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ABSTRACT
This experiment aimed to determine the solubility product constant, Ksp of Ca(OH)2 (s) and explored the effects temperature,
common and diverse ions, and solvent polarity on the solubility of sparingly soluble salt. Saturated solutions of Ca(OH)2 (s) were
prepared in six different media. Solutions were prepared by adding Ca(OH)2 (s) in each medium while stirring vigorously until no
more solid dissolved. After letting it settle, filtration was done to acquire the supernatant from each medium and was titrated with
0.10M HCl. The Ksp of Ca(OH)2 (s) at 298K was determined to be 2.35 x 10-5 with 327.27% deviation from the literature value of
5.5 x 10-6. The experiment was successful in looking into the effects of temperature, common ion and diverse ion on the solubility
of sparingly soluble salt since the gathered data was parallel to what was described by the literature. However, the effects of solvent
polarity shown in the experiment was different from what was stated by the literature. This experiment can be improved by keeping
the temperature constant as much as possible throughout the experiment and practicing proper filtration and titration techniques.
Introduction
As such, the Ksp expression for (6) can be written as:
Sparingly soluble salts partially dissociate into its constituent
Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2 (7)
ions when placed in water until equilibrium is established
between the compound and its ions [1]. This dissociation
Thus, the Ksp of Ca(OH)2 can be expressed in terms of its
process can be represented by the general, hypothetical
molar solubility (s) as:
reaction:
Ksp = 4s3 (8)
AxBy(s) ⇌ xAy+(aq) + yBx-(aq) (1)
The [OH-] in (7) can be determined using acid-base titration
Like other equilibrium, the extent to which the dissolution
with HCl.
reaction occurs is expressed by the magnitude of the
equilibrium constant [2]. Determining this equilibrium
HCl(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l) + Cl-(aq) (9)
constant will indicate how soluble the solid is in a solvent.
The solubility product constant, Ksp , is the constant for the
The molar solubility of Ca(OH)2 is half of the OH-
equilibrium established between a solid solute and its ions in
a saturated solution[3]. For (1), Ksp is denoted as: concentration obtained by titration.
Ksp = [Ay+]x[By-]y (2) Also, like other equilibrium constants, Ksp varies linearly with
temperature [1]. This dependence on temperature of the
Moreover, Ksp is also related to the molar solubility of solubility constant is mathematically demonstrated by the
the sparingly soluble salt. Molar solubility, (s) is van’t Hoff equation:
defined as the number of moles of the salt dissolved to
𝛥𝐻 𝛥𝑆
form a liter of saturated solution [1]. By stoichiometry, ln 𝐾𝑠𝑝 = − + (10)
𝑅𝑇 𝑅
the molar solubility of the hypothetical compound
AxBy (s) can be expressed as: Where 𝛥𝐻 is the enthalpy change of the reaction, 𝛥𝑆 is the
entropy change, and R is the gas constant 8.314 J/mol•K
[Ay+] = xs; [Bx−] = ys (3)
The primary objective of this experiment is to determine the
Expressing Ksp in terms of molar solubility (s) we Ksp of the saturated Ca(OH)2 solution. Furthermore, this
obtain: experiment will also explore the effects of different factors
.Ksp = (xs)x(ys)y (4) such as temperature, presence of common and diverse ions,
x y (x+y)
Ksp = (x y )s (5) and solvent polarity on solubility of sparingly soluble salts.
In this experiment, the solubility of calcium hydroxide Methodology (TNR 10, Bold)
(Ca(OH)2 ) is determined, as suggested in the reaction:
Saturated Ca(OH)2 solutions were prepared in six 250-mL Table 2. Values of Molar solubility (s) and Ksp for varying
beakers to simulate the effects of different conditions. temperatures
Table 2 showed that Molar solubility (s) of Ca(OH)2
The first 3 beakers were filled with 50 mL distilled water. 50 decreased as temperature increased. Thus, the dissolution of
mL of CaCl2 was added in the fourth beaker while 50 mL of Ca(OH)2 is an exothermic reaction. Increasing the
KCl was added in the fifth beaker. To the last beaker, 45 mL temperature results in a stress on the products side from the
distilled water and 5 mL 95% ethanol were mixed. additional heat. Le Châtelier's principle predicts that
the system shifts toward the reactant side in order to alleviate
this stress. By shifting towards the reactant's side, less of the
The solutions were prepared by adding Ca(OH)2 solid in each solid is dissociated when equilibrium is again established,
medium while stirring vigorously until no more solid resulting in decreased solubility [4].
dissolves. The 2 beakers with distilled water as solvent were
placed in different environments: one in a hot bath, and the
other in a cold bath. Room temperature was obtained as well Furthermore, the solubility product constant Ksp is heavily
as the temperatures of both hot and cold bath. dependent on the temperature, as shown in equation (10), the
thermodynamic nature of the reaction can be deduced from
solving the Ksp of the solutions when subjected to different
After letting it settle, the suspension was then filtered to temperatures.
