KOMEN by PRS Team

Terima: 13/2/2015
No Coment
1 There are also some previous tomography view as
radiological techniques to obtain a clear picture of
the internal structure of a particular part of the
human body.
2 Meaning unclear; consider
rewording………"Interpretation of the resulting
image describes the blurred layer structure as the
internal organs of the human body."
3 Meaning unclear – please rewrite…….However,
there is a clear difference in the use of X-ray in the
early stage medical before the arrival of upgraded
techniques such as Computer Tomography (CT),
now named tomography.

4 Meaning unclear; correct as edited?.........The word

“tomography” comes from the Greek tomos,
meaning the phenomenon of a cut or slice (slice).
5 As stated previously, tomography is a technique to
produce a cross-section of the internal structure of an
object with the advantages of the use of photons or
particles that can penetrate objects and analysed for
the purpose of obtaining the results of monitoring
with the installed detector system

6 A tomography system consists of several basic

processes: the block detectors that receive data in
accordance with the requirements, the controller,
which maintains the data sources, and the processing
systems, where the level of income that will process
the raw data to the signal source digital support with
an appropriate algorithm, the significant changes of
the block processing using computer support is
formed CT scan was developed.

7 The initial findings of CT technology use

radiography system in 1895 when Roentgen
unintentionally discovered an X-ray image of the
hand of his wife, Bertha. Isolation is not included in
the thing rings hand look at the display image is
formed , and the development of radiography
increased rapidly.
8 In soft-field tomography, an electric current is
introduced into the imaging medium and the electric
field distribution is determined by the physical
properties of the electrical materials, so that a map of
the resistance, capacitance, or impedance can be
reconstructed by a computer to form the tomogram

9 Conversely , this technique involves the medical and

industrial sectors. The difference between the two
types of tomography is in the field of soft-on-
emitting tomography did not follow the pattern of
straight lines , and distribution of the signal depends
on the type of excitation source

10 This amazing creation by Roentgen triggered one of

the most important medical advances in human
history
11 When the electrons fall into a lower orbit , which is
necessary to release some energy, extra energy is
released in the form of photons
12 For this to happen, the photon energy level has to
match the energy difference between the two
positions of electrons .
13 An X-ray machine is a pair of electrodes consisting
of a cathode and an anode in a glass vacuum tube as
shown in Figure 1. The cathode is a heated filament,
heating through the filament so .
14 The cathode is a heated filament, heating through the
filament so . Heat sputters electrons off the surface
of the filament
15 The positively charged anode is a flat disc made of
tungsten which excites electrons in the tube .
16 When a speeding electron collides with a tungsten
atom, it knocks electrons to a lower atomic orbital .

17 This is a big drop, so photons have high energy

levels then are produced from single X-ray photons .

18 Like a comet whipping around the sun, electrons

slow down and change direction as it accelerates
atom route .
19 Doctors can also record moving X-ray images on
film or video via technology currently used by
imaging combine process in digital form named CT
scanning.
20 A motor rotates the anode to prevent melting as a
result of the electron beam focusing on one area
21 The dark areas represent less dense structures which
allow radiation to pass through, while a white image
indicates a compact structure such as part of the bone
as shown in Figure 2 .
24 When ordinary light is an atom , it cannot change the
atom in any significant way.
25 But when an X-ray hits an atom, it can knock
electrons off it to create ions, which are electrically
charged atoms .
26 The ions’ electric charge can lead to chemical
reactions within the cells of exceptional .
27 When cells exposed dead body can develop various diseases.
28 Thus reducing the exposure source is limited to
either the patient or the operator of the system.
29 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a system
that uses light, but at micrometre resolution.
"Coherence" means it uses a broadband light source
during the process of receiving the returned signal
source. Light in the OCT system is divided into two
arms: the arm of the sample and the reference arm.
This combination of lighting sources scattered from
the image sample source and the reference source
causes an interference pattern, the scan mirror in the
reference arm, the sample reflectivity profile
available for working with time-domain OCT [15].
Scans were performed to obtain information about
the dimensions, area, and location of the structure. A
cross-section can be achieved by combining the
depth of the scan in an axial series. The depth
obtained depends on the imaging process used.

30 the use of a broadband light source can emit light in

the frequency range
31 Previous studies using an infrared LED and a
parallel beam mode used by researchers using
emitter of LED type TEMIC Semiconductor
(TSUS4300) in any wavelength between 900 nm and
1000 nm with a peak wavelength of 950 nm

32 Imaging period as the invention needs to Edelstein in 1986

33 If two tissues have similar acoustic impedances, then
the resulting difference would echo of scan results

34

35 Ultrasound operation begins with the sound energy

returning to the transducer when the echo returns .
This type is called specular reflection, and the
intensity of the echo produced is proportional to the
gradient of the acoustic impedance between two
media (Figure 2.4).

36 If the clash of linear beam interfaces at 90°, almost

all generated echoes will return to the transducer, as
well versa , but can be seen at the same angle as the
angle of incidence.
37 In this case, because the sound frequency is fixed,
the wavelength needs to be changed to accommodate
the difference in the speed of sound transmission in
the two tissues.
38 The difference can be seen because the speed at
which sound is refracted is around 1450 m/s in low
fat and around 1540 m/s in soft tissue [38].
Significant refraction seen by the decision that is
often used is valid at the intersection of the rectus
abdominal muscle and fat abdominal wall. The result
is duplication of structures of the deep abdomen and
pelvis seen when scanning through the midline of the
abdomen (Figure 2.5). This is one of the reasons why
ultrasound is often used to scan the contents of the
uterus.

39 If the pulses of an ultrasound reflector face

dimensions smaller than the wavelength of
ultrasound, this problem is caused facial tissue
irregular rough , scattering occurs during the
scanning process.
40 However, positive results from the dispersion of the
return of some echoes to the transducer regardless of
the angle of the incident pulse
41
A speckle signal that provides a texture that can be seen in organs such as the liver or muscle is the result o

42 This feature as continuous improvement in image

quality and resolution has evolved so that it can be
used in many areas of medical diagnostic imaging
applications outside traditional ones.
43 IPT is not detrimental to the system or process
materials used. Using IPT including the fact that it
plays an important role in the measurement system,
continuous monitoring , and these effects provide a
rapid response and dynamic supervision system. For
example, online control using this process can detect
flaws in a system that is working . The main support
for the detector elements in the system using the
electrical signals represent the concept of
tomography used are, is based on the specific
characteristics of the materials detected by each
technique. A system block diagram is shown in
Figure 5.

44 ECT applications were previously used in the study

of living cells for direct analysis but increasingly the
changed system is widely used in the industrial
sector.
45 This technique is applied for process monitoring
using the image acquisition process inside pipes and
chemical vessels by examining the distribution of
internal transparency

46 The first consists of capacitance sensors comprising

multiple electrodes attached to the sides of the pipe
to be continuity in the imaging process.
47 Sensitivity curves were determined using the sensors
built. This is because the rate determined by the
change in distance sensor electrode plane as one stu
resources to control sensitivity. The factor for the
space wavelength can be controlled by changing the
sensitivity rate system . When it is necessary to
amplify the signal, the distance between the sensor
and the sample needs to be repaired . Step avoids
ground loops or stray capacitance between the
electrodes connection with the control unit should be
aware of the impact of noise tolerance . For the
control period is the frequency imaging plays an
important role [41].

48 In order to design an effective system priority ECT

other things that help process is the use of imaging
sensors, materials used in the frame, piping and
components, for example composite polymer
insulator [42] or saline gel. The size limit is for
informational sensor size to different output
dependence [43]. To use sensors of the outer, more
member advantaged position sensor method of
inner / contact with the object . Given decision is not
affected by extreme temperatures; exposure to
corrosion occurs in the process. Use of the
sensor/electrode is also asserted if the outer pipe
material is composed of insulating material [44].
High temperature and pressure within the industry
are a phenomenal example of the process flow 300
ºC [45] and pressurized to 150 B [46]. This factor
becomes large for the size of the pipe diameter is 32
mm internal diameter means

49 The minimum axial length of the electrode is a size

of 3.5 cm for eight sensor electrodes or 7 cm for a
sensor with 12 electrodes .
50 For electrodes radials designations, can have an
impact on the reduction of dynamic range for the
capacitance ,
51 example diameter between ECT (2.5–10 cm )
52
53 Relationship of number of electrodes used in the
ECT process
54 While to 5 cm the number of electrodes used for the
network 12 between 0.5 pF, which means a smaller
diameter, the length of the electrode will be reduced

55 Information from the sensor is input into a computer

through a data acquisition box, and the raw data are
processed into visual images so that the live
capacitance can be interpreted.
56 Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is an
invasive technique used to scan through the sensor
electrode and the surface of the resulting voltage is
used in the image reconstruction process.
57 The most important part of the EIT is a current
source power supply (AC). To achieve high-
resolution images [56], it is necessary to generate a
stable and constant condition of the magnitude of the
current in a variety of weights and frequency
domains [57, 58] suitable for this application .

58 An EIT system consists of two parts: the data

acquisition hardware has found at boundary of
electrode surface data and signal generator to inject
the object alternately . A multiplexed signal
converter with demodulation is included to measure
the voltage induced on the surface . Analogue Digital
Converter (ADC) filters are used to avoid the effects
of noise on the signal and the analogue signal to a
digital interface for imaging purposes

59 Research made [69] using the output voltage is

converted from the signal generator .
60 Voltage by OP-AMP to current converter designed to
generate low-frequency values to the variables of up
to 15 kHz.
61 The most common configuration is a pipe or vessel
with 16 electrodes, which are invasive but do not
disturb the flow in the pipe. In the case of metal
pipes, the electrodes need to be insulated.
62 Popular techniques are based on the Linear Back
Projection, Landweber, and conjugate methods .
63 The gradient and Gauss-Newton principles were
reported in a recent comparative study by Davidson
et al. [70]
64 Further analysis of images often do, for example, for
two-phase system may be related to the conductivity
of the phase ratio or the pixel variance can be
calculated to determine the diversity or homogeneity
of the material through the sensor

65 ERT is considered to have a high temporal resolution

of milliseconds usually 10 s and a low spatial
resolution, usually 5–10% of the diameter of the
vessel to sensor configuration in circles .
66 This is a geophysical imaging technology that
measures the electrical resistivity in the soil and
stones to obtain "snapshot" images of relatively
static sub-surface conditions for a site inspection or
characterization . It can also be used to obtain a
series of images that show relatively rapid changes
due to current environmental remediation

67 ERT works well in both VADOSE the (saturated)

and sub-surface of the saturated zone.
68 The main concept in optical tomography involves
attenuation of light due to refraction of the particle
flow to avoid a projection beam [72]. Scans show
lower voltage readings at the receiver and the
imbalance values are used to build the tomogram
[73]. Based on projections of sensors, transmitters
and receivers are required to drive either sensor
Infrared Emitter Lead diode (IR LED).

69 each sensor will be enabled by varying intervals for

each pair; for example, in the installation of 16 pairs,
first one transmitter is activated, and then the other
transmitter is activated following a delay .
70 system undergoes a short time interval .
71 This device can contribute to reducing the cost of
building a real-time system .
72 The results can also be affected by high noise due to
the collision of particles in pipe flow and this factor
should be taken into account when analysing the
ultrasonic sensor data.
73 The mechanical impulse is then transmitted to the
tissues and organs in the body. Objects scanned
earlier have different acoustic impedances and the
result of the reverse pulse of transducer elements,
echoes that have changed with the electrical voltage
signal becomes lower . Finally, there is a
phenomenon called the 'echo signal', which is
received and processed for re-imaging surveillance
images of the object that was .

74 A UT system consists of two parts, the hardware and

software [79] shown in Figure 7 in the form of a
block diagram. Part of the UT system hardware
consists of various sub-divisions such as i) the pulse
generator, which generates the signal and usually
uses a microcontroller to generate pulses with a
frequency equal to the resonance frequency of the
ultrasonic sensor, ii) the transmitter, which serves as
a reinforcing pulse generated for the sensor
ultrasonic reaction, iii) the ultrasonic sensor, which
has two types of transmitters and receivers.

75 Ultrasound reflection tomography has been used for

an aluminium rod smaller than the wavelength [90].
The use of low frequency produces a lower-
resolution image. To restore the resolution, a signal-
processing method based on the Papoulis
deconvolution is used.

