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Introduction

If you fail to prepare, you are preparing to fail.

– H. K. Williams, “The Church and the World” in Biblical World, v53, p81, 1919

As urbanization spreads and human settlements grow, as people flock to

and squeeze into crowded urban communities, the number of fire
incidents can be expected to increase. To cope with and overcome such
increase, corresponding shifts in the Bureau’s approaches need to be
initiated: not replacing the old and tested measures, but intensifying and
redirecting the focus from reacting on fire incidents to pre-emptive fire
incident management, leading to systematic and more effective fire
response procedures that, needless to say, should be both readily usable
and sustainable.

One measure that would prove to carry this principle is the conduct of
Pre-Fire Plans in every barangay or community. By creating a pre-emptive
fire response system, detailed with a hazard analysis of the community,
and the collaborative efforts to be undertaken by the local authorities
during the emergency, fire prevention will be at its best. However, the
problem of how stations are to go about this arises because there are no
supporting documents on the procedures for the pre-fire planning
program to be executed. Also the Fire Code in Div. 7 primarily focuses on
the pre-fire planning of to-be-developed communities and not on existing
communities and the fire incident itself.

The root idea is for the creation of a plan for pre-fire incident prevention,
for pre-disaster preparedness, for fire incident response, and for disaster
response with the involvement of local authorities. Unfortunately, the
response to this idea by personnel in the field has been that of minimum
compliance with the requirement. While compliance is in order, the
actual goal of the initiative is for both the intensive prevention of fire
incidents and the attainment of rigorous preparedness for fire incidents
and natural calamities. It is in this light that this manuscript is created.

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MODULE 1: OPLAN LIGTAS NA
PAMAYANAN
What is OLP?
OPLAN LIGTAS NA PAMAYANAN is the BFP’s response to the ever-
growing demand for a more adoptive, comprehensive and immersive
fire protection program for the communities, rural and urban villages
and barangays. It sums up the agency’s new and improved approach
of providing a fire protection plan that will truly produce results. It
targets the most basic issue or the root of the problem of why there are
uncontrolled and ever-increasing fire incidents in residential areas and
bridges the gap by providing holistic and scientific solutions. In the past
27 years of the BFP, various fire prevention activities had been
implemented along with innovations that, in a way, brought tangible
results. But the weak efforts and the varying directions taken rendered
the programs ineffective. In essence, OLP effectively replaces all
activities and programs previously implemented by the agency (e.g.
Ugnayan sa Barangay) and redirects all efforts into few but
encompassing activities.

The Goals and Objectives

GOALS:

1. An Improved Quality of Life through a Fire–Safe Community with

Proactive, Responsive, Resilient, Self-reliant and Empowered People.

2. One Standard Community-Based Fire Protection Plan for the entire

BFP.

OBJECTIVES:

1. Increase the number of trained and organized communities, ready

and prepared as partners in fire prevention and fire suppression efforts
or initiatives by 10% every year;

2. Decrease the occurrence of fires in the most vulnerable parts of

communities by 8% every year;

3. Establish strong partnerships, through agreements, between local

government units in enforcing fire-related laws;

4. Encourage communities to develop their own Community Fire

Protection Plan based on the standard parameters;

5. Reduce the number of fire-related deaths and injuries by 5% every

year.

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Chapter 1. OLP Component Activities

1.1 HANDANG-PAMAYANAN PROGRAM

A community that collectively plans and prepares for any event has
the biggest possibility of survival when “it” happens. The concept of
detailed community planning can never be discounted as an
important tool in building a resilient, well-coordinated and self-
reliant people.

Under this activity, every fire station nationwide shall be a mentor of

every community in the formulation of a Community Fire Protection
Plan (CFPP). The CFPP is in essence the BFP’s counterpart for the
Barangay Disaster Resilience Preparedness Plan mandated to be
prepared by the various LGUs and barangay councils. As the BDRPP
is to disaster preparedness, the CFPP is to fire incident preparedness,
only in a more specialized program.

The Handang-Pamayanan Program champions two refocused

activities that complements one another. The formulation of the
Community Fire Protection Plan (CFPP) and the BAYANIHAN
PROGRAM (Brigada ng Bayan tungo sa Ligtas na Tahanan at
Pamayanan) where a revitalized barangay fire brigade structure
and composition is established under the new name Community
Fire Auxiliary Group or CFAG.

A. FORMULATION OF A COMMUNITY FIRE PROTECTION PLAN (CFPP)

The CFPP is a detailed fire prevention plan for the community

that is based on the three main principles of fire prevention
which is are hazard evaluation, hazard elimination, and
tactical defense. The planning activity aims to develop
community ownership of the plan and easy familiarization of
all actions, individual roles and routines that it requires. The
CCFP Agenda lays down all the needed parameters in
executing the rest of the activities. (See Module 2)

The Community Hazard Map shall be an important

attachment of the CFPP. The Hazard Map shall be composed
of, but not limited to, detailed community means of exit,
evacuation routes, and pre-determined evacuation areas
and designation of hazard zoning based from on the hazard
analysis parameters.

Activity Objectives:

1. 85% of barangays in every city/municipality shall be

able to formulate their own Community Fire
Protection Plan (CFPP) in 2019 and 100% by 2020;

2. 85% of fire stations shall have formulated and

posted Fire Hazard Maps in 2019 and 100% by 2020;
and,
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 3. 85% of barangays in all cities/municipalities shall
have individual Fire Hazard Maps in 2019 and 100%
by 2020.

Activity Output:

1. All barangays nationwide installed with Individual

Community Fire Protection Plan;

2. All barangays nationwide installed with Community

Fire Hazard Maps;

3. All Fire Stations nationwide installed with Municipal /

City Fire Hazard Maps;

4. Monthly Accomplishment Report on the number of

barangays with formulated CFPP and Community
Hazard Maps; and,

5. Community Simulation Drills conducted.

B. BAYANIHAN PROGRAM (Brigada ng Bayan tungo sa Ligtas na

Tahanan at Pamayanan)

The BAYANIHAN Program is a neighborhood-based initiative

anchored on the Filipino “bayanihan” concept which refers
to the spirit of communal unity, work and cooperation to
achieve a particular goal. Herein to be shortly referred as
“Community Fire Auxiliary Group” or “CFAG” the
organization’s main responsibility is to respond to localized fire
incidents as BFP responding teams are in transit, and to
promote community safety through guided activities by the
BFP. It is a structured organization of volunteer residents
clustered by sitio/purók, by neighborhood blocks or by a
number of households in a barangay. (See Module 2). They
shall be trained and monitored by the fire station concerned
through the designated Bumbero sa Barangay (See Module
3).

In essence, the CFAG answers the need for a singular form in

terms of structure, duties and responsibility for the currently
established barangay fire brigades. The new structure allows
the organization to be more sustainable as it will be
mandatorily be led by the local officials and more effective in
operation as their composition covers all the aspect of a
firefighting operation.

Activity Objectives:

1. 35-50% of cities / municipalities have established

and trained CFAGs in the first two years of the
program (2019-2020), 65-80% in three years, and
100% in five years (2021-2023);

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 2. 100% of all established CFAG members trained and
re-trained annually;

3. Creation of active social media account for CFAG

as fire safety advocacy portal; and,

4. Conduct of CFAG firefighting contests at all levels.

Activity Output:

1. CFAGs created and trained;

2. BAYANI NG BARANGAY as Fire Safety Advocacy

Group in the social media; and,

3. Barangay Fire Safety Contests at all levels.

1.2 KAAGAPAY PROGRAM (Katuwang at Gabay sa Ligtas na

Pamamahay at Pamayanan)

The Bumbero sa Pamayanan is the coordinator and lead of

all the programs of the city/municipal fire station in the
community. They are expected to deliver the bulk of this
program. They shall be immersed in the community to
establish strong partnerships and deep concern to for the
residents. They are likewise expected to rekindle the spirit of
bayanihan among the residents to establish the very
foundation of this program. (See Module 3 for details of
implementation.)

Activity Objective

1. 100% of barangays to be with designated/assigned

Bumbero sa Pamayanan.

Output

1. Monthly accomplishment report of conducted activities.

1.3 LINGAP PROGRAM (Pangkaligtasan na Pagsisiyasat at Pagbibigay-

alam sa bawat tahanan)

The LINGAP is a program focused on the extensive conduct

of house-to-house fire safety surveys in densely-populated
residential communities, neighborhoods, settlements and
areas identified as fire-prone areas by the station having
jurisdiction through the CFPP. This can be a deterrent
measure primarily in identified high-risk areas of the
community considered most vulnerable to fire. Correction or
immediate abatement of hazards will avoid the possible
occurrence of destructive fires.

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 Activity Objectives:

1. Reduce fire incidents by 8% in residential and community

areas through direct prevention interventions in 2019 and
3% every year thereafter;

2. Inspect 30% of households in high-hazard areas in 2019

and an increase of 5% every year thereafter; and,

3. Distribute fire safety informative materials to 34% of

households in high-hazard areas and 10% for medium and
low-hazard areas in 2019 and an increase of 5% every year
thereafter.

Output

1. Monthly accomplishment report of conducted activities.

1.4 COMMUNITY EVALUATION AND RECOGNITION

A certificate with BAYANIHAN SEAL of a fire-safe community

shall be conferred on barangays who comply with the
activities under this OPLAN. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal
shall recommend to the Regional Director those compliant
barangays for the conferment of the certificate. With a
certification from the C/MFM, the seal shall be given to
qualified recipients. The BAYANIHAL SEAL shall be subject to
annual renewal to ensure that such safe condition of the
community is maintained at all times.

An annual search shall be conducted and the conferment

made during the celebration of the BFP Anniversary.

List of yearly awardees, compliant and non-compliant

barangays with the terms of this program shall be submitted
to the Department of the Interior and Local Government for
reference.

Policy and guidelines for this program will be issued

separately.

1.5 IMPLEMENTATION COVERAGE

There shall be three (3) major phases in its implementation: (1)

Initiation or Preparatory Phase; (2) Implementation or Action Phase;
and, (3) Evaluation or Turning-Point Phase.

Initiation or Preparatory Phase shall start immediately upon approval

of this plan. The activities involved in this phase shall be the
following:

a. Coordination with stakeholders;

b. Crafting and signing of agreements with key players, i.e.
the barangays;
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 c. Budget planning or inclusion of the activities in 2019
PPMP and APP and onwards;
d. Formulation of guidelines, standard operating
procedures, modules, and reportorial forms and other
forms for the project component activities;
e. Target setting for CY 2019 to be reflected in the OPCR
and IPCR;
f. Completion of all other requisites of the plan; and,
g. Crafting of implementing plans for this Oplan by the
regions.

These activities shall be completed before the end of 2018.

Hence, compliance shall be closely monitored to guarantee a
smooth implementation in 2019 and onwards.

Implementation or Action Phase shall start in January 2019. All

regions are expected to deliver the required activity output which
shall conform with the minimum requirement of every program
component. There shall be a monitoring of monthly
accomplishments which shall conform with minimum required
accomplishment provided in each program of this plan to gauge
the success of its implementation. Those who shall fall behind the
minimum required output in any quarter of the year shall be made
to explain the reasons behind such low performance. If
subsequently the same performance prevails in the succeeding
quarter, subject head of office shall be considered to have failed in
achieving the goals of this plan and, thus, shall be subject to the
rules governing such failed performance under the policy to be
provided for this purpose.

To ensure that the program will be implemented effectively, all

regional offices shall ensure that appropriate funding shall be
allocated for the program. Considering budget availability, the
following implementation coverage can be observed.

A. One to One (1:1) Plan: Under this plan, at least one

barangay per city/municipality shall be implemented
with the program for the initial stage of implementation,
gradually adding one more area every year.
Considering that this program directly reduces the
targets, the regional office and the local fire stations
shall focus the implementation of the program in areas
with high occurrences or frequency of fire incidents.

B. Concentrated Plan: Under this plan, the regional office

shall identify the fire stations to initially implement the
program and focus all resources in those areas. The
selection shall be based on the necessity of
implementing the program in areas considering the
number of occurrences or frequency of fire incidents
recorded. For the succeeding year, other stations can
be added increasing the coverage of the
implementation of the program. In this plan, all cities
and highly urbanized municipalities must be the top
priority.

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Evaluation or Turning Point Phase. Two years after the
implementation of the plan, the evaluation phase for the programs
under this plan shall start. The feedback from the implementing units
shall be collated and studied to further enhance all the activities
that need improvement or termination. There shall be an impact
analysis conducted at every end of the year prior to and during the
evaluation phase to determine whether the stated objectives and
goals are being achieved. The results of the impact analysis shall
serve as basis for policy support, plan update, or further
development of programs.

This plan requires equal commitment from various offices of

the BFP. To secure the success of its implementation from initiation
to evaluation phase, the following responsibilities are herein
enumerated:

A. Directorate for Fire Safety Enforcement (DFSE)

a) Shall assist the Chief, BFP in the formulation of

guidelines, relative to the fire prevention and
enforcement component of the program.
b) Shall serve as the primary office responsible for the
updating of this program.
c) Shall create and designate members of the
composite program development team
responsible for the updating and continual
development of the individual components of the
program and shall perform other coordination
activities for that purpose.
d) Shall develop the training guide for the CFAG with
the help of concerned Directorates.
e) Shall develop a template for the Community Fire
Protection Plan.
f) Shall develop the detailed program
implementation plan of the Community Fire Safety
Seal and Community Fire Safety Award and other
necessary auxiliary documentation for this activity.

B. Directorate for Operation (DO)

a) Shall assist the Chief, BFP in the formulation of

guidelines, relative to the protocol and rules of
engagement involving the Community Fire
Auxiliary Group as a component of BFP fire
suppression units;
b) Shall assist the DFSE in the formulation of a training
module for the competency-building program of
CFAGs
c) Issue corresponding directives in support of the
fulfillment of this plan and its component activities.

C. Directorate for Human Resource Development (DHRD)

a) Shall assist the Chief, BFP in the formulation of

guidelines, relative to personnel management,

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 personnel accounting and other related concerns
of this program or its component activities.
b) Issue corresponding directives in support of the
fulfillment of this plan and its component activities.

D. Directorate for Personnel and Records Management

(DPRM)

c) Facilitate the personnel strength requirement of

the program, from designation of fully capable
and competent staff to issuing proper directives to
ensure the success of the program.
d) Ensure that all objectives and desired outputs of
this plan are reflected and achieved through the
existing Office/Individual Performance
Commitments.
e) Provide the standard design or template for the
CFAG members’ identification card.

E. Directorate for Comptrollership (DC)

a) Shall assist the Chief, BFP in the formulation of

guidelines, relative to finance management,
budgeting and other related concerns of this plan.
b) Shall facilitate and ensure that appropriate
funding is provided for the activities to be
implemented for this plan.
d) Issue corresponding directives in support of the
fulfillment of this plan and its component activities.

F. Directorate for Logistics (DL)

a) Shall assist the Chief, BFP in the formulation of

guidelines relative to logistical capabilities,
procurement of important supplies, and assets
necessary in the execution of the activities to be
developed in this plan.
b) Facilitate and ensure inclusion in the Annual
Procurement Plans (APP) of all requirements of the
activities in this plan for its smooth implementation
in the regions.
e) Issue corresponding directives in support of the
fulfillment of this plan and its component activities.

G. Directorate for Plans (DP)

a) Shall assist the Chief, BFP in the formulation of

guidelines, relative to every unit’s conformity to the
unified standards promulgated by the office in
connection with ISO 9001:2015 certification and
other government-based agencies prescribed
monitoring tools.
b) Shall facilitate and ensure proper monitoring of
listed activities to be duly reflected in the PPMPs of
every region as part of their priority program.

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 c) Ensure the inclusion of community-based programs
in plans and projects as part of fire prevention
initiatives of the BFP.
d) Issue corresponding directives in support of the
fulfillment of this plan and its component activities.

H. Directorate for Investigation and Intelligence (DII)

a) Provide the directorate in charge of development

of this program and all other offices with relevant
and needed information and data for the
development and updating of this Oplan.
b) Issue corresponding directives in support of the
fulfillment of this plan and its component activities.

I. Director for Communication and Information

Technology Management (DICTM)

a) Shall assist the Chief, BFP in the formulation of

guidelines, policy and programs on
communication and information, particularly on
the development of an updated and reliable
web-based software for the timely and accurate
monitoring of accomplishments nationwide
relative to this plan.
b) Issue corresponding directives in support of the
fulfillment of this program or its component
reformed activities.

J. Chief, Public Information Services

a) Shall collaborate with other entities for the

popularization of the activities hereto
incorporated, through Quad Media.
b) Shall assist the DFSE in the distribution of fire safety
information materials, official banners, and other
materials pertaining to the activities.
c) Cause the posting in the PIS official website or
social media all related fire safety materials for this
program or its component reformed activities.
d) Shall develop advertisement materials such as, but
not limited to, Audio Visual Presentations for the
promotion of the activity components of this plan.

K. The Regional Headquarters

a) Shall oversee the execution of the programs and

all its component activities by all the units within its
area of responsibility (AOR).
b) Shall formulate implementing plans (Implan) for this
plan to be observed by all the units within its AOR.
c) Shall ensure programming of appropriate funding
for its yearly execution to be incorporated as a
regular activity in the region’s yearly Project
Procurement Management Plan (PPMP).

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 d) Shall ensure the inclusion of the plan component
activities in its OPCR and of all it units by closely
monitoring its achievements vis-à-vis those targets
set as part of the BFP Performance Appraisal
System.
e) Shall religiously submit monthly consolidated report
of the accomplishment made by its units in relation
to this plan.

1.6 OUTPUT MONITORING AND PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL

The implementation of this project shall form part of the

targets and performance that shall be rated periodically
under the existing performance appraisal system of the BFP.
Monthly monitoring will be imposed to ensure strict
compliance and implementation of the program.

1.7 BUDGETING

This program shall follow a pre-set per capita budgeting

system based on population, number of identified vulnerable
communities, actual materials and supplies needed and
number of activities. Considering that the activities indicated
in this program are essential/integral parts of the BFP’s Major
Final Output, all concerned units are hereby directed to
ensure that appropriate funding for the program is duly
reflected in their Project Procurement Management Plans
(PPMP) and Annual Procurement Plans (APP) in every fiscal
year. (See Annex A-3)

Notes!
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MODULE 2: HANDANG PAMAYANAN
AND BAYANIHAN PROGRAM
Overview

This module details the concept and considerations in the execution of

the Handang Pamayanan Program. It provides technical and
analytical considerations, discussion that guides our field personnel in
preparing the Community Fire Protection Plan (CFPP) and the
BAYANIHAN (Brigada ng Bayan tungo sa Ligtas na Tahanan at
Pamayanan) Program. The purpose of this module is to ensure
uniformity in the conduct of the activity and the preparation of the
needed output of the program. It also lays down the concepts and
idea behind every component of the program so that everyone will
have a single interpretation and execution of the activity.

The user:

The BFP Personnel. This module is prepared for the use of BFP personnel
to be designated as Kaagapay sa Barangay as they implement the
activities and programs in the program for purposes of uniformity and
unison in execution of the program from concept to delivery to output.

The audience:

The Barangay officials. As the targeted sector of society for the

implementation of the program, this module likewise targets the
barangays. This will guide them in the preparation of their own CFPP
under the guidance of BFP personnel as facilitators.

Module Objectives

1. To provide a detailed facilitator’s guide in the preparation

of the Community Fire Protection Plan.

2. Clearly and thoroughly discuss what is a Community Fire

Protection Plan, its components, preparation methods and
all other necessary considerations.

Expected Output

1. A Barangay Council able to prepare their own CFPP,

understand its contents and execute the contingencies
incorporated therein.

2. Fire Hazard Maps posted at conspicuous areas in the

barangay.

3. An organized Community Fire Auxiliary Group in the

barangay.

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Chapter 1. The CFPP Workshop
In this chapter, the conduct of the CFPP workshop is laid out for the
facilitator to observe. Discussions and topics are suggested as well
as the proper and timely use of the annexed forms that would
facilitate with ease the planning process. Facilitators are advised to
follow these procedures for uniformity. However, in order to ensure
that points are delivered properly, the translation to local dialects of
the discussions is advised. The use of vernacular language and
synonymous words to the subjects discussed can also be made.

1.1 Who are involved

In creating the CFPP involvement of the recipient unit for it to be

collaborative and the principles of bayanihan to be fully observed,
the CFPP, therefore, must be prepared by the following;

From the Barangay:

 Barangay Captain,
 Barangay Councilors,
 Barangay Secretary and Treasurer
 Barangay Health Workers
 Chief of the Barangay Police (Barangay Tanod)
 Members of the Barangay Tanod and BPATS
 Barangay Bantay-Sunog Team Leaders/Sitio Leaders
 Other barangay workers/employees/officials

From BFP Team:

 Team Leader / OIC, MFM, CFM,

 Designated Bumbero sa Barangay
 Lecturer / Facilitator/s,
 Documentation Personnel

1.2 The Program

The preparation of the CFPP is best accomplished by means of a

workshop, with the recipients of the CFPP actively participating in
the workshop. The role of BFP personnel is to facilitate the activity
and to serve as speakers.

Considering the factors laid down, a hybrid form of workshop is

recommended for the CFPP, with a field survey followed by the
actual planning workshop. The data gathering through actual
inspection of the entire barangay / community is necessary and
must be performed first. The procedure is as follows:

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Field Survey

The field inspection should be performed prior to the actual

workshop, as this will lay down most of the parameters needed in
the workshop. It is vital that all entries in the Checklist be provided
with information and, just like normal fire safety inspection, scrutiny
of the details must be observed, but on a larger scale in the
community. Accuracy of information is necessary.

i. Prior to the conduct of the pre-fire planning workshop,

the barangay council is required to submit to the BFP a
detailed copy of its location map. This will serve as the
guide for the PFP Facilitator of the BFP Station in the
creation of a CFPP and its component hazard maps.
ii. Due coordination with the barangay council shall be
made prior to the conduct of the activity to ensure
their full cooperation, and in areas where safety is
compromised, arrangements can be made.
iii. During the field survey, the PFP Team accompanied by
the barangay captain must conduct an ocular of the
surroundings, guided by the Barangay Risk Profile
Checklist, the Barangay Hazard Zoning Checklist and
the Location Map. The assigned surveyor shall note and
consider the following.

 Number of houses in a certain cluster / block /

row and the materials they are made of and the
distance to one another, and the location of
each feature on the map. The Inspector must be
keen in noticing possible hazards in every cluster,
because these should appear on the Fire Hazard
Map.
 The width and type of remarkable roads, streets,
and alleys.
 The location of fire hydrants and waterways, as
well as landmarks.

iv. The survey has to be performed in every sitio / purók /

cluster of the barangay / community in order to be
thorough and accurate. The data gathered during the
field survey will later be used during the risk assessment
workshop.

Documents Needed:
1. Location Map of the Barangay
2. Barangay Risk Profile Checklist,
3. Barangay Hazard Zoning Checklist

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 The Planning Workshop

The planning workshop is a combination of lecture and table-top

exercises. The lectures will revolve around the discussion of the
components of the CFPP while the table-top activities will focus on
the accomplishment of the planning tools (tables). The suggested
program flow is as follows:

I: Preparatory
- Prayer and National Anthem
- Introductions (Pagpapakilala) by the Facilitators and the
Attendees
- Setting of the Rules (See next sub-chapter)
- Setting of Expectations and Commitment (See next sub-
chapter)

II: Workshop Proper

- Talk 1: The Plan (Introduction to FCPP)
- Talk 2: Assess
- Talk 3: Prepare
- Talk 4: Test and Improve

II: Wrap Up
- Finalization of Outputs

Total Workshop Duration: 180 minutes (3 hours Lecture)

210 minutes (3.5 hours Table-top Exercise)

Documents Needed:
1. Slide Presentation
2. CFPP Planning Tools (See Annex)
3. Large Scale Location Map of the Barangay
4. Accomplished Barangay Risk Profile Checklist,
5. Accomplished Barangay Hazard Zoning Checklist

1.3 The Flow

Like any workshop, it is important that the facilitators have a wide

understanding of what is to be discussed. This results in better
comprehension on the part of the participants. Hence, familiarity
with the flow of the workshop is vital for facilitators.

I: Preparatory

Start the workshop the right way: the basics, a prayer and the
National Anthem is necessary, followed by the introductions. Each
member of the BFP team, starting with the team leader, should
properly introduce himself or herself, especially the Bumbero sa
Barangay designated personnel. This will be followed by the
introduction by each of the participants. A lively atmosphere can
motivate the attendees, setting up interest for the rest of the
workshop.
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This will be followed by setting the rules. Rules are important in order
to maintain a straight path in the entire workshop, or keep things in
line. The following rules can be applied:

1. Share all relevant information.

2. Everyone’s input is equally valued.
3. Everyone must be on time throughout the workshop.
4. Be timely: Start and end the session on time, take brief
breaks, and be ready to start when breaks are over.
5. Only one conversation will go on at once (unless subgroups
are working on a topic).
6. Respect each speaker: Don’t take part in side
conversations; listen and ask clarifying questions.
7. The group is responsible for the deliverables.
8. Off-target discussions are limited to five minutes and then
recorded as issues.
9. Spend time on other issues only if the deliverables are
completed and everyone agrees that there is value in
addressing the issue.
10. Every issue identified in the workshop will have follow-up.
11. Discussions and criticisms will focus on interests, not people.
12. No idea is bad.
13. No sidebar conversations are allowed.
14. Use our decision rule and decision rule process.
15. All members are expected to participate in all phases of
the process (if you leave the room, you are responsible for
getting filled in and agree to support any group decision).
16. Encourage other team members.
17. Include everyone in the discussion.
18. Do not necessarily accept the first idea.
19. Everyone is responsible for our success.
20. Stick to the agenda, but do not be fanatical about it.
21. Have fun.
22. Communicate, communicate, communicate.

Expectations and commitments follow. Expectations can come

from both the BFP teams and the participants. This includes, their
expectation on the workshop itself, the result, the benefits of having
the CFPP, and even from the facilitators to the participants as to
their participation and vice versa.

Commitment, on the other hand, is purely on the side of the

participants. Given all the expectations, the facilitator must now
direct the focus of the group to the commitment of the participants
in achieving their expectations. This has to converge on their
commitment of crafting their CFPP and ensuring that it is indeed
effected thereafter.

Both expectation and commitment exercises can be done by listing

on the board what the participants are suggesting. This portion of
the board should be kept un-erased during the entire duration of
the workshop.

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II: Workshop Proper

At the workshop proper, the “meat” of the activity, the members of

the BFP team, as a team effort, shall be delegated with individual
topics to discuss, by the team leader’s call.

Talk 1: The Plan (Introduction to FCPP)

Format: Lecture and discussion
Duration: 45 minutes
Lecture Guide: Module 2 Chapter 2, Talk 1: The Plan

This talk deals with the definition of the CFPP. The pointers and
suggested discussions are presented in Chapter 1, although further
elaboration of the points is highly encouraged. Sighting concrete
examples on points like actual fire incidents within the area can
leave a strong impact and gain interest in the participants.

Talk 2: Assess
Format: Combined lecture and table-top exercises
Duration: 90 minutes lecture; 120 minutes table-top exercise
Lecture Guide: Module 2 Chapter 2, Talk 2: Assess

This session takes the discussion to a deeper level. Participants are to

perform assessment guided by the facilitator. For ease of work,
participants shall fill data into the CFPP Planning Tools forms.

It is vital that participants absorb the information presented in this

session, including the importance of knowing the probability of the
occurrence of a fire incident, vulnerabilities involved, and possible
scenarios. This session is large enough to be divided into four
segments, each tackling a sub-chapter topic. Each tabletop
exercise should be followed with presentation of participants’
output.

Another approach would be for the facilitator to present the entire

chapter, and then follow this with a comprehensive tabletop
exercise, assisting the participants. With this method, the facilitator,
using the board, enters data into the forms as participants supply
the information.

At the end of the session, the facilitator summarizes the discussion

and exercise.

Talk 3: Prepare
Format: Combined lecture and table-top exercises
Duration: 45 minutes lecture; 90 minutes table-top exercise
Lecture Guide: Module 2 Chapter 2, Talk 3: Prepare

This chapter continues from the previous session. The action plan will
be made and the fire response data detailedFor ease of work,
CFPP planning tools are to be used.

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 Talk 4: Test and Improve
Format: Pure Lecture
Duration: 45 minutes lecture
Lecture Guide: Module 2 Chapter 2, Talk 4-5: Test and Improve

This chapter consolidates the previous session, and emphasizes the

need to test and improve the CFPP. The chapter takes up the topic
of drills, and the gaps and adjustments to be made after drills. Drills
shall be scheduled for after the CFPP has been formulated,
requiring the establishment and training of the CFAG.

III: Wrap Up
The CFPP workshop shall conclude with the preparation of the
following:

A. The Community Fire Protection Plan

1. Brief Introduction and Community Information Narrative
2. Cause-Risk Assessment Report (Form 1 Output)
3. Capabilities and Needs Assessment Report (Form 2
Output)
4. Scenario Visualization Report (Form 3 Output)
5. Prevention Activities Report (Form 4 Output)
6. Purók/Sitio Fire Response Data (Form 5 Output)
7. Gaps and Adjustments Report (Form 6 Output)

B. Community Risk and Vulnerability Zoning Maps

1. Barangay Location Map
2. Fire Hazard Map
3. Hydrant and Waterways Location Map
4. Barangay Fire & Emergency Evacuation Plan

C. CFPP Checklists

D. Organized Community Fire Auxiliary Group

The local fire station shall have a copy of the output while the
BFP team shall consolidate all plans.

Chapter 2. The CFPP Workshop Lectures

TALK 1. THE PLAN
1.1 Fire Protection Plan as Contingency Plan

A Community Fire Protection Plan is a Contingency Plan prepared

for fire emergencies in the community. Contingency planning aims
to prepare systematic and coordinated response procedures that
can be easily and immediately executed at a moment’s notice. It
focuses an organization’s efforts, resources and capabilities into
carefully choreographed actions rendering response to
emergencies more efficient and effective.
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 A community able to prepare for an emergency can save lives.
Such is the case for preparing for fire emergencies. As a constantly
growing threat to human settlements brought about by careless
domestic activities, community fires are disasters that must be
thoroughly prepared for. According to the International Federation
of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) “disaster
preparedness planning involves identifying organization resources,
determining roles and responsibilities, developing policies and
procedures and planning activities to reach a level of preparedness
to be able to respond timely and effectively to a disaster should it
occur”.

By principle, planning is just the beginning of a long-term

commitment to establish contingencies over every possible
scenario. Every organization, community, or group of individuals
which is tasked with developing emergency preparedness plans
must ensure that every aspect of planning and preparation is
considered and duly addressed.

Fire emergencies, amongst other emergencies, are a constantly

occurring community hazard that the public must prepare for. It is
therefore the prime mandate of every barangay government unit
to ensure that mitigation and fire protection is their utmost priority,
focusing its resources into tangible and doable action plans that will
benefit the entire community. Planning for fire emergencies must
not just be an option for every local government, more so the
barangays, but it must be on top of their agenda as fire directly
affects the very constituents they serve.

1.2 Key concept of Fire Protection Planning

Planning emergency actions is a process, not a one-time event.

While the plan may detail specific objectives and preparedness
actions, these will need to be corrected and refined during an
actual emergency.

Collaborative.

Experience shows that plans created by an “external” person or by

an isolated individual or agency are usually not valued and used.
Therefore, a team approach is desirable. A team approach allows
for diverse perspectives to be shared during the planning stage. It
also helps ensure that the team has access to precise and
complete information.

The creation of a Community Fire Protection Plan is geared towards

this idea. By allowing a participative environment wherein it is the
members of the barangay who are to establish their own
community’s fire protection plan, every individual will have the
same level of commitment of support in executing the plans.

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Comprehensive.

No emergency plan can stand alone if it only addresses one aspect

of a whole scenario. For example, preparing for massive destruction
must include contingencies for evacuation, food supplies, health
care and sanitation. Similarly, preparing for fire emergencies must
address connected issues on traffic management, first responders,
evacuation, medical assistance and many others. Thus, a fire
protection plan must address mitigation, response and
rehabilitation or restoration.

Series or Cyclical

Emergency preparedness plan is always a contingency plan.

Therefore, the principles of a cyclical plan are dominant. The IFRC
describes that “contingency planning aims to prepare an
organization to respond well to an emergency and its potential
humanitarian impact. Developing a contingency plan involves
making decisions in advance about the management of human
and financial resources, coordination and communications
procedures, and being aware of a range of technical and logistical
responses. Such planning is a management tool, involving all
sectors, which can help ensure timely and effective provision of
humanitarian aid to those most in need when a disaster occurs.
Time spent in contingency planning equals time saved when a
disaster occurs. Effective contingency planning should lead to
timely and effective disaster-relief operations.”

The contingency planning process can be broken down into three

basic questions:

 What is going to happen?

 What are we going to do about it?
 What can we do ahead of time to get prepared?

The concept of a cycle in preparing the fire protection plan is

appropriate as it will ensure that the response plan is always
relevant and applicable. The Principles of a repeated cycle in
contingency planning, as shown below, illustrates the dynamism
that a fire protection plan must have.

ICRC Contingency Planning Diagram

Factual

An emergency preparedness plan should always be based on facts

and scientific analysis. Risk assessment, needs assessment, resource
and capability assessment amongst others are the foundation of an
effective fire protection plan. Having the ability to establish the

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 facts in every scenario is critical as it will provide truthful results.
Considering that a fire protection plan will utilize simulated incidents
as bases in preparing the response procedures, truthful and factual
references are stringent.

1.3 Why have a CFPP?

There are many reasons why there should be a Pre-Fire Plan in every
building and community, but the following are the most important.

a) It prevents fatalities and injuries – a well thought-out pre-fire plan, or

any emergency plan for that matter, is an effective way of
preventing if not reducing the number of casualties and injuries in a
fire emergency. This is because of the safety measures generated
prior to an emergency upon identification of possible hazards. The
preparations made, be they simple information dissemination of a
well thought-out evacuation plan / response procedure for a
building’s occupants and the community around it, to a fast and
reliable system of response by concerned agencies, ensures a
quick, orderly and efficient response for everyone involved. The
building’s occupants become aware of the response and measures
they have to perform in case a fire occurs on their property. The
community’s first responders are quickly mobilized to act and the
lined agency is immediately informed.

b) It reduces damage to property – As soon as a fire is detected, a

well-informed individual responds appropriately. And this immediate
response is what saves lives and property. The faster the fire is put
out or controlled, the less the damage. Although damage to a
scorched property might not be avoidable, reducing damage is
vital. A well thought-out fire response system can help in minimizing
damage. Neighboring properties may be saved as well. Most
importantly, by identifying the possible causes of fire first hand,
those anomalies can be corrected minimizing the chances of fire
breaking out.

c) The law requires it – Republic Act 9515 or the Fire Code of the
Philippines of 2008 mandates that in order to promote safety in
cases of fire and emergency, every building and community must
have a workable pre-fire emergency plan in order to respond
quickly and save lives and property. The Mission statement of the
Bureau of Fire Protection itself states that the efforts of the Bureau to
protect lives and property must be done with the active
involvement of the community.

1.4 What is a Community Fire Protection Plan?

What is a CFPP?

The Community Fire Protection Plan is a detailed fire prevention,

suppression and rehabilitation plan that consolidates all the past
and present approaches of the agency in handling fire safety and
prevention, fire suppression operations, and education campaigns
in the communities with advanced and idealistic methods of
securing communities from the catastrophe of fire emergencies.
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 All of these efforts can be merged into three primary component
agenda catered by the program, these are;

1. Risk Evaluation and Elimination,

2. Tactical Defense Strategies, and
3. Zonal Interventions

These components are the trinity of the CFPP, for each complements
the others for better results. As in the three-pronged fire triangle, the
CFPP trinity requires three components working together or the
effectiveness of the program gets compromised. This relationship can
be illustrated by defining each of the component parts and
understanding its role in the completion of the objective of the
program. These components pave the way for the various activities of
the CFPP.

A. Risk Evaluation and Elimination: this focuses on the BFP’s risk

analysis and risk elimination agenda. It involves 1) the
identification of fire hazards, 2) the removal of fire’s causes, 3)
the zoning of communities in terms of their hazardous layouts
and set-ups and 4) the execution of drastic measures in order
to maintain utmost safety.

B. Tactical Defense Strategy: this is a two-pronged approach

for achieving full fire emergency preparedness. First is the Pre-
Fire Combating Strategy wherein based on the identified
hazards and set-ups in every zoned communities and
buildings, fire suppression and response will be tested prior to
the ever occurrence of a fire. Every firefighting crew would
have a thorough knowledge of the fire scene long before it
ever happen leading to a creation of a systematic response
procedure rendering every response more effective.

Second in this agenda is the Community Involvement

Strategy wherein, the communities will be mobilized to serve
as the firefighting crew’s aide and first responders. The CFAG
component of the Handang Pamayanan Program addresses
this concern and provides for a grass-roots approach in
combating fires in localized scenarios.

