International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, page 1 of 8.
# Cambridge University Press and the European Microwave Association, 2017
doi:10.1017/S1759078717000939
research paper
Microstrip band-pass filter with 267 dB stop
band up to 8.8 times the pass-band center
frequency
frederick huang
Step-impedance resonators and step-impedance capacitor coupling pads are introduced to microstrip band-pass filters to sup-
press spurious stop-band responses up to the ninth order, thereby providing a very wide stop band. Combined with improve-
ments in existing suppression techniques, the overall suppression in one of the filters, with 1 GHz center frequency and 42%
bandwidth, is 254 dB, up to 8.9 GHz. By also using suitably placed resistors, spurious levels are now depressed to 267 dB up
to 8.8 GHz, with only 0.03 dB extra pass-band loss.
Keywords: Filters, Passive components and circuits, Suppression of harmonic responses
Received 28 March 2017; Revised 11 August 2017; Accepted 16 August 2017
I. INTRODUCTION
The stop-band upper limit of distributed filters, including
microstrip band-pass filters, is determined by harmonic or
other spurious responses. A previous work on wide pass-band
filters [1], which employed quarter-wave resonators where
even-order resonances are already absent, combined four
methods to suppress the odd-order harmonics to produce a
wide stop band with high rejection.
First, resonators with additional stubs, which had the same
fundamental but different higher order resonances, that is,
stagger-tuned resonators were employed. Previously [2–9],
stubs or stagger tuning were not used in combinations of
several techniques. In [10], the stagger tuning was effected by
additional open-ended stubs. The type of main resonators
can be chosen independently from the stubs, for compactness,
or low loss, or insensitivity to over-etch, a feature retained in [1]
and in the current work. In the second suppression technique,
the overlap between two parallel-coupled resonators was
adjusted for minimal coupling at the spurious frequencies, as
previously done in [11–16]. Thirdly, as in [17–19], wherever
two quarter-wavelength resonators were coupled with a capaci-
tive pad or stub, higher order responses were suppressed or the
stop band improved generally, since the pad is like a short
circuit at higher frequencies. Finally, resistive attenuation
that is significant only in specific resonator modes [20–22]
was adopted in one filter. A contrasting work on harmonic
suppression is [23]: narrow band filters are designed and
shorted stubs are used, showing the wide range of this field.
Department of EESE, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT,
UK
Corresponding author:
F. Huang
Email: f.huang@bham.ac.uk
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In the present work, the rectangular capacitive coupling
pads in [1] are replaced by step-impedance pads, providing
up to an estimated 12 dB of further attenuation in the upper
part of the broad stop band where there are more resonances,
a substantial improvement in its own right. They also provide
for a more compact filter. The previous nearly symmetrical
layouts were sacrificed. Furthermore, the existing stagger
tuning is used to much greater effect, extending suppression
to the ninth order; in [1], it was underutilized as it provided
mainly reduced sensitivity to fabrication and simulation
errors, together with only 2 dB improvement in suppression.
Finally, replacing uniform lines with step-impedance resona-
tors (SIRs), the higher order resonances are shifted upwards
[5, 24], which widens the stop band.
Instead of designing new filters, the two sixth-order,
quarter-wave microstrip 42% bandwidth filters centered at
1 GHz described in [1] were upgraded, fabricated, and mea-
sured; this was necessary to allow direct comparisons. The
design process depends heavily on iterative simulