WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 2 DECEMBER 1981
SessionZ. Physical AcousticsIV: Ultrasonic Characterization of Materials. II
Laszlo Adler, Chairman
Ohio State University, Department of Welding Engineering, 190 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
Contributed Papers
1:00
Zl. Industrial ultrasonictomography.M. C. Tsao (Westinghouse
R&D Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15235)
Based
onapplications,
ultrasonic
tomography
canbeclassified
into two categories,-reflective tomography and transmissive
tomography. Reflective tomography offers the most potential for
,
characterizingthe shapes and sizes of cracks, voids, inclusions,
corrosion, erosion, detachment of bonds, or imperfections in
weldments. The underlying principle of reflective tomography is to
use the Time-of-Flight information from soundpulsesto determine
the location of discontinuities in an otherwise homogeneous
material. Transmissive tomography, on the other hand, is most
effectively used for determiningmore general variationsin density,
In this case, both Time-of-Flight information and variationsin sound
level attenuation are used to characterize the material properties of
concern. Although the end results of displaying the reconstructed
images are essentially the same for the two cases, the logic and
algorithmsare considerablydifferent. The systemsand examplesof
applications of both methods are discussed.
1:15
Z2. Elastic wave propagation in materials with columnar grain
structure. Dale Fitting, Laszlo Adler (Ohio State University,
Columbus,OH 43210), Ben Oliver, and Bruce Dewey (University of
Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916)
Several important structural materials (i.e., austentic stainless-
steel welds and centrifugally-castpiping) are stronglyanisotropicas
a result of a columnar grain structure. Progressin modelling ultra-
sonic wave propagation in such materials is presented. Because
elastic wave propagationin polycrystalline metal having a columnar
grain structure is so complex, initial studies were directed toward
componentsof these structures.Large singlecrystals of nickel were
grown and the coordinate axes determined by x-ray diffraction. The
elastic constantsfor the crystalline sampleswere measuredusingan
ultrasonic pulse-transit-timetechnique. Specimen properties were
input to a finite-element model of wave propagation. Results for
elasticwave interactionsat sampleboundariesare given. [This work
is supportedby Basic Energy ScienceProgram D.O.E.]
1:30
Z3. Frequency dependence of ultrasonic waves scattered from
surface breaking cracks. Dale Fitting, Michel de Billy, a) and Laszlo
Adler (Department of Welding Engineering, Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH 43210)
An ultrasonic spectroscopy system is used to study frequency
dependence of scattered ultrasonic waves from surface breaking
cracks in metals. Crack parameters such as depth, length, and
surface conditions are correlated to the frequency dependence of
the scattered amplitude. Both bulk and surface waves have been
used. Experimental results have been compared to existing theories.
[This work is supported by ARPA/AFML. Program on QNDE
through Ames Laboratory.]
a) Permanent address: Universite Paris VII, Paris, France.
$55 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1, Vol. 70, Fall 1981
Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 183.171.165.251 On: Thu, 12 Mar 2015 13:09:17
POINCIANA A ROOM, 1:00 TO 4:00 P.M.
1:45
Z4. Spectral discontinuitiesof diffracted waves by periodic corrugated
surfaces. Alain Jungrnan,a) Laszlo Adler (Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH 43210), and Gerard Quentin (Universite Paris VII,
Paris, France)
Anomalies in the spectrum of elastic wave scatteringfrom period-
ically corrugated structureshave been reported (100th ASA Meet-
ing). They are interpreted as mode converted signals along the
interface. Measurements are now carried out showing that these
sharp minima are not only observed in the normally incident back-
scattered situation. Spectral discontinuitiesare also observedunder
specular non normal reflection from liquid-solid and solid-air
periodic interfaces. In addition, the frequency dependence of the
minima has been measured as a function of the orientation of the
plane of incidence versus the lines of the gratings. Some attempts
are made to fit available theories of diffraction with present
boundary conditions. The position and the amplitude measurements
of the discontinuities can be used to approach some geometrical
and physical properties of the interface.
a) Permanent address: Universite Paris VII, Paris, France.
2:00
ZS. Rayleigh wave spectroscopyfor measuring the depth of shallow
open fatigue cracks. C. P. Burger and A. J. Testa (Department of
EngineeringScience and Mechanicsand EngineeringResearch
Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011)
The energy in a Rayleigh surface wave is essentially contained
in a surface layer less than two wavelengths deep. A broadband
pulse will, therefore, have all its high-frequencycomponentsclose
to the surface with only the low frequencies penetrating to the
deeper layers. This property of a Rayleigh wave,. whereby the
frequency spectrum of a pulse varies with depth below the surface,
is used to find the depth of open surface breaking fatigue cracks
with depthslessthan the lowest frequency componentof the incident
wave. The technique is not affected by the path of the crack, its
inclination, branchingroughnessor the presenceof residual stresses.
It, therefore, measures accurately that property of surface cracks
which are most significant with respect to fracture, life prediction
and safety assurance. The paper describes the technique and
shows how automatic on-line pattern recognition procedures can
be used to measure the depth to a resolution of 0.2 mm. Examples
are given for the profiling of a rough surfacedcrack.
2:15
Z6. Scattering of an elastic wave by a surface-breaking crack.
Daniel A. Mendelsohn (Chemical Research Department, Halliburton
Services, P.O. Box 1431, Duncan, OK 73536), Jan D. Achenbach,
and Leon M. Keer (Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, IL 60201)
Scattering of incident surfacewaves and incident body waves by
a surface-breakingcrack in a homogeneousisotropic elastic solid is
investigated in a two-dimensional geometry. By decomposingthe
102nd Meeting: Acoustical Society of America $55