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 C. Zonal Interventions: using the hazard evaluation and
elimination results as its kick-starter, this agenda will answer to
the need to properly, comprehensively and actively educate
the public of the various fire safety means and procedures.
The level of education and information dissemination would
also level with the hazard zoning that can be identified,
because, as the level of hazard varies in various location, the
type of information that should be given must answer that
same level of hazard. Simply putting it to the idea that most
hazardous zones needs more information to secure the public
in the zone than those in least hazardous areas.

Having a clear understanding of these three component activities are

critical as they will serve as the foundation of the CFPP and all other
prevention efforts to be executed in the community. For example,
hazard evaluation and elimination are critical activities in order to fully
establish the things to be prepared for and to lay down accurate
preventive measures. Evaluating visible and anticipatory hazards are
key in properly preparing how to respond to it. No amount of
preparation is ever enough if the plans made are not based on actual
hazards.

Similarly, identifying these hazards and properly understanding its

nature, characteristics and behavior is critical in conducting simulated
response scenarios. This is what makes every response procedure in this
plan a tactical defense strategy as they are scientific and holistic.

What to consider?

Preparing the CFPP includes factors that must be considered and

properly understood in order for the agenda to be effective. These
factors affects the type of pre-emptive plan, response strategy and
information to be disseminated in each of the field significantly that is
why understanding them and putting them in consideration is
important.

Our villages and communities (barangays) includes the following

factors to understand in preparing it to be truly fire safe;

a. Surface Area – a village’s territorial surface area affects

the way a fire station look watch and identify its AOR. A very
large community may require a number of considerations
than a much smaller one. For example, a community with a
total land area of 15 hectares with one covering fire station
will require more analysis than that with 5 hectares only.
Information such as number of road and road network as well
as linear distance to the most remote location should be
considered for this will affect travel time. Also, the topography
and typology of the land in the area would also matter
significantly in terms of their area. (later discussed) The
surface area of a place would also influence the number of
substations or command posts. Very distant sub-communities
(sitios) would require more involvement of the community first
responders because it would take the crew more time to get

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to the scene. Similarly, a closely knit community would have
no issue at all in terms of being reachable by the crew.

b. Population Density and Sociology – it is also important

to consider the population density and sociology of a
community. By far this can be the most significant factor of all
because it plays with the life of possible casualties. A
community with a small land area with a very high population
density could be classified much hazardous than a
community of the same surface area with lesser population
density. Vice-versa, a village with a very large surface area
and equally lesser population density is less hazardous than
that with the same area yet compact due to high density.
(example, fires in provinces and cities) Also, high population
density plays the utmost factor in the clustering of residences,
thus the tendencies of fire to spread is greatly influenced by
the number of residences clustered in one tight space.

Not only the population density that matters, but also their
sociology. A family’s social and financial capabilities will can
be seen in the type of residence they are to dwell in. A not so
well-off family would have houses made of materials
affordable to them with amenities of the least safety
treatment. Such as slum areas, houses are made of easily
ignitable materials and the possible causes of fires are very
visible. Seldom can it be seen that a low class residence
would install fire safety equipment simply because it is not
their priority. Contrary to that of well-to-do families. They
would have well built houses with if not top-of-the-line reliable
fire safety appliances to secure them. In the classification of
hazards it is important that this two difference are considered.

c. Set-Up of Structures and Material Composition – a

village does not only include residential buildings but also
support facilities. In a designed subdivision, the separation
between this two are prominent and are well defined. But
contrary to most of all communities wherein the type of
development are not planned. The type of buildings
surrounding the residences plays an important role as well
because it will influence the hazard zoning of an area. A
children’s day-care center or elementary surrounded by
identified closely built residences of medium to hazardous
composition could be instantly defined as hazardous once a
fire broke out in that area even if a school with minimal
occupant most of the time can be considered less
hazardous. But if a conflagration of closely built houses raged
close to it, it should be treated with the same priority as the
rest of the residences. Similarly, a warehouse is deemed
hazardous regardless of its contents, but if in a close proximity
exists less hazardous residential areas the community
surrounding it will eventually be treated as at high risk when a
fire broke out. Best examples are the factories surrounded by
informal settlers.

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 d. Environmental Factors – seldom considered,
environmental factors affect the hazard analysis of one place
and the entire fire suppression operation. In hazard analysis
for villages, the typology and topography of the locality
along with the vegetation present plays a crucial factor. An
example is a classified less hazardous residences surrounded
by grasslands that during summer regularly get into fire due to
very dry weather should be treated with priority and is
classified as hazardous during dry season. In the same way,
wind patterns and direction influences the suppression
operation because the wind is among other things is a
catalyst in the spread of fire. Example, in a community, two
clusters were classified differently, on the south west are high
hazard zoned residences, to its north east are less hazardous
zoned residences. If a fire broke out during severe gust of
south-west wind, all those at the path of the wind should be
treated with priority because they would eventually be at the
path of the fire as it is carried by the wind.

These factors directly influence the CFPP to be formulated, the tactical

defense strategy to perform and the zoning inventions that will later be
implemented. These factors will later influence the hazard maps, the
zoning to be established and the entire contingency plan.

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

For a pre-emptive fire program to work, it must first be able to

adopt to individual scenarios in communities around the country. It
should be flexible enough in order to deliver accurate results.
Scenarios involve the following observations:

1. Not all communities have the same frequency of fire incidents.

Some, especially urban communities, are more prone to
conflagrations compared to rural settlements. Also, closely
clustered houses have higher risks of fire and spread fire more
easily compared to distantly spaced houses.
2. The majority of fire incidents occur in residential areas. Some
common causes are electrical power line failures and human
negligence.
3. In most communities, the average farthest distance from a fire
station to its most remote AOR ranges from 7 to 10 minutes’ drive
depending on the quality of the road. Metro Manila may not
have this issue, but in almost all municipalities in the country, this
is evident.
4. Panic causes more damage than an actual fire. By observation,
civilians get injured in more cases not by fire but by the chaotic
rampage that comes with it. Due to disorganization and the
lack of a clear, detailed and enforceable emergency response
procedure in a community, a frantic public goes on a frenzy to
save life and property, making it more difficult to execute a
coordinated fire-suppression operation.

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 These common observations indicate the need for an
individualized approach to the fire prevention procedure in each
community. This is because the fire suppression method in one
community may not be applicable in another. Say, for example, for
easily accessible communities, fire suppression may be executed with
minimal effort, because a firefighting crew can get to the source of a
fire or a burning building itself directly. But this is not so in communities
where accessibility is compromised by closely-clustered houses, such
as squatters’ areas / informal settlements. A different tactical method
would therefore be needed in order to execute an operation. This
difference could even occur in two or more distinct areas in one
community. This means that, in order to execute an effective
operation, a team must prepare a specific tactical approach for each
location by means of a pre-fire response plan based on the
individuality of the location’s hazards.

Also, if the affected structures in an area are primarily

residential1, much more attention should be given to safeguarding
such, The most logical pre-emptive measure would be to inspect
buildings and households for probable causes of fire. In present
practice, the inspection of a residence happens before, during and
soon after construction only. But old houses have not had this
inspection – more so with makeshift houses that pop up in depressed
communities and slums. If these residences would also be inspected
regularly, the risks of fire can be exposed and given appropriate
action, thus preventing or minimizing the incidence of fire. In Section 5,
para. h, the Fire Code stipulates: “Inspect at reasonable time, any
building, structure, installation or premises for dangerous or hazardous
conditions or materials as set forth in this Code, provided that in case
of single family dwelling, an inspection must be upon the consent of
the occupant or upon lawful order from the proper court. The Chief,
BFP or his/her duly authorized representative shall order the
owner/occupant to remove hazardous materials and/or stop
hazardous operation/process in accordance with the standards set by
this Code or its implementing rules or regulations or other pertinent
laws;”

For the first semester of 2014, FSED data indicate that the total
number of inspections and fire prevention activities conducted for
residential, mercantile and business establishments are 79,309; 348,393
and 145,938 respectively2. Whereas IID’s consolidated record of fire
incidents for the same period, for the same occupancy notes 2,870;
254; and 120 respectively. The data shows a significant relationship
between fire prevention efforts through inspection vis-à-vis incidents of
fire – the incidents of fire reduce proportionally to the increase in
inspection. The more inspections made, the lesser the occurrence of
fire; whereas, for less intensive inspections made, the occurrences of
fire remain high. This simply shows, that the efforts of the Bureau do
pay. And by conducting the same intensive prevention measures on
those still with high fire occurrence, similar reductions can also be
achieved.

1
Table 4, Fires by Area Affected, Epidemiological Assessment of Fires in the Philippines, 2010-2012 by Gloria Nenita V
Velasco, Philippine Institute of Developmental Studies
2
FSED Fire Prevention Activities Tally, January to June 2014.
27 | P a g e
 Also, the government’s project NOAH and geo-hazard mapping
initiative has proven to be an excellent tool in identifying disaster-
prone areas such as those vulnerable to flooding, landslides, storm
surges, and other calamities. With such pre-identified areas, the
government was able to execute mitigating measures. A similar system
should also be done for fire emergencies. It would be very helpful in
the fire prevention programs if there are fire hazard maps and
evacuation maps identifying the areas in the community most prone
to fire. Following the hazard analysis stated in the Fire Code, such
maps would serve as the bases for intensive inspections, community
information campaigns and heightened alert watches during the
seasons of frequent fire occurrence.

Another factor significant in firefighting efficiency is the response

time required to cover the distance to far-off communities. It is known
that the earlier the fire suppression procedures are executed, the
higher the chances to save the property. But, in fire scenes wherein
the firefighting crew has to travel great distances, it is often too late
when the crew arrives. Meaning, an alternative and immediate
response procedure should be executed using the cooperation of the
community itself. This in a way is practiced in some local fire stations.
The ingenuity of the personnel in coordinating efforts in response to this
dilemma is remarkable. Phone numbers, even those privately used, are
given to the public and the authorities for easy coordination. But more
can be done. The authorities possess the power provided by the
government to coordinate disaster management. This power can be
tapped and executed during fire emergencies. During the time of the
late DILG Secretary Jessie Robredo, he propagated disaster
preparedness response and management from national and
provincial authorities to the barangays. Officials of local communities
were given training on the proper approach to calamities. The
program was so effective that when a calamity was to befall a
community, the authorities automatically sprang into action.

This can also be done for fire emergencies. The common

practice is that the fire suppression operation and its management
mostly, if not always, fall in the same hands that do the firefighting,
meaning, the BFP. In urbanized areas, crowd control and evacuations
are handled by the Philippine National Police. But it is not only crowd
control that has to be done. Immediate fire control and suppression
are also necessary in order to minimize damage. In almost all cases,
the victim is the one performing fire control with the help of a handful
of brave neighbors while evacuating his family and belongings at the
same time. In television shows abroad, the firefighter crew involves
rescuers who do the evacuation while the rest put out the fire. While
this remains a vision for the Bureau, there is a need to deputize men
who would immediately respond to fire, assist overwhelmed firefighters
and control the panicking crowd. This is a task that can be given to
local authorities. In fact, it is required by their own mandates. And the
Fire Code IRR stipulates it. Rule 7, Division 1, Section 7.0.1.2 states that
“Local Government Units (LGU) and other government agencies shall
render necessary assistance on the following duties of the BFP: B.
Organization and training of fire brigades in all barangays in
partnership with BFP to serve as first responders; D. Such other duties
and functions of the BFP which would essentially require their
assistance.”
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 This authority provided by the Code has so much potential for it
solidifies the foundation for a comprehensive partnership between the
LGU and the BFP – a partnership that could essentially enhance and
promote effective fire prevention, firefighting operation, and fire law
enforcement activities able to save lives and secure property.

It is also evident in many communities that during fire

emergencies, panic and misdirection often surpass the safe response
operation executed. Since the people don’t know what to do and
simply want to save property and lives, instead of using a safe rescue
procedure, the opposite happens. Plus, in many cases, the security of
the firefighters themselves gets compromised by the panicking public.
Hand-lines and nozzles get snatched by inconsiderate bystanders who
have no idea of the wrong they are doing. The results are injuries and,
in some cases, fatalities.

Another scenario, in total contrast to the first, can also occur.

There are communities that are so dependent on the fire service and
have no idea of fire suppression – so much so that when a fire breaks
out in their neighborhood, they would merely stand and watch, even
though they could act on the situation. This condition demonstrates
that there is a need to create a systematic and collaborative fire
emergency response procedure shared by the BFP and the local
authorities. Greater preparedness within the community itself can
contribute to the prevention of aggravating occurrences that can
develop from a fire incident. The initial question is how to prevent
people from panicking. This is answered by preparedness: during
emergencies, the uninformed tend to panic, while the well-informed
tend to act appropriately. The solution for all this is the creation of a
Community Fire Protection Plan.

Taking typhoons as an example, people in areas struck by

Typhoon Yolanda perished because they had been unaware of the
catastrophic fury that the typhoon would be bringing. Notwithstanding
any realization they may have had in the face of the rising flood, their
reactions were too late and too little to cope with the inundation and
save them. They were informed but they bought into the logic that it
was merely another typhoon that would pass. Unfortunately, this
situation had happened before Yolanda and still happens after. Here
lies the problem. People accustomed to storms believe they would not
see any situation more severe. However, those who experience
mother nature at her worst realize their mistake. After ST Reming, that
hit Albay and Sorsogon in 2006, and ST Yolanda, communities were
jolted out of complacency. When TY Glenda hit, people acted
appropriately, evacuating their homes properly, saving not only
themselves but also rescuers who could be put in danger as well. This
goes to show that panic can be prevented. The way to reduce its
devastating effects is to have people so well-informed, saturated, of
the chaotic results of any emergency that, even subconsciously, they
would know what to do.

This is the same with fire emergencies. If people, especially in

identified high-risk areas, would be informed well of the effects of fire,
the methods to perform in order to prevent it, and the proper response
procedures in case it happens, the panic in them would be minimal.
29 | P a g e
 With the participation of the local authorities in securing their
constituents, the fire scene would be clearer of obstructions and
become a less hazardous environment for all involved.

The way to institute such efforts is through a single, systematic,

comprehensive and replicable program. Taking into account the
observations and identified objectives, the following procedures and
activities constitute the Community Fire Protection Plan or CFPP.

TALK 2. ASSESS
A key factor in the formulation of any plan is its basis. For the Community
Fire Protection Plan, understanding the real threat is the key for holistic
prevention measures. Therefore, thorough risk assessment, understanding
vulnerabilities, plotting most concerned areas and coming to terms with
possible impact are critical. It is the responsibility of the CFPP facilitator to
ensure that these risks and threats are carefully reviewed and properly
addressed.

In this chapter, the CFPP facilitator must ensure that the real threats, risks
and hazards in the community are well understood in order to arrive at a
realistic result. Hence, the CFPP must focus on the causes, risk, and
hazards of fire in the community.

The analysis will move from macro to micro scale looking first at the entire
barangay set-up, targeting each purók / sitio / cluster for in-depth
analysis. This is important because there are large barangays with high
incidence of fire only in particular areas. But this doesn’t mean that the
areas identified as low-risk will be left behind. Interventions will still be
made, and such areas can be utilized for safe refuge in the event of fire
emergencies.

In this chapter, the difference between hazards and risks will be defined.
How to look for these in communities will be discussed, as well as
vulnerabilities that may aggravate risks into full blown emergency, and the
capacities that can be built in order to mitigate vulnerabilities. Hazard
mapping will also be made using prepared guides and checklist as well
establishing needs in responding to events of fires in those mapped and
zoned areas. Most importantly, visualizing fire incidents through a scenario
analysis will be made in order to give planners the best possible picture of
what to prepare for.

2.1 Community Hazards and Risks Assessment

In all communities, the hazard of fire is ever present. It only varies

with the level of risks that can trigger such event. It should be
understood that hazards are incidents that pose danger and disrupt
daily life. Risks, on the other hand, are the chances of said hazards
of ever appearing. In other words, the causes of fire dictate the
risks. For example, flooding is a hazard. Extensive logging and
deforestation increase the chances or risk of flooding.

30 | P a g e
Fire is a hazard which is always present. Human activities increase
the chances of fire occurring. The question is, which human
activities substantially increase the chances or risk of fire.
Understanding the causes of risk will help planners device
methodologies to mitigate those risks.

Based on reports from the Directorate for Investigation and

Intelligence (DII), the common causes of residential fires are the
following.

COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE INCIDENTS

1. Electrical ignition caused by loose connection

2. Electrical ignition caused by overloading
3. Electrical ignition due to pinched wire
4. Electrical ignition caused by arcing
5. Overheated home appliance
6. Open flame from unattended lighted candle
7. Open flame from lamp (gasera) or torch (sulô)
8. Open flame from rubbish fire / bonfire to structural
fire
9. Open flame from rural / agricultural land clearing
(kaingin)
10. Ignition caused by fireworks / pyrotechnics
11. Intentional fire by use of incendiary device
12. Intentional fire by use of flammable liquid
13. Intentional fire by use of open flame
14. Ignition of material caused by welding slags
15. Ignition of materials caused by acetylene / hot
works
16. LPG explosion caused by defective tank
17. LPG explosion caused by defective hose line
18. LPG explosion caused by defective regulator
19. LPG explosion caused by defective stove
20. LPG explosion caused by static electricity or spark
21. Fire caused by lightning
22. Ignition of materials from ember / flying ember or
alipato
23. Smoking (lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe)
24. Children playing with matches or lighters
25. Battery short circuit or battery explosion
26. Dust explosion
27. Magnified / focused sun rays
28. Overheated engine (motor vehicle)
29. Sky lantern

From these causes, planners should analyze which amongst these

causes are most likely to be the culprit should a fire incident occur
in an area. It must be understood that though these causes are
present in every setting, the chances of either one becoming the
main cause differs from setting to setting. For example, slums and
informal settlers’ areas have a higher tendency to have fire
emergencies caused by open flames because of the living
conditions in those areas. Living on the margins of society, people in
these areas tend to supplement safer domestic appliances with the
most basic of means. The use of candles, the use of light materials,
31 | P a g e
clothes packed in tight spaces, and walls made of recycled wood,
plastic or tarpaulin all contribute to the risk of fire.

On the other hand, middle class residences tend to have fires

caused by electrical system failure, appliance power overload and
other hazards electrical in nature brought about by the people’s
lifestyle in those areas. More electrical appliances increases unsafe
practices and the risk of fire. Available reports support this analysis.

Probability

Not all causes really becomes the cause of fire all at once, the
probability of one causing fire varies from conditions to conditions.
By definition, probability is the measure of the likelihood of
something to ever happening. For the CFPP, the probability that
certain causes of fires may cause an actual fire should be
measured.

There are some causes that though common to many, may not
actually be even applicable to others. For example, electrical
related causesof fire are very common to informal settler’s
areaswhere illegal and improper connections are rampant whereas
it may not be the cause to well-planned and developed
subdivisions where basic laws and regulations are observed
stringently.Similarly, residential areas where the use of propane or
LPG gas as main cooking medium is unlikely to experience fires
caused by these causes than those areas wherein such means are
not regulated.

Just as the cause varies from cases to cases the likelihood of that
cause actually igniting fires varies equally. The probability scale
below illustrates this concept.

Probability Scale

Most Very Almost

Probability Unlikely Likely
Unlikely Likely Certain
Will Will cause
Will Might or
cause most fires / Will
never might
fire in has definitely
Description be the not
one way recorded cause
cause cause
or history in fire
of fire fire
another the area
Score
1 2 3 4 5
Factor

Impact

The impact of a fire incident varies from area to area. The most
common effects of fire incidents are injuries, fatalities, property
damage, and disruption to daily life, quantified by the time it takes
to recover. Impact is the severity of these effects. Impact is what
matters. Different causes also caries varying impact to the
population, again the factor of commonality to location plays an
important part. For example, if one cause of fire is not common in a
32 | P a g e
certain area, the impact it may thereafter create is negligible.
Similarly, most common causes present within an area pauses an
impact that are much greater. The impact assessment scale below
illustrates this point.

Impact Scale

Outcome Negligible Minor Moderate Severe Devastating

Serious
Several
injuries
Minor or Minor injuries Multiple
and a
No Injuries. Injuries. and no casualties.
number of
fatalities.
fatalities.
No other Limited Catastrophic
properties properties Significant property loss
Major loss
Description affected. affected. property
of
damage. Greater than
property.
Little or No Up to one two months
disruption day delay Up to a delay to
1-2
to daily for week normalcy and
months
life. normalcy. delay for recovery.
delay for
normalcy.
normalcy.
Score
1 2 3 4 5
Factor

Vulnerability

Vulnerability is the quality or state of being prone to threat.

Vulnerability magnifies the level of risk. Unlike probabilities and
impact, vulnerabilities are the conditions present in a certain area
that will magnify the risks. The IFRC illustrates the relationship
between risk, cause, and vulnerability in the equation

Risk = cause X vulnerability

Fire emergencies are the product of the public’s vulnerabilities to

threats combined with the hazards readily available or are caused
by domestic activities. This can be best interpreted in the diagram
below:

VULNERABILITIES FIRE CAUSES / RISKS

Unsafe housekeeping Illegal / unsafe

FIRE EMERGENCY

practices. electrical connections

and overloading.
High population
density in congested Open flames during
areas. cooking.

Base-line living Lighted cigarettes.

conditions.
Unrated / easily
Impenetrable during ignitable materials.
operations due to Indifference to
narrow streets. warnings.

Modified diagram from IFRC

Contingency Planning Guide
33 | P a g e
 The level of vulnerability within an area can be measured using the
Barangay Hazard Vulnerability Checklist.

Application

Given that all factors have been analyzed, the level of risk in a
particular area can be determined by plotting it using the Cause –
Risk Assessment Form.

CFPP Form 1: Causes – Risk Assessment

Causes Probability Impact Vulnerability Risk Level Rank

“The most “Scale of “The “Multiplying “Computed Ranking
common likelihood of gravity of factor based average amongst
causes of ever possible on pre- score” other
fire” becoming outcome” defined causes
the cause” conditions”

Formula: Risk Level = (Probability + Impact) x Vulnerability

Note: Vulnerability Factor constant for all causes based on the checklist score
Example: Barangay _____________
Open
5 5 5 50 1
Flame
Illegal
electrical 4 4 5 40 2
connections
LPG 2 1 5 15 3

This form will help planners determine the level of risk that a certain
cause of fire may pose to an area in the barangay, as well as the
level of priority in addressing the risk. It will guide planners to better
understand the real picture in every fire incident, and help them
arrive at the best mitigation measure.

2.2 Risk and Vulnerability Mapping and Zoning

Next to risk assessment is plotting the identified vulnerabilities into a

map of the barangay. This will give the planners the big picture as
to the extent of their area’s vulnerability in the event of fire. This is
done using the Barangay Hazard Vulnerability Checklist wherein a
certain purók / sitio / cluster in the barangay is labeled into four
distinct zones based on their vulnerability to fire hazards. These
zones are:

VULNERABILITY Checklist
Summarized Characteristics
ZONE Score
Areas with structures that are most likely to burn with
extreme rapidity and to spread fire quickly, such as:
1) residences / buildings that are 60–100% made of
wood or easily ignitable materials, such as nipa,
RED ZONE bamboo, or sawali; 2) residences at close proximity
to one another, below 8 meters apart, and with no
Highly 5 proper fire wall installations; 3) structures used as
Vulnerable storage for petroleum, rubber, LPG and other
chemicals that produce poisonous fumes and gases
and can explode devastatingly; 4) structures,
concrete or wooden, with open flames within, such
as furnaces, smoking ovens, and the like; 5) structures
34 | P a g e
 with minimal or no fire safety provisions, such as exits,
egresses and ventilation.
Areas with structures that are most likely to burn and
spread fire with moderate rapidity, such as: 1)
buildings / residences that are 30–60% made of wood
/ lightweight construction materials; 2) concrete
residences with easily-ignitable contents; 3)
residences with relative distance of 8 to 15 meters
ORANGE
from one another, or row houses with the proper
ZONE
firewall installation; 4) concrete structures used for
Moderately
4 storage of flammable materials (except petroleum,
rubber, LPG) or flammable chemicals that are
Vulnerable
unlikely to produce toxic fumes, smoke and gases
while burning or explode with less severity; 5) other
structures occupied by people and with electrical
connections and possible fire ignition sources, with
minimal ventilation, exits and egress provisions and
the like.
Areas with structures made primarily of fire-retardant
materials, such as: 1) 80–100% concrete, steel trusses
and roofing; 2) residences with rated and safe
YELLOW ZONE
electrical connections and wiring; 3) residences with
Mildly 3 a safe distance of 15 meters or more to neighboring
buildings; 4) wooden structures such as kiosk,
Vulnerable
kamalig, etc that are not occupied or dwelt in by
people and have no electrical wiring or other fire
igniting materials.
Areas not directly affected by any fire hazard; areas
BLUE ZONE
not used for human habitation; vacant areas, lots,
Safe Zone
1 and spaces; evacuation areas such as gymnasiums,
auditoriums, schools, etc.

