ART, MAN AND SOCIETY

Humanity define as:

• All human beings collectively; the human race, mankind

• The quality or condition of being human; human nature

• The quality of being humane; kindness; benevolence

Humanities is:

• Came from the Latin word humanus meaning human, refined and cultured

• It emphasizes the dignity and worthiness of man and recognizes creative

expressions.

Art is:

• From the Latin word “ars” meaning ability or skill

• Expression of self and love for beauty

• Skill/ability/craft

• Internal happiness

• Human activity

• Acquired by study and experience

Work of art:

• Creative expression using sound, image, action and movement

• Means to satisfy the human need to communicate thoughts, feelings and

beliefs

Division of Art

• Classification of art according to purpose

1. Practical or useful arts- when human activity is directed to produce

artifacts and utensil which cope with human needs. Examples: basket
weaving, agriculture, mechanical arts

2. Liberal arts- in which intellectual efforts are considered. Example:

grammar, astronomy, psychology, philosophy
 3. Fine arts- which are the products if the human creative activity in so far as
they express beauty in different ways and media, for the contemplation of
the mind and the relaxation of the spirit

4. Major arts- which are characterized by their actual and potential

expressiveness and by a purely disinterested purpose, such as music,
poetry and sculpture

5. Minor arts- which are connected with the practical uses and purpose.
Example interior decoration

• Classification of art according to forms

1. Plastic arts- which are developed through space and perceived by the
sense of sight, such as, painting, sculpture and architecture

2. Phonetic arts- which are based o sounds and words as media of

expression. Examples: music, drama, literature

3. Kinetic arts- which use as their most important element, rhythmic

movement such as dance.

4. Pure arts- which take only one medium of expression as sound in music
and color in painting

5. Mixed arts- which use two or more media. Example: music, poetry and
drama.

Medium- refers to the material or means which the artist uses to objectify his
feelings or thought

Painting Pigment
Sculpture Wood, stone, metal
Music Sound
Literature Words
Dance Body movements

• Classification of art according to medium

1. Visual or space arts- mediums can be seen and which occupy space

2. Auditory or time arts- mediums can be heard and which are represents by
man

3. Combine arts- whose mediums can be both seen and heard

Function of arts
 1. Personal function

2. Social function

3. Physical function

Subject- this refers to any person, object, scene or event described on represented
in a work of art

Ways of representing subject

1. Realism- things are depicted in the way they would normally appear in nature

2. Abstraction- the process of simplifying and/or recognizing objects and

elements according to the demands of artistic expression

3. Distortion- figures are arranged that proportions differ noticeably from

natural measurements. Twisting, stretching or deforming the natural shape of
the object

4. Surrealism- combination of realism and distortion. Fantasies

Kinds of subjects

1. Landscape, seascape and cityscape

2. Still life

3. Animals

4. Portraits

5. Figures

6. Everyday life

7. History and legend

8. Religion and mythology

9. Dreams and fantasies

Content

• refers to what the artist expresses or communicates on the whole i his work

• The “meaning”, “theme”

• The statement we apprehend or the feeling or mood we experience

• Reveals artist’s attitude towards his subject

The Scope of Humanities

1. Visual arts- those that we perceive with our eyes

a. Graphic arts

i. Painting- applying pigment

ii. Drawing- representing something by lines

iii. Graphic processes- multi reproduction of graphic works

iv. Commercial art- advertisements, signs, posters

v. Mechanical processes

vi. Photography

b. Plastic arts

i. Architecture

ii. Interior designing

iii. Sculpture

iv. Crafts

v. Dress and costume designing

vi. Theatre designing

2. Performing arts- involves movements, speaking and gestures

a. Theatrical plays/drama

b. Dance

c. Music

3. Literary arts

a. Short stories

b. Novels

c. Plays/drama

4. Popular arts

a. Film

b. Newspaper

c. Magazines
 d. Radio and TV

e. Cartoons

5. Gustatory arts

a. Food decoration and preparation

Judging and Understanding an Artwork

1. What did the artist make? What is it about? (this concerns the subject)

2. What did the artist want to show in his work? What is the artwork for? (this
concerns the function of the art)

3. What is the artwork made of? (this refers to the materials or mediums used)

4. How is the material put together or organized? (this refers to the materials or
mediums used)

5. What is the personality of individuality of the artworks? (this refers to the

style and mood or temper of the artwork)

6. How good is it? (this is the judgment)

7. What is the meaning conveyed by the art? How does it make life more
meaningful?

Who are the artists?