76 A model-based iterative algorithm was used [93] and

a system for ultrasound reflection tomography
imaging of green wood using non-parametric
imaging algorithms was developed.
77 Diffraction tomography can be included as the effect
of scattering algorithms to enhance image
resolution.
78 A technique using the diffraction mode with a gelatin
material having an index of refraction that is good in
the water content for the diffraction mode

79 It is considered that weak scattering of ultrasonic

waves occurs as they traverse the object .
80 mainly mild medical sector health monitoring needs
81 the right decision with the period of the process at
high speed can be increased to more efficiently meet
the needs of current technology.
KOMEN by PRS Team
Siap: 19/2/2015
Correction
There are also some previous tomography as radiological
techniques to obtain a clear picture of the internal structure of a
particular part of the human body.

The interpretation of the resulting image through this process

reflects the layer structure of the internal organs of the human
body escape.

However, there are clear differences in the use of X-ray in early

stage prior to arrival upgraded techniques such as Computer
Tomography (CT), now renamed tomography.

The word "tomography" is derived from the Greek word tomos,

meaning phenomenon described soiled image of the cross
section of the object.
The internal structure of an object displayed on the various
elements of photons or particles that can penetrate the object and
continue to analyze the purpose of obtaining a description of the
monitoring signal detector mounted on the monitoring point at
which the process is operating systems.

Tomography system consists of several basic processes: the

detector block that receives data from the sensors, controllers,
which maintains data sources, and processing components where
the signals received from the raw data is converted to digital
signals by the use of appropriate algorithms, processing block
using computer support to form a CT scan was developed.

Preliminary findings radiography technology in 1895 when

Roentgen accidentally discovered X-ray image of the hand of his
wife, Bertha. Imaging produces structural his wife's hand and
looked image can be seen on the display ring is formed.
In soft-field tomography, an electric current is introduced into
the imaging medium and the electric field distribution is
determined by the physical properties of the electrical materials,
in order a map of the resistance, capacitance, or impedance can
be reconstructed by a computer to form the tomogram

Conversely , this technique involves the medical and industrial

sectors deleted…...Main difference between the two types of
tomography for soft-field on emitting tomography did not follow
the pattern of straight lines, and distribution of the signal
depends on the type of excitation source.

Significant events for the world of imaging starts here

When the electrons fall into a lower orbital , which is necessary

to release some energy, extra energy is released in the form of
photons

For this to happen, the photon energy level has to match the
energy difference between the two positions of the electron .

heating through the filament so …..deleted

Deleted
Positively charged anode consists of a flat disc made of tungsten,
which stimulate electrons in the tube.
Speeding electrons collide with atoms of tungsten to a lower
atomic orbitals.

Impairment forming a high energy value is then generated from

the X-ray photons.

Like a comet whipping around the sun, with the slow movement
of electrons with different directions so given way to atomic
elements.
Doctors can also record moving X-ray images on film or video
via technology to combine process in digital form named CT
scanning.

A part of motor to rotates the anode to prevent melting as a result

of the electron beam focusing on one area.
when a white image is displayed showing the structure of
compact bone, as shown in Figure 2.

When ordinary light hits an atom , it cannot change the atom in

any significant way.
But when an X-ray hits an atom, it can knock electrons off it to
create ions, which are electrically charged particles .

When cells are exposed to the body can cause various diseases.
Be of interest to reduce resource limited exposure to the patient
or the system operator.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a system that uses the
concept of barriers in light sensor and transmitter if it exists
hindered depending on the sensor signal receiver, however
operating at rated micrometer resolution. "Coherence" means it
uses broadband light source emitted during the process / object
through time and if there is a difference in value of the
transmitter received by the receiver then the coherence of the
light sensor is produced depending on the original coherence of
the emitted light. The basic building structure consists of two
arms of the sample arm and the reference arm. The combination
between the two arms was compared across the interference
pattern of light received by the sensor receiver, there is the use of
the scanning mirror in the reference arm, the sample reflectance
profiles available to work with time-domain OCT [15]. This scan
to get information about the dimensions and structure of the
object being monitored. A cross-section can be achieved by
combining the depth of the scan in the series axis. Obtained
depending on the depth of the imaging process used.

the use of broadband light source can emit light with high speed
In addition, the use of an infrared LED with a parallel beam
mode used by researchers using emitter LED type TEMIC
Semiconductor (TSUS4300) in any wavelength between 900 nm
and 1000 nm with a peak wavelength of 950 nm

Deleted
then there is a difference in the results echo scanning.