After identifying each zone and plotting its location, the following
maps must be generated.

a) Barangay Location Map – A detailed map of an entire

barangay, showing its streets, houses, key centers and structures,
and directions within the barangay and toward its neighbors.
During an emergency call, this map will serve as the guide for
the fire crew to reach the incident’s location.

b) Fire Hazard Map – Similar to a geological hazard map showing

landslide or flood-prone areas, this type of map shows areas
identified for high risk of conflagration, either natural
spontaneous or accidental. The most basic component of this
map is the color coding used to identify the levels of hazard,
from safe to high risk. This map is created mirroring the location
map but with details, through inspection of the actual vicinity,
with terrain and features relative to the possibility of fire incidents.
Creating this map involves analyzing the hazard levels in the
community based on the checklist and hazard review
guidelines.

c) Hydrants and Waterways Location Map – A mirror of the location

map showing the location of fire hydrants and water sources
within the barangay. This is vital for providing a steady supply of
water during fire emergencies.

d) Barangay Fire & Emergency Evacuation Plan – This map lays out
community preparations for fire incidents and other calamities,
showing identified locations for safe temporary refuge.
35 | P a g e
2.3 Capabilities and Needs Assessment

Vulnerabilities are states of proneness to threats, whereas

capabilities are the capacity to respond to and address
vulnerabilities. It is therefore critical understanding what makes a
community vulnerable to fire emergencies and knowing what
capabilities it can employ in order to mitigate, respond to or totally
eliminate threats.

After therefore assessing all threats, risks, probability, impact and

vulnerabilities, the planners should now focus on addressing these
issues and build up capabilities and establish the needed activities,
interventions and procedures. This can be done through the
Capabilities and Needs Assessment Form.

CFPP Form 2: Capabilities and Needs Assessment Form

Vulnerabilities Capabilities Needs Activities OPR Timeline

“Prelisted “Existing “Needs that “Activities to “Office or “Timeframe of

vulnerabilities” capabilities, will arise, be it perform in Person implementation
actions, physical order to meet Responsible of the activities”
programs infrastructure, the needs” within the
relative to the basic goods, barangay”
vulnerability” etc.
Example:
Poor Weekly clean Information Conduct of Chairperson, January to
housekeeping up drive Dissemination purók / sitio Committee March
practice program seminar on on
good Household
housekeeping Affairs
practice
BHW
(There can be
multiple
activities)

Vulnerabilities

Going back to the basic field factors in preparing the CFPP such as
Surface Area, Population Density and Sociology, Set-Up of
Structures and Material Composition and Environmental Factors, the
vulnerabilities can be identified. For the form above, indicate only
the applicable vulnerabilities based on the checklist. The checklist is
specific for every purók/sitio, identify only those vulnerabilities most
common to every sitio regardless of vulnerability level.

1. LAND AND SURFACE VULNERABILITIES

a. High density of structures / buildings.

b. Close clustering of buildings.
c. Limited accessibility for rescue vehicles
d. Limited access to remote areas of the community.
e. Means of access are obstructed or not easily navigable.
f. Inadequate directions or signage (e.g. street names, markers,
etc)
g. Limited accessible/operational fire hydrants and other water
sources
h. Limited evacuation areas or areas of safe refuge.

36 | P a g e
 2. POPULATION AND SOCIAL VULNERABILITIES

a. High population density for the land area (e.g. informal

settlements)
b. Poor housekeeping practice in general.
c. Improper disposal of flammable domestic waste.
d. Poor housing conditions.
e. Improper electrification.

3. SET-UP OF STRUCTURES AND MATERIAL VULNERABILITIES

a. Majority of buildings/structures made of light and easily

combustible materials.
b. Inadequate building/structural separation (lack of firewalls for
row houses or adjacent houses)
c. Proximity to mercantile facilities.
d. Proximity to industrial facilities.
e. Proximity to warehouses or large storage facilities.
f. Limited compliance with building laws and regulations.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITIES
a. Dominant winds in the direction of the greater part of the
residences.
b. Proximity to grasslands with history of grass fires.
c. Proximity to forested lands with history of forest fires.
d. Inaccessible area due to high elevation. (e.g. cliff side;
mountainous, rugged terrain)
e. Lack of natural bodies of water in the area.
f. Relatively high heat index during summer / dry months.

2.4 The Scenarios

The best way to plan is to actually see what you are planning for.
However since contingency planning is anticipatory (but hopefully
would not be used), the best way to anticipate events is through
the development of a scenario. For this purpose, all the data
analyzed in this chapter would boil down to developing possible
scenarios and looking into the anatomy of an event. In this way,
planners can have the most complete understanding possible of
what could really happen should an incident occur.

There are various methods in making scenarios. The IFRC suggests

the following methods:

37 | P a g e
For the CFPP, a combination of these approaches is suggested,
wherein the scenarios to be developed will be based on the
vulnerability, impact and probability assessment – vulnerability
being the main consideration and impact and probability the new
quantifiers. The objective is to visualize what will happen should a
fire incident break out in any of the identified most vulnerable areas
(Red Zones), working out towards the less vulnerable (Yellow Zones).
The causes of fires will no longer be considered because at this
point it is presumed that any of the causes may actually be the
cause of the incident.

CFPP Form 3: Scenario Visualization Form

BAD WORSE WORST

SITUATION No. ___
SCENARIO SCENARIO SCENARIO
Description “Provide
description of
“What could “What could “What could
the event”
happen?” happen?” happen?”
Location “Most likely
area of origin”
Affected Increasing
“Range of
Household range of
affected
affected
population”
population

Probability “Rate
probability
for this
scenario”
Impact “Rate
possible
impact of this
scenario”

Note that situations will vary from location to location, as affected

by factors that determine vulnerability. Hence, different scenarios
should be made at different locations in the community. Using the
Barangay Hazard Vulnerability Checklist data, the facilitator
together with the planners must visualize the scenario as real. For
guidance, the following considerations are advised:

38 | P a g e
 1. Spread of fire from one area to another
2. Difficulty in response operations due to traffic and
accessibility
3. Availability of hydrant and water sources
4. Environmental considerations, such as wind direction

It is important that all possible scenarios be looked into. While it is

understood that no one can truly foresee exactly what is going to
happen during an incident, the purpose of making scenarios is to
produce the best scientific guess.

TALK 3. PREPARE
All good planners will tell you that next to thorough assessment is
preparation. What good is it knowing the hazard if one will not
prepare for it. Critical in any contingency plan is the amount of
preparation that the planners can employ. As much as possible, the
preparations and action plans to be created are based on
identified individual scenarios. In this way, resources are maximized
and efforts are focused on where truly needed.

At this point, the two components of the CFPP will be in operation,

Hazard Elimination and Tactical Defense. These two correspond
with the two main areas of fire emergency preparedness:
prevention and response. Hence, this chapter aims to answer two
questions 1) What will the planners do to prevent the occurrence of
fire? and 2) What to do in case of a fire incident?

3.1 Prevention Activities

In the previous chapter, the community’s capabilities and needs

were assessed, as well as the activities necessary in order to meet
the needs. At this point, it is important that these needs and
activities be indeed realized and implemented as they represent
the first line of defense. But key to every activity is the need for
resources and availability of the OPR. Inventory of these
considerations has to be made in order to give the planners a
bigger perspective. The form below will guide planners in this
exercise.

CFPP Form 4: Prevention Activities Form

BUDGETARY
NEEDS ACTIVITIES OPR SCHEDULE/S
REQUIREMENTS
“Needs that will “Activities “Office or “Provide “Rough
arise be it to perform person tentative dates estimate of
physical in order to responsible for the expenses that
infrastructure, meet the within the activities and the activity may
basic goods, needs” barangay” related items require”
etc. such as
location /
venue if
applicable.

39 | P a g e
3.2 The Response Procedure

What use is there of a well-thought plan if its execution is blurry.

Hence, a clear, coordinated response procedure is necessary to
carefully choreograph the response to a fire incident. This is brought
about by fully understanding all the needed data and information
in responding to fire in every area of the community. This is why, for
the CFPP, Fire Emergency Data has be prepared for every purók,
sector or even small residential compounds in a community. The
form below will guide the planners in this exercise:

CFPP Form 5: Purók / Sitio Fire Response Data

NAME OF SITIO
Vulnerability zone Vulnerability Rating
POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD
Number of Number of Families
Household
Number of Estimated Land Area
Individuals
ROUTE
Primary Route During Names of streets along route.
Operation
Distance from the Estimated Actual
Fire Station Time of Travel Tested
Travel Time
Secondary Route Names of streets along route.
During Operation
Distance from the Estimated Actual
Fire Station Time of Travel Tested
Travel Time
Entry Point for Responding
Trucks
Entry Point for Refilling Trucks
ACCESS ROAD TO THE AREA
Road “Yes or Width “road Pavement “Dirt / concrete /
No” width” asphalt”
Narrow “Yes or Width “alley Pavement “Dirt / concrete /
Alleys No” width” asphalt”
Passable for “Pumpers / Tankers / Penetrators
Additional Entry “Name additional access alleys”
Alleys
Number of Hoses Needed to Cover Farthest
Area
HYDRANT AND WATER SOURCES
DISTANCE FROM
LOCATION RATE OF DISCHARGE STATUS
THE AREA
“List down sources
within 1km radius”
Other Water Sources “Yes or Type and Location
No”
CFAG RESPONDERS
Chief CFAG “Name” Cont. No.
Fire Defense Team “Name” Cont. No.
Leader
EVACUATION AREAS
Primary Evacuation Location/
Area Distance
Secondary Location/
Evacuation Area Distance
REMARKS
Fire Truck Parking Arrangement
Engine Relay
Adjacent Facilities/ Structures
*Attach Sketch of the Purók / Sitio
40 | P a g e
3.3 Mobilization, Communication, Evacuation and Control

In the midst of chaos, control must be imposed. In any emergency,

when everyone is in a frenzy to find safety, the role of the authorities
to be on top of things is demanded. Every member of the
responding team has to take control of the situation and perform his
assigned task. In every fire incident, there are logistical and
technical matters that must be considered in order to execute the
suppression operation efficiently. These consequences include:

Detection and Alarm

Response teams can only respond if a fire incident is reported. The

effectiveness of their response depends on how soon they are
informed. Fire grows rapidly by the second. Hence, it is critical that a
fire be reported immediately to the local fire station as soon as it is
noticed.

Crowd Control

There is nothing organized within a calamity, the stress it puts to

people is so immense that their automatic reaction is to panic. Their
desire to be safe and their properties saved is indeed powerful that
in time they can overpower the responding units. That is why crowd
control is necessary. By law, the Philippine National Police is
directed to provide crowd control during fire operations but just like
how the alarm reach the fire station, if said incidents would not be
called to the attention of the Police nothing will happen. That is
why, it is vital that as soon as notification of the alarm is made to the
local fire station the same notification be given to the Police for
their response.

More than the frantic reaction of the public, loathing and abuse
should also be kept under control by the police and other
authorities.

Traffic

No responding unit would ever reach the scene when all roads are
blocked. Not just by other vehicles but by people and their
belongings blocking the streets. With the type of vehicles used in
firefighting, greater mobility must be considered and be afforded to
the crew. Meaning as much as possible control over streets and
access passage towards the scene of the fire must be a priority.
From the very moment that a fire is noticed, the local authorities
must ensure that all streets that leads to the fire scene is cleared.
Most often, the streets become the instant evacuation area
rendering it unpassable which should not be the case. At all cost for
an effective suppression operation all roads and access points must
be cleared to provide the responding crew greater mobility.

41 | P a g e
Resident’s Accountability, Search and Rescue

Responders would risk their lives to save savable lives and property,
but they won’t risk their lives for lives and properties that are already
lost. In any fire incident the possibility of collateral casualty is always
there, what will save lives is if everyone would account others for
themselves. By simple knowing if there indeed are remaining
individuals trapped within the flaming structures could provide the
responding crew with the type of tactical approach to employ
towards the fire. Deployment of rescue units with tools and
equipment could be made and prioritization of attack can also be
made to those areas with trapped individuals. Although it is advised
to leave the technical rescue to professionals, by simple being able
to account for all individuals would play a bog difference. With the
CFPP focusing on small clustering of neighborhood, physical
accounting of individuals is not impossible.