1. Visual artists are: • Leonardo da Vinci

a. Painters • Michaelangelo Buonarroti
b. Sculptors • Pablo Picasso
c. Architects • Guillermo Tolentino
d. Photographers
• Jose Nepomuceno
e. Film makers
• Lino Brocka
f. Graphic artists
2. Music and dance artists are: • Julian Felipe
a. Musicians • Levi Celerio
b. Composers • Lisa Macuja
c. Singers
d. Choreographers
e. Performers
3. Literary artist are: • William Shakespeare
a. Poets • Severino Reyes
b. Novelists
c. Authors
d. Playwright
e. Dramatists
f. Actors
SCULPTURE

- Is a three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard

materials, typically stone such as marble, metal, glass, or wood, or plastic
materials such as clay, textiles, polymers and softer metals

- Materials may be worked by removal such as carving, or they may be

assembled such as by welding, hardened such as by firing, molding or casting

History of Sculpture

• Egyptian sculpture- characterized by sculptures from stone placed on

tombs of important persons or temples of powerful rulers

• Greek Sculpture- Greece is the place of artists, philosophers, warriors

and athletes. Greeks are lovers of the human body; therefore, most of
their works are of human figures, usually of their gods and goddesses.

• Roman sculpture- Rome conquered Greece and in order to retain

something in truly Roman. Roman sculptures deducted the human
body and concentrated on the bust or the head part of the human
figure.

• Byzantine sculpture- the Roman persecution ended and the celebration

of the mass became legal. Common subjects prominent during this era
are Biblical characters and the image of God the father as a bearded
old man.

• Romanesque sculpture- is a continuation of the Byzantine era where

almost no difference in subject is observed.

• Gothic sculpture- most elaborate of all eras. Sculptors were meticulous

on the garments worn by their figures.

• Renaissance sculpture- was the Golden Era of Arts and this period
brought back the adoration of the human body introduces by the
Greeks. Nude sculpture is fine example of this Era.

• Baroque sculpture- Bernini’s works such as The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

which focuses on human emotions of love, pain and suffering are main
features of this era

• Rococo sculpture- in the court of influential kings or queen especially in

France, England and Spain their furniture, panels, vessels and others
were carved into elaborate designs and perfection.

ELEMENTS OF SCULPTURE

1. Subject-
2. Medium-
3. Texture-
4. Space-
Great sculptors

1. Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini- the ecstacy of St. Theresa is one of his most
eye catching masterpices

2. Michelangelo Buonarroti- he says that he is the master of all masters both

painting and sculptor. He is best remembered of his David . another
rmasterpice is his La Pieta

3. Eduardo Castrillo- he is a sculptor, a painter, a jeweller and truly the artist

of realism and of the modern time . the Liberators and People Power

4. Guillermo Tolentino- one of his monumental creations and lasting legacy to

his race is the inspirations that could be taken from the Bonifacio Monument
located in Caloocan City. Oblation statue of the University of the Philippines,
is one of his great contributions, this masterpiece will be best appreciated by
admirer if a little background of a statue will be introduced.

5. Napoleon Abueva- he is the first modern Filipino sculptor. He did

abstraction, experimentation and modern techniques in sculpture. Baby
Moses and Ring of the Gods

ARCHITECTURE

Art of designing and constructing a building which will serve a definite

purpose

Elements

1. Line
2. Color
3. Volume
4. Texture
5. Space

Construction Principles

1. Post and lintel- makes use of 2 vertical supports spanned by horizontal beam.
2. Arch- consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks arranged in a semi-
circle
3. Truss- system of triangular forms assembled in a rigid framework
4. Cantilever- makes use of a beam extending horizontally into space beyond its
post

Evolution of Architecture

1. Earliest/ prehistoric- earliest man lived in caves, experimenting with whatever

materials they could find, protection of their family.
2. Egyptian- believed that Pharaohs were gods which great influenced their
architecture. Pyramid- triangular, rectangular or square-shaped which
 entombs the Pharaoh. Temples- surrounded by massive, high walls, one great
place between towers, used post and lintel system.
3. Greek- used architectural Orders- a. Doric- plain abacus capital; shortest and
most massive. B. Ionic- capital characterized by a pair of spirals; taller or
more slender. C. Corinthian- capital featuring curling leaves; tallest and most
slender
4. Roman- practical and realistic; adopted and modified by some Greek
architecture.
5. Medieval- early Christian- characterized by small windows with a simple,
lightweight, wooden roof. Byzantine- usually built in a Greek cross; walls and
domes were covered in a brilliant mosaic. Romanesque- characterized with
thick walls, massive windows, round arches, short, thick columns and a heavy
massive appearance. Gothic- 12th century, walls replaced with brilliantly
colored stained glass windows.
6. Renaissance- characterized by objective, mathematical standards of
measurement.
7. Baroque- more elaborate arches, columns and vaults
8. Modern- requisites have been resolved- growth of industrialization, new
means of transportation and communication and new concepts of medicine
and education.