receiving flasks to separate solids from the supernatant. The
suspensions generated from the ones placed in the baths were
placed in a flask of the same temperature. 25 mL aliquot of
the resulting solution was then drawn and transferred to an -10 𝐾sp vs Temperature
150 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Using 1% phenolphthalein as 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
indicator, the solutions were titrated with 0.10 M HCl until
pink color became fade pink. -10.5
ln Ksp
distilled water +
F 5% ethanol 0.0186
Conclusion and Recommendations
Table 3. Solvent used for different media and the
corresponding molar solubility (s) The calculated solubility product constant Ksp of Ca(OH)2
was 2.35 x 10-5 which deviates from the literature value by
On the effects of the presence of common ions, the molar
327.27%. However, the experiment successfully discovered
solubility of medium A and D in table 3 can be compared. It
the effects of temperature on sparingly soluble salts. The
was observed that the molar solubility is less with the
calculated thermodynamic quantities (𝛥𝐻 and 𝛥𝑆) were
presence of common ions.
3.77% and 8.32% away from the true value and the reaction
According to Le Châtelier s Principle, an equilibrium mixture was supported by the literature as exothermic.
responds to a forced increase in the concentration of one of
In the effects of the presence of common ion, the solution did
its reactants by shifting in the direction in which that reactant
show a decrease in the solubility of the sparingly soluble salt
is consumed [3]. The addition of the common ion shifts the
just as the theoretical result determined. Moreover, the
equilibrium of a slightly soluble ionic compound toward the
observed effect of the presence of diverse ion increased its
undissolved compound, causing more to precipitate. Thus,
solubility just as the literature stated.
the solubility of the compound is indeed reduced[3].
However, in the experiment. the effect of solvent polarity to
On the other hand, the effect of diverse ions on
the solubility of Ca(OH)2 did not follow what was determined
solubility is governed by the ionic strength it provides
by the literature. In the experiment, a decreased polarity must
to the reaction system. Ionic strength, µ, is defined as:
have resulted to a lesser solubility.
1
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑐𝑖 𝑧𝑖2 (11) This experiment can be improved by making sure that the
2
temperature of the hot bath, ice bath, and room temperature
where ci is the molarity of ion i, zi is its charge, and the
is held constant. To avoid deviation from the constant
summation is over all ions present in the system.
temperature, receiving flasks during filtration must be of the
Table 3 shows that the molar solubility of medium E is same temperature with the solutions and titration must be
greater than of medium D. The calculated ionic strength of done quickly but with most accuracy. It is also recommended
the solvent used in medium E is 0.5M while medium D has a to filter solution at least twice to ensure that no solid will be
ionic strength of 0.25M. This is mainly caused by having a transferred to the flask used for titration. This will directly
solvent of greater concentration in medium E (0.50M) affect the concentration of the analyte.
compared to the solvent used in medium D (0.10M).
References
[1] General Chemistry II Laboratory Manual. Institute of Chemistry. University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.
[2] Brown, T.L., LeMay, Jr., H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J., Woodward, P.M., Stoltzfus, M.W. (2015). Chemistry the central
science 13th ed. United States of America: Pearson Education.
[3] Bissonnette, C., Herring, F. G., Madura, J. D., Petrucci, R. H. (2011). General chemistry: Principles and modern applications
10th ed. Canada: Pearson Education
[4] Tran, E., Liu, D. (2019). Solubility and Factors Affecting Solubility. Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physica
l_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Solubility_and_Factors_Affecting_Solubility
[5] Bodner Research Web (n.d) Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria. Retrieved from
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem//topicreview/bp/ch18/soluble.php
Appendix
Table 2. Values of Molar solubility (s) and Ksp for varying temperatures
-10.5
ln Ksp
-11 y = 2130.3x - 17.806
R² = 0.9564
-11.5
1/T
B. Sample Calculations
Calculation of Ksp
HCl(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l) + Cl-(aq) *Mol HCl= mol OH-
MEDIUM 1:
Mol HCl = 0.10M HCl x 0.0091 L = 9.1 x 10-4
Mol OH- = 9.1 x 10-4
Calculation of 𝛥𝐻 and 𝛥𝑆
y= 2130x – 17.806
- 𝛥𝐻/𝑅 = 2130
𝛥𝐻 = -17.33 kJ/mol
𝛥𝑆 = −17.806 x 8.314 = -145.66 J mol-1K-1
@ T=298K
Ionic strength
1
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑐𝑖 𝑧𝑖2
2
(CaCl2) 𝜇 = ½ (0.1) (2)2 + ½ (0.1) (-1)2 = 0.25 M
(KCl) 𝜇 = ½ (0.5)(1)1 + ½(0.5)(-1)2 = 0.5M