First Response

No fire starts big. Meaning, fires started small and manageable. But
if not immediately extinguished, it grows by the second until all is
lost. That is why the role of the first responders are critical. Able to
immediately respond to the fire means everything. First response
doesn’t only pertain to firefighting but also to medical first response.

Evacuation

How you respond to fire matters, but what to do with affected

individuals are mandatory. Local authorities must ensure that a pre-
designated evacuation area is established and made known to the
public. During fire operations the very first thing people would do is
to vacate their residences and directly affected or not but due to
the damage that the collateral damage that the operation may
bring other individuals would require temporary refuge.

Evacuation is part of individual and group response to mass

incidents, and should not be neglected. Local authorities must
ensure that pre-designated safe evacuation areas are established
within their AOR and made known to the public. The area of safe
refuge is part of surviving and the mitigation of a disaster and its
effects.

42 | P a g e
TALK 4. TEST

Plans should be tested, evaluated, and modified for effectiveness.

By means of drills, simulations, and role-plays, planners can gain
discoveries, ideas, and insights into the execution and
management of planned actions. At the same time, concretization,
awareness, appreciation, skill, interest, confidence, and knowledge
retention can all be attained through participation in such exercises
by the local populace who otherwise could not gain such
understanding by mere discussion or reading.

The purpose of this chapter is to set up a standardized procedure in

the conduct of drills and simulations and a method of evaluating
them. Practicing through drills is one thing, but evaluating the
performance provides for improvement. One must consider that the
plan created at the moment of the workshop is the best guess of
what the event would look like. It is not the actual emergency. Thus,
variations of recorded data will tend to happen. Through drills, the
gap will close. Planners will be able to observe whether
preparations made are enough or inadequate. This chapter
answers the question “Will the plan work and what more can be
done?”

4.1 Drills and Simulations

By current practice, drills in communities are performed through

small demonstration of how to extinguish fires at home in its incipient
stage. But in order to test the entire CFPP, community fire
suppression operation will be made regularly.

As a matter of policy, community fire drills and simulation exercises

have to be performed in every purók / sitio at least once in a year.
All units of the community have to be involved, that is, the entire
neighborhood is encouraged to participate, especially those within
the RED, ORANGE and YELLOW Zones. The conduct of drills must not
only revolve around extinguishing the dummy fire, but the whole
suppression operation – from the moment the station is notified, to
the transit towards the fire scene, to the initial mobilization of the first
responders – and all considerations, with all the operational
consequences discussed in the previous chapter.

The kind of drill or simulation to be performed has to be based on

the scenarios previously looked into with due consideration for the
worst possible event. This is the only way for the firefighting crew and
the local authorities to see what the actual event would look like.

Through communal cooperation within the neighborhood, each

member of the community would have an appreciation for
preparations being made. Performed regularly, simulations will
eventually be part of their system, making prevention measures
more effective.

43 | P a g e
4.2 Evaluation

The purpose of drills and simulations is to test the plans. Through

proper evaluation, both the responding unit and the local
authorities can gauge their performance. In order to establish a
standard evaluation procedure, the CFPP Fire Drill Evaluation
Checklist is prepared.

DRILL PHASES AND POINT CRITERIA YES NO N/A

1 INCIDENT / ALARM PHASE
a Community leaders alerted within 1 minute of notification of fire.
b Fire Station personnel informed within 1 minute of the fire.
c Neighborhood alerted immediately.
d Other law enforcement & security agencies notified.
2 MOBILIZATION / RESPONSE PHASE
a Fire Command Center immediately established.
b CFAG/First responders present on the scene within 2–3 minutes.
c Firefighting team present on the scene within 5–7 minutes.
d Traffic control activated & fire scene controlled.
e Tactical firefighting procedures performed.
Fire extinguished within pre-set time. (The C/MFM sets
f
the time coverage depending on the scenario.)
g Responders performing operation with proper PPE and safety.
3 EVACUATION AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL OPERATION
a Evacuation clear of hazard & obstruction.
b Evacuation route properly marked with signage.
c Evacuees able to reach evacuation area unhurt and in order.
d Evacuees all accounted for.
e Missing individuals duly reported to IC.
f Presence of leadership & command during evacuation.
g Rescuers activated & performing.
h Proper extrication of trapped victims.
i Triage area established & triage performed.
j Victims given proper emergency medical attention.
k Special person’s needs properly accommodated.
l Drill participants active & seriously participated in the drill.
4 DEMOBILIZATION
a Announcement of termination of drill.
b Critiquing gaps & adjustments.

4.3 Gaps and Adjustments

The conduct of drills and simulations will expose gaps within the
plans and the actual situation during operations. These gaps have
to be duly noted and considered and proper adjustments have to
be made. Most often, the gaps will revolve around response time,
underperformance of team members, and difficulty in mobility. But
in order to make sure that no gaps are left unchecked, the planners
must consider this simple formula, based on IFRC: “Gaps
Adjustments = Actual Preparedness Measure – Existing
Preparedness Capacities”.

44 | P a g e
 CFPP Form 6: Preparedness Gaps and Adjustment Assessment form

Existing
Issues Gaps OPR
Plan
“Issues and “Actions “Actions that should “Person responsible
concerns noted made based have been done to make the
during the on the CFPP” based on noted adjustments”
operation” issues”

TALK 5. IMPROVE
Every plan has to be dynamic, it must not be simply shelved. This is
true to contingency plans wherein it must constantly be updated in
order to stay relevant. As time passes quickly so does technologies
and the circumstances. The plans that be applicable today may no
longer be effective just a few months or year later. That is why it has
to be updated and re-evaluated constantly.

In this chapter, both the planners and the facilitators must give due
consideration on rooms for further improvement. Constant
dialogues must be made and coordination be performed in order
to adopt the CFPP to current settings. It doesn’t matter of how good
a plan is, what matters most is that it has to be alive. It must evolve
and it must stay relevant.

This chapter answers the question “What can be improved?”

Improvement be it big or small are vital specially if the matters to
cover for are the crucial portions of the plan.

5.1 Regular Updating

Change is certain, and one must cope with change to stay on

track. The CFPP must be updated regularly. Updating depends on
the level of change in local communities. For example, as
urbanization increases, vulnerability rankings have to be re-
evaluated. As the level of risk increases, a re-assessment of the risks,
probability, and impact is needed.

It is suggested that the CFPP be re-evaluated biannually (excluding

regular drills and simulations), if no incident has occurred. Contact
information and names of point persons have to be updated as
well. New members have to be oriented.

The schedule for re-evaluation of the CFPP must be closely

monitored by the local fire station.

5.2 After Operation Evaluation

As suggested in Chapter 4, the CFPP and the readiness of its

enactors will be truly tested during actual firefighting operations. This
is where every portion of the plan can be truly evaluated and direct

45 | P a g e
 interventions can then be made. It is also during actual operations
that the skills of the enactors of the plan will be tested.

For this reason, an After-Operation Evaluation has to be made

between the BFP crew and the members of the community who
responded to the incident. It is the duty of the Fire Marshal to ensure
that this activity is done right after every response. Results of the
evaluation have to be reflected in the CFPP, especially if major
improvements have to be made.

Notes!
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46 | P a g e
CHAPTER 3. The Community Fire Auxiliary Group
(CFAG)

The Community Fire Auxiliary Group or CFAG, established under the

BAYANIHAN Program, is a neighborhood-based organization
anchored on the Filipino “bayanihan” concept of communal unity,
work, and cooperation to achieve a particular goal. Its main
responsibilities are: responding to localized fire incidents as BFP
responding teams are in transit, and promoting community safety
through activities guided by the BFP. It is a structured organization of
volunteers, composed of local residents, clustered by sitio / purók,
neighborhood blocks or by number of households in every
barangay. They shall be trained and monitored by the fire station
concerned through the designated Bumbero sa Barangay.

In this chapter, organizing such groups will be discussed, and the

basic guiding principles, procedures, structure, functions and
training activities will be presented. In order to foster uniformity in
organizing such groups, all units are constrained to follow this
manual.

3.1 Guiding Policy

1. A CFAG unit shall be established in every barangay following the

standard structure and responsibility herein enumerated. This
shall be the immediate responder in case of fire, as well as serve
as the main organization that will ensure the mitigation of
hazards in its area of concern. CFAG Sub-Units shall be created,
herein to be referred as “Community Fire Defense Sub-Units,” in
every sitio or purók or 100-house cluster;

2. Prior to the implementation of the BAYANIHAN program, the City

/ Municipal Fire Marshal shall properly coordinate the activity
with the barangay officials. If necessary, endorsement from the
ABC / Liga President or the Local Chief Executive should be
secured to ensure the support of the LGU for the program;

3. The assigned Bumbero sa Barangay in the specified barangay

along with the barangay council shall ensure the registration of
every CFAG member. Accordingly, the following shall be done:

a. Establish a data base for CFAG members, to be

consolidated by the station’s Operations Section. Such
data base can include contact numbers for group
messaging to facilitate immediate response in case of a
fire alarm in their immediate vicinity or neighboring cluster,
sitio or purók or barangay. (See annex)

b. An identification card shall be issued to CFAG members

who passed the required training as certified by the
Barangay Chairman and the City/Municipal Fire Marshal.
The same ID shall be signed by both the Barangay

47 | P a g e
 Chairman and the City/Municipal Fire Marshal and shall
be presented at a fire scene whenever required by the
BFP. (See Annex)

4. The basic skills and knowledge of this group will be put to the test
as they execute the CFPP during the conduct of drills and
simulation exercises.

5. The CFAG are expected to perform the following:

a. Assist the BFP in the inspection and removal of fire

hazards in the community and household, such as
illegal electrical connections, street obstructions,
flammable and easily ignitable piles of materials, and
the like;

b. Assist the BFP in delivering the message of safety and

fire prevention through their own activities;

c. Develop fire prevention programs and plans of

action for companies or organizations to address the
fire safety situation in the community;

d. Conduct evaluation of necessary precautionary

measures in the barangay such as:

 Identifying hazards,
 Identifying obstructions that can hamper access
and fire and emergency operations,
 Posting of alarm and evacuation signage,
 Establishment of evacuation areas,
 Setting up localized fire hydrants, especially in
interior areas where accessibility by fire truck is
not possible,
 Proper marking of street fire hydrants, and
 Provision of immediate fire fighting implements
such as fire hose, buckets and water drums, sand
bags, etc.

e. Assist BFP responding teams in the discharge of other

duties and responsibilities; and,

f. Conduct fire drills according to the established

hazard zones in the area.

3.2 CFAG Structure and Responsibilities

The CFAG shall be headed by the Chief, CFAG –

automatically assumed by the Barangay Captain.

A. CHIEF (Barangay Captain)

The Chief shall perform overall administrative supervision

and control of the CFAG organization. He/She shall be
responsible for the implementation of fire prevention
measures, and shall ensure that the units under his/her
48 | P a g e
supervision shall adhere to or follow the operational rules
and regulations, and obey the tactical command.

B. ASSISTANT CHIEF (Barangay Councilor / Committee on

Public Safety, Peace and Order)

Shall assist the CFAG Chief and assume duties and

responsibilities in his/her absence in all activities relating to
fire safety measures and related programs.

CFAG RESPONSE UNITS

Serving as the working arm of the CFAG are its responding

units, composed of volunteers from the barangay, with a
minimum number of five (5) per unit, except for the
Community Fire Defense Unit and Sub-units which have
their own staffing pattern.

A. COMMUNICATION UNIT

In normal situation, is responsible for the dissemination of

information regarding the overall plan, function and
responsibilities of each individual in case of fire. During
fires, the Communication Unit is in charge of: (A) sounding
the alarm; (B) calling the fire station for assistance; (C)
communicating with the first responding units to guide
them to the specific location of the fire.

B. EVACUATION UNIT

(A) Direct residents to the pre-designated evacuation

area, leading them through the safest evacuation route;
(B) Control the flow and movements of evacuees to avoid
panic and accidents; (C) Account for affected residents
under his charge and report about missing persons and
their possible location.

C. SEARCH-AND-RESCUE UNIT

(A) Take charge of evacuation of “special case”

occupants such as elderly individuals, pregnant women,
persons with disability and the like, who cannot be
evacuated in the normal manner; (B) Conduct room-by-
room or house-to-house search to make sure that
everyone is evacuated; (C) Searche for occupants
reported missing; and (D) Rescue trapped occupants.