Materials of architecture

1. Wood
2. Stone
3. Concrete
4. Steel

PHOTOGRAPHY

• Basic composition

– Mood and atmosphere

– Qualities of a good photo
– Basic composition
– Improving composition

CREATING THE MOOD

• Overall feel of a picture

• Created by
– Perspective
– Color
– Focus (isolation and distance)
– Weather and light
• Sunrise/sunset
• Misty, rainy days
• Sun vs. overcast
•
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PICTURE
1. SHAPE-

• Tends to be noticed first, before texture and pattern

• Easiest and most recognizable composition tool

• Shape helps create a mood/character for the picture

• Search for the unconventional or surprise shape in objects

2. LINE-

Lines create

a. Shape

b. Pattern

c. Depth

d. Perspective

Line leads the eye

e. Focal point/subject

f. Diagonals

g. S-curves

Line creates perspective

• Lines into the horizon show depth and perspective for the viewer
• Vanishing point
– Point at which lines converge and vanish in to the horizon
– Place off-center
• Close-ups decrease perspective while wide-angles can exaggerate
it

3. Pattern

• Orderly combination of shape, line, or color

• Pattern can help echo the character of a photo

• Catching attention

 Random patterns

 Slight variation in a pattern

 Pattern in common places

4. Texture

• Adds realism (sense of touch) to a photo

• Sharp (hard) light highlights texture

• Especially important for close-up and b/w shots

• Side lighting highlights texture

• Most portraits use front lighting to decrease texture on skin

Using light for depth

• Sometimes hard light is inappropriate for illustrating shape and depth

• Soft side lighting can give a sense of shape and depth without high
contrast

– Portraits

– Still life

– When shape/depth is more important that texture

5. Size and space

2D pictures distort depth, relative size, and distances

a. Include reference item

b. Include parts of the fore- or background

c. Use a frame

d. Be creative—maybe you want to distort

Giving perspective
• Linear—Lines which converge into the distance
• Diminishing size—objects further away are smaller
• Aerial perspective—atmosphere creates haze, which lightens objects
farther away

Depth and perspective

• Overlapping forms—overlapping objects in a picture create depth and
distance
 • Selective focusing—focusing on the foreground and blurring the
background

Improving composition

1. Rule of thirds
Have a strong center of interest
• Take pictures at different angles with different compositions
• Work around the rule of thirds

2. Simplicity
One strong center of interest
• Foreground or background should be simple or complimentary
to center of interest
• Include foreground or background for sense of isolation,
distance, depth, etc.
Avoid mergers
Cut offs
• Avoiding cutting out parts or wholes of people or main subjects
• Avoiding cutting out the path of a moving object

3. Angle and perspective

Working with angles
• Low angles
– Clear sky backdrop
– Accentuate movement or action
• High angle
– Eliminate cloudy sky
• 45 degree angles will cut glare
• Avoid centered horizons

4. Framing
• Adds depth
• Should fit theme
• Helps subject fill the frame
• Can block unwanted subjects from view
• Watch focus on foreground
• Focus on foreground in landscape
• Focus on subject in portraits
• Auto-focus should be centered on main topic
• Overall—DEPENDS ON CAMERA

5. Balance
• Balance color and weight in a picture
• Formal and informal
• Symmetrical and asymmetrical
Fill the frame
• Would this picture look better if I was closer?
– Focus on subject
 – Detail
• Start far and move closer
• Fill the frame with objects that “fit”
• Long range shots provide depth and perspective

Digital cameras sometimes get confused trying to recreate colours, and the picture
goes a different tint because the camera’s idea of white is off – so we can change
the white balance setting to compensate:
- Automatic: Usually guesses correctly, but not always
- Custom: Focus on something white for it to remember
- Tungsten: Indoors, under tungsten/incandescent/bulb lighting
- Fluorescent: Under fluorescent lighting
- Daylight/Sunny: Outdoors on a bright day
- Cloudy: Outdoors on a cloudy day
- Flash: To compensate for flash
- Shade: In shaded areas