Ultrasound operation begins with the sound energy back to the

transducer when the echo reflection occurs.
Ultrasound operation is a reflex process of sound energy emitted
by the transducer and returned in the form of an echo on the
sensor receiver. Reverse echo is called specular reflection, and
the intensity of the echo produced is proportional to the gradient
of the acoustic impedance between the two media (Figure 2.4).

If the echo signal collision on linear beam angle of 90 °, almost

all the echoes generated will be returned to the transducer,
therefore the beam angle as a factor affecting the amount of the
echo signal.
In this case, the frequency of the sound has been set, the change
in wavelength accommodate differences in transmission speed of
sound in both tissues.

The difference can be seen at the speed of sound is refracted

around 1450 m / s for low-fat imaging limits, while the speed of
1.540 m / s in soft tissues [38].Number of refraction to obtain
these results is often used at the intersection of the rectus
abdominal muscles and the abdominal wall fat. The result is
duplication of structures of the deep abdomen and pelvis seen
when scanning through the midline of the abdomen (Figure 2.5).
This is one of the reasons why ultrasound is often used to scan
the contents of the uterus.

The results of ultrasound pulses reflector smaller than the

wavelength of ultrasound, this issue is identified as a rough
surface tissue cells.
However, the positive results of the deployment of multiple
echoes return to the transducer regardless of the angle of the
incident pulse
Speckle signal which provides a texture that can be seen in
organs such as the liver or muscle is the result of multiple echoes
received is displayed.
The need to improve the image quality and resolution so that it
can be implemented continuously used in many areas of medical
diagnostic imaging applications beyond the traditional.

IPT is not detrimental to the operation process or materials. Use

of IPT as a support to the monitoring process is operating and
these effects provide a rapid response and dynamic supervision
system. For example, on-line control can detect weaknesses that
process works.Tomography method in monitoring systems using
electrical signals for imaging purposes. A system block diagram
is shown in Figure 5. This test method can be used to verify
tolerances, to determine relative material densities, to locate
inclusions or defects, and to measure the extent of erosion and
ablation in composite materials [40].

ECT application has previously been used in studies for the

analysis of cell survival and is widely used in the industrial
sector.

Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) is a non-invasive

method used to obtain the spatial permittivity distribution within
Regions of Interest (ROI), which often refers to the interior of
closed pipes. The principle is based on the measurement of the
capacitances between electrodes located on the exterior of the
region of interest, example the of a pipe.
The first consists of the capacitance sensor consisting of a
variety of electrodes attached to the side of the pipe serves as a
capacitive sensor signal changes.
Sensitivity curve was determined using sensors built. This is
because changes in plane distance sensor electrode as one source
stu to control sensitivity. The wavelength can be controlled by
changing the rate sensitivity of the sensor. When it is necessary
to amplify the signal, the distance between the sensor and the
sample needs to be adjusted. Measures to avoid the occurrence
of ground loops or stray capacitance between the control
electrode connection need additional function detects noise
tolerance. For the control period is the frequency imaging plays
an important role [41].

In an effort to increase the effectiveness of the system is the use

of ECT sensor for imaging materials, materials used in the
frame, pipes and parts, for example polymer composite
insulators [42] or saline gel. Limit the size needed depends on
the image to be displayed [43]. Whether the position sensor is
placed on the interior / relationship with the object or the outer
pipe. Decisions rendered image is not affected by extreme
temperatures; however, exposure to corrosive effects remain in
force during the process is operating. Use of sensor / electrode
also confirmed if the outside of the pipe material is made up of
materials [44] insulation. High temperature and pressure in this
industry is an example of the process flow around a temperature
of 300 ºC [45] and pressurized at 150 B [46]. These factors
accounted for the pipe diameter is 32 mm.

Minimum axial length of the electrodes is 3.5 cm when using 8-

electrode sensor or 7.0 cm if using a 12-electrode sensor.