D. MEDICAL / FIRST AID UNIT

Responsible for (A) the immediate administration of first-

aid or immediate medical intervention on injured persons,
and (B) stabilizing victim(s) and bringing them to the
hospital or treatment facility.

49 | P a g e
E. SECURITY AND TRAFFIC UNIT

(A) Secure and cordon area where fire is in progress; (B)

Prevent entry of looters, onlookers or bystanders, and other
persons not involved in the emergency operations, to
avoid hampering movements of firefighting units; (C)
Secure salvaged valuables to minimize damages and
loses; (D) Assist in guiding responding vehicles and units to
the incident site or the designated staging areas).

F. COMMUNITY FIRE DEFENSE UNIT (CFDU) AND

COMMUNITY FIRE DEFENSE SUB-UNIT (CFDS) (SITIO or PURÓK
or CLUSTER FIRE DEFENSE SUB-UNIT)

The Community Fire Defense Unit (CFDU) is an expanded

barangay fire brigade with two interacting structures.

The CFDU shall be the primary brigade and shall be

composed of not less than 10 members who are residents
of the barangay. It is to be headed by a Team Leader
designated by the Chief CFAG.

The CFDU shall have sub-units established in every sitio,

purók, or residential cluster of about 100 households. Each
sub-unit shall have members of not less than seven (7)
member residents of the cluster and shall have a selected
team leader.

Both units shall have the following functions.

(A) The CFDU/CFDS shall be responsible for the

initial extinguishment of the fire;

(B) Upon arrival of the first BFP unit, they shall assist
in the firefighting operations under the
direction and control of the BFP Ground
Commander.

G. FIRE SAFETY TEAM

Members of the community chosen and tasked with the

regular conduct of inspection in their area/neighborhood
taking note of all hazards to be reported to the BFP
station having jurisdiction through the social media
platform or other means. (see attached inspection and
reporting guide)

Members of the CFDU and its sub-units can compose this

team as they are the ones within the vicinity.

During the conduct of fire safety inspection under the

LIGTAS-BAHAY PROGRAM of this project, members of this
team shall accompany the BFP’s designated Bumbero sa
Barangay.

50 | P a g e
51 | P a g e
 3.3 Mga Bayani sa Barangay Social Media Mileage

All municipal/city station shall create a group in the social media to

be named as “MGA BAYANI NG BARANGAY” to be administered by
the fire prevention unit or the unit responsible for the community
activities in the stations. This Portal shall be the venue of all the
public safety concerns particularly on fire safety, fire safety
advisories, information drives and reporting of hazardous conditions
and activities in the community that require immediate action from
the BFP and Barangay Officials. The members of this group shall be
the fire safety watchers and advocates of a safe.

BFP personnel must encourage members of their communities to be

part of the group. Violations and other irregularities reported in the
group must be reported immediately and given action through
collaboration with other authorities such as the Philippine National
Police, the Barangay Council, and the CFAG.

3.4 Training and Fire Responders’ Competition

Critical to the conduct of training for the CFAG is the training’s
relevance to the individual functions of the responding units.
training modules should be responsive to each individual function.

Schedule of training for the CFAG shall be performed at least once

a year. Although consideration has to be given to the individual
responding units’ skills, training the whole CFAG on every skill would
be beneficial as it would afford the CFAG members the chance to
perform other functions from time to time. This will encourage
dynamism amongst the members.

Notes!
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52 | P a g e
MODULE 3: KAAGAPAY AND LINGAP
PROGRAM
Overview
Under this module, the concept of a truly immersive community fire
prevention will be laid down. The principles guiding the Kaagapay and
Lingap programs involve the immersion of fire service personnel in the
field, the communities, informal settlements and even homes in order
to evaluate vulnerabilities to fire, and implement immediate remedial
measures to prevent fire, or the interventions needed. This immersive
and interventional approach to fire safety in communities will directly
address the problems at the very same place where the problem
effectively starts. This interaction between the BFP and the community
itself through its residents is the key to a wholistic and comprehensive
fire safety and prevention program.

Module Objectives
1. To provide a functional guide for the Bumbero sa Barangay to
institute fire prevention activities in the communities as
envisioned by Oplan Ligtas na Pamayanan.
2. Clearly and thoroughly discuss the concept of immersive,
interventional and interactive approach to community fire
safety.

Expected Output
1. Designated Bumbero sa Barangay
2. Monthly Accomplishment report of Activities.

Chapter 1: Immerse
The very essence of Kaagapay Program is to assign a fireman in
each barangay in the country to be known as “Bumbero sa
Pamayanan” who shall be coordinator and lead of all these
programs in the community. Persons so designated are expected
to deliver most parts of this plan. They shall be immersed in the
community to establish strong partnerships and develop empathy
over the plight of the residents. They are likewise expected to
rekindle the spirit of bayanihan among the residents to establish
the very foundation of this plan.

This is immersion – giving the BFP personnel that opportunity to

interact with the community they protect. The objective of the
program is to give every member of personnel that sense of
belongingness with the community, ensuring that their communities
are safe, and continually exerting effort in protecting them. By this
activity, the most basic prevention effort can also be advanced.
BFP personnel can see for themselves the various hazards, risks, and
causes that may result to fire emergencies. Their immersion will also
allow the real assessment of the vulnerabilities of each household
and remedial actions which can be done.

53 | P a g e
1.1 Designation

1. All Station personnel shall be designated as Bumbero sa

Pamayanan except the Fire Marshal, Assessors and Collecting
Agent.

2. Basis for the distribution of personnel shall be based on the

number of barangays in every city/municipality and the
population. Equitable distribution must be observed.

3. The designation can be done through a buddy system, or two

personnel per barangay adopted, depending on the number
of personnel provided. There should be a maximum of five (5)
barangays per team.

4. When the number of barangays, however, would exceed the

limit on the number of barangays per team, the buddy system
can be waived.

1.2 Functions and Responsibilities

The designated Bumbero sa Barangay shall have the following

basic functions and responsibilities.

a. Ensure the conduct of regular neighborhood-based fire

prevention activities such as lectures, drills, and seminars
prescribed under the intervention program of this module
(Chapter 2);

b. Organize and facilitate the training of CFAG members and

Fire Safety Teams in his/her AOR;

c. Facilitate the conduct of joint regular house-to-house

hazard evaluation, abatement and mitigation in identified
high-risk areas in coordination with the local barangay
officials;

d. Facilitate the preparation of the CCFP in his/her AOR and

its component activities; and,

e. Ensure BFP visibility in the community through conduct of

the activities under this program at least once a month.

These functions shall reflect in the person’s Individual Performance

Commitment Review (IPCR) and shall be an integral part of his
regular functions.

1.3 Accomplishment Appraisal and Reporting

The primary function of the designated Bumbero sa Barangay is to

initiate fire prevention activities in the communities they are
assigned to, details of which will be clarified in the next chapter.
These activities shall form part of the daily functions of each

54 | P a g e
 member of personnel and subsequently the fire station. The
performance of said activities will be evaluated and appraised.

Chapter 2: Intervene
Key to a sustainable fire prevention initiative is the institution of
intervention programs to address a problem. Through immersion,
the designated Bumbero sa Barangay shall identify risks and causes
of fire so these can be addressed. This is intervention, by ensuring
that every notable risk, possible causes, and even vulnerabilities
are given due attention and removed. This will be done through
two direct approaches: 1) House-to-house Fire Safety Survey; and
2) Zonal Hazard Interventions. All these activities are expected to
be carried out by the designated BSB.

2.1 House-to-House Fire Safety Survey

This is a series of sustained and intensified fire safety inspections

done through a survey concentrated on residential communities,
neighborhoods, informal settlements, and areas identified through
the CCFP. The regular survey of households is necessary, primarily
those at identified high-risk areas of the community. Surveys such as
these would expose possible causes of fires, illegal or dangerous
electrical connections, decomposing materials, and other
concerns, thus preventing fire by correcting failures. This will be
done with the collaboration of the local barangay officials in the
community.

Basic Procedure to follow:

1. The Bumbero sa Barangay tasked to conduct survey must

coordinate first with the barangay officials prior to the
activity. House-to-house survey shall use a single form
provided for this purpose. Data shall be obtained by BFP
personnel using by interview;

2. There shall be a representative from the barangay to

accompany and assist the Bumbero sa Barangay in the
conduct of house-to-house fire safety survey;

3. The Bumbero sa Barangay shall seek the approval of the

household owner by explaining the benefit and purpose of
the visit;

4. He/she/they shall be in proper uniform with identification

and shall cordially introduce themselves to the house
owner;

5. In case the owner refuses to allow the conduct of survey,

the survey takers shall give information material and leave;

6. Once the owner agrees to the conduct of the survey,

he/she/they shall accomplish the standard form for house
55 | P a g e
 inspection and, a copy of the findings shall be given and
explained to the owner and, if possible, the owner shall
immediately cause the abatement of the hazard;

7. Names, address, and date of survey must be entered into

the form by the Bumbero sa Barangay, plus the signature
of the house owner or representative. These shall be made
available whenever a validation team from the higher
office shall evaluate the program.

8. Results of the survey shall be consolidated by the Bumbero

sa Barangay to be submitted to the Barangay Chairman
for his/her intervention. After Fire Safety Survey Report
need not be individual house survey results. Rather, it shall
be a consolidated report of hazards in the homes of the
residents reflected in one report;

9. Follow-up shall be made by the C/MFM through the

Bumbero sa Barangay regarding the action taken on the
recommendation(s) cited in the consolidated after-survey
report;

10. Inaction on the recommendation shall be ground for non-

issuance of BAYANIHAN SEAL.

2.2 Zonal Interventions

As part of the trinity of the CFPP, zonal interventions directly
addresses the risks identified in every portion of the community.
Through the CFPP workshop, the most vulnerable areas in the
community can be identified and zoned out at different levels of
vulnerability. It is therefore vital that the most effort in fire prevention
be concentrated in zones identified as having the highest level of
vulnerability, and similarly, equitable interventions for the rest. This
will maximize resources while addressing the problem directly.

HAZARD ZONES AND INTERVENTION

VULNERABILITY
FIRE PREVENTION INTERVENTION
ZONE

RED ZONE 1. House-to-house fire safety survey (conducted twice a year

in every zone)
Highly Vulnerable 2. Direct hazard removal
3. Intensive lecture (conducted twice a year in every zone)
- Basic principles of fire
- Fundamental firefighting demonstrations
- Good housekeeping practice
- Exit drill at home
3. CFPP simulation exercises (conducted once a year in
every zone)
4. Distribution of fire safety information materials (Can be
conducted during surveys or other activities)

ORANGE ZONE 1. House-to-house fire safety survey (conducted once a year

in every zone)
Moderately 2. Direct hazard removal
Vulnerable 3. Intensive lecture (conducted once a year in every zone)

56 | P a g e
 - Basic principles of fire
- Fundamental firefighting demonstrations
- Good housekeeping practice
- Exit drill at home
3. CFPP simulation exercises (conducted once a year in
every zone)
4. Distribution of fire safety information materials (Can be
conducted during surveys or other activities)

YELLOW ZONE 1. House-to-house fire safety survey (conducted once every

two years in every zone)
Mildly Vulnerable 2. Direct hazard removal
3. Basic Lecture (conducted once every two years in every
zone)
- Basic Principles of Fire Safety
- Fundamental firefighting demonstrations
- Good housekeeping practice
- Exit drill at home
3. CFPP simulation exercises (conducted once every two
years in every zone)
4. Distribution of fire safety information materials (Can be
conducted during surveys or other activities)

BLUE ZONE Maintenance of Evacuation Areas.

Safe

2.3 Year-round Activity Calendar

Considering that the programs depend on one another to work
effectively, each must be executed first before the other. This
means a pre-set calendar of activities for the entire year.

QUARTER ACTIVITY LATEST PERIOD

1ST CFP Planning Workshops April

2ND LINGAP Activities / Fire Prevention Interventions July

3RD CFPP Simulation, Drills and Lectures October

4TH LINGAP Activities / Fire Prevention Interventions December

The creation of the CFPP for the barangay will set the tone for
succeeding activities. Therefore, it must be the first activity to be
accomplished. It will be followed by the LINGAP activities or Fire
Prevention Interventions in the following quarter. The conduct of
simulations, drills and lectures will follow, using the CFPP data. Before
the start of the yuletide season where heightened attention has to
be given to communities, the second round of LINGAP activities will
be performed for those at the identified Highly Vulnerable Zones.

Annexes
a. Monthly Accomplishments Report Form

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Notes!
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