chris tiaan Huygens | Hypa tia
Ernes to Ill y | Erns t Ising | Keisuke Ito
Mae Ca rol Jemison | Edwa rd Jenner | J. Hans D. Jensen |
Irene Joliot-Curie | Ja mes Pres cott Joule | Percy La von
Julian
Mi chio Ka ku | Hei ke Ka merlingh Onnes | Pyotr Kapi tsa |
Friedri ch Augus t Kekulé | Frances Kelsey | Pearl Kendri ck |
Joha nnes Kepler | Abdul Qadeer Kha n | Oma r Kha yyam |
Alfred Kinsey | Gus ta v Ki rchoff | Ma rtin Klaproth | Robert
Koch | Emil Kraepelin | Thomas Kuhn | Stephanie Kwolek
Joseph-Louis Lagra nge | Jean-Baptis te Lama rck | Hedy
Lama rr | Edwin Herbert Land | Ka rl Lands teiner | Pierre -
Si mon Lapla ce | Ma x von Laue | Antoine La voisier | Ernes t
Lawrence | Henrietta Lea vi tt | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
| Inge Lehmann | Gottfried Leibni z | Georges Lema ître |
Leona rdo da Vinci | Ni ccolo Leoni ceno | Aldo Leopold |
Ri ta Levi -Montalcini | Claude Levi -Strauss | Willard Frank
Libby | Jus tus von Liebi g | Ca rolus Linnaeus | Joseph Lis ter
| John Locke | Hendrik Antoon Lorentz | Konrad Lorenz |
Ada Lovela ce | Perci val Lowell | Lucretius | Cha rles Lyell |
Trofim Lysenko
 Sergei Wi nogra dsky | Ca rl Woese | Friedri ch Wöhler |
Wilbur and Orville Wri ght | Wilhelm Wundt
Erns t Ma ch | Ma rcello Malpighi | Jane Ma rcet | Guglielmo
Ma rconi | Lynn Ma rgulis | Ma tthew Ma ury | James Clerk
Ma xwell | Ernst Ma yr | Ba rba ra McClintock | Lise Meitner
| Gregor Mendel | Dmi tri Mendeleev | Franz Mesmer | Chen-Ning Yang
Antonio Meucci | John Mi chell | Albert Abraham
Mi chelson | Thomas Midgeley Jr. | Milutin Milankovi c |
Ma ria Mi tchell | Ma ri o Molina | Thomas Hunt Morgan |
Sa muel Morse | Henry Moseley Ahmed Zewail

Uki chi ro Naka ya | John Napier | Giulio Na tta | John Return to top of pa ge
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Ha ns Christian Oers ted | Georg Ohm | J. Robert

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Ga pos chkin | Ma rgueri te Perey | William Perkin | John
Philoponus | Jean Piaget | Philippe Pinel | Ma x Planck |
Pliny the Elder | Ka rl Popper | Beatri x Potter | Joseph
Pries tley | Proclus | Claudius Ptolemy | Pythagoras

Adolphe Quetelet | Ha rriet Qui mby | Thabi t ibn Qurra

C. V. Ra man | Srini vasa Ramanujan | William Ramsa y |

John Ra y | Pra fulla Chandra Ra y | Frances co Redi | Sall y
Ri de | Bernha rd Riemann | Wilhelm Röntgen | Hermann
Rors cha ch | Ronald Ross | Ibn Rushd | Ernes t Rutherford

Ca rl Sa gan | Abdus Salam | Jonas Salk | Frederi ck Sanger |

Alberto Santos -Dumont | Wal ter Schottky | Erwin
Schrödinger | Theodor Schwann | Glenn Seaborg | Hans
Sel ye | Cha rles Sherri ngton | Gene Shoemaker | Erns t
Werner von Siemens | George Ga ylord Simpson | B. F.
Skinner | William Smi th | Frederi ck Soddy | Ma ry
Somerville | Arnold Sommerfeld | Hermann Sta udinger |
Ni colas Steno | Nettie Stevens | William John Swainson |
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Ni ccolo Ta rtaglia | Edwa rd Teller | Nikola Tesla | Thales of

Miletus | Theon of Alexandria | Benja min Thompson | J. J.
Thomson | William Thomson | Henry Da vid Thoreau | Kip
S. Thorne | Cl yde Tombaugh | Susumu Tonega wa |
Evangelista Torri celli | Cha rles Townes | Youyou Tu | Alan
Turing | Neil deGrasse Tyson

Ha rold Urey

Crai g Venter | Vladimi r Vernadsky | Andreas Vesalius |

Rudol f Vi rchow | Artturi Virta nen | Alessandro Volta

Sel man Waks man | George Wald | Alfred Russel Wallace |

John Wallis | Ernes t Wal ton | Ja mes Watson | James Wa tt
| Al fred Wegener | John Archi bald Wheeler | Mauri ce
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