Electrode position in radials, can affect the dynamic range for

capacitance reduction,

example diameter between ECT 1 - 4 inch (2.5cm – 10 cm )

Method of measuring the three components of the gas-oil-water flow
Relationship with an appropriate number of electrodes
monitoring process ect
There is also using 5 cm but the number of electrodes used for
the network of 12 independent measurements with values
between 0.5 pF, this means that a smaller diameter, the length of
the electrode will be reduced
Information from the sensor as input to a computer for
processing, and processed raw data into visual images so that the
capacitance can be interpreted directly.

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive

technique used to scan the material that is monitored by a sensor
electrode on the surface of the material and vary the voltage
generated is used for image reconstruction process.
The most important part of the EIT is the current source power
supply (AC). To achieve high resolution image [56], the situation
is more stable and continuing the same magnitude and the
frequency domain [57, 58] suitable for this application.

EIT method consists of two parts, the first data acquisition

hardware is located on the border of the electrode surface. The
second part is the signal generator to inject a signal monitoring
on objects intersect. Multiplex signal converter with
demodulation is used to measure the voltage induced on the
surface. Analog Digital Converter (ADC) serves as a filter is
used to avoid the effect of noise on the analog signal and analog
signal processed by kompeter for imaging purposes

Signal generator is used [69] to change the output voltage

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is used as a current converter

and generate value for the variable low frequency up to 15 kHz.

The most common configuration is a pipe or vessel with 16

electrodes, do not disturb the flow in the pipe. In the case of
metal pipes, the electrodes need to be insulated.

Commonly used techniques such as Linear Back Projection,

Landweber, and conjugate method.
Recent use of the principle of Gauss-Newton gradient and used
as a comparison [70].
For two-phase system phase conductivity ratio or difference of
pixels that can be counted to determine the diversity or
homogeneity of the material through the sensor

ERT is considered to have a high resolution with a speed of 10

milliseconds usually at low spatial, typically 5-10% of the
diameter of the vessel to sensor configuration in diameter
surrounding the vessel.
The geophysical imaging technology for measuring electrical
resistivity in the soil and rocks to get the image "snapshot".
Monitoring is used for sub-surface static for inspection
characteristics of the site. It can also be used to obtain
information indicates a significant change due to environmental
recovery time.

ERT works well for sub-surface of the saturated zone.

The main concept in optical tomography involves attenuation

caused by the refraction of light particles flow to avoid beam
projection [72]. The scan process the voltage at the receiver and
the imbalance is used to build tomogram it [73]. Based on
projections sensor, transmitter and receiver are required to drive
the infrared sensor Emitting Diode Lead (IR LED).

each sensor will be enabled by changing the cross for each pair;
for example, the installation of 16 pairs, a first transmitter is
switched on, and then another transmitter is activated after the
pair previously activated sensor.
complete system on a short interval of time.
This device can reduce costs whilst capable of operating in real
time.
Imaging can be influenced by high noise caused by the collision
of particles in the flow pipe and this factor be noted when
analyzing the ultrasonic sensor data.
Mechanical impulse is then delivered to the tissues and organs in
the body. This object is scanned before having different acoustic
impedance, the echo of that has changed with the electric voltage
signal becomes lower. Finally, there is the phenomenon known
as' the echo signal, which is received and processed for re-
imaging surveillance image-objects.

UT System consists of the hardware and software parts [79]

shown in Figure 7. Part of the UT system hardware consists of
various sub-divisions such as i) the pulse generator serves to
generate a signal and is typically used as a microcontroller to
generate pulses with frequency equal to the resonance frequency
of the ultrasonic sensor, ii) transmitter, which serves as a pulse of
ultrasonic sensor response, iii) ultrasonic sensor as a detector
that has two types of transmitter and receiver.

Tests on alluminium rod of reflection effect is obtained range of

results is smaller than the wavelength [90]. The use of low-
frequency images of lower-resolution. To restore the resolution,
a signal processing method used by deconvolution Papoulis.

A iterative algorithm based on the model used [93] and

ultrasound systems for green wood tomography imaging using
non-parametric imaging algorithm.

Diffraction tomography can be included as the effect of

algorithms to enhance image resolution.

The technique uses diffraction mode is also used to scan tobacco

gelatin

Assumptions weak scattering of ultrasonic waves occur as they

traverse the object.
especially the medical sector for health monitoring
the right decision with high speed can increase efficiency to meet
the needs of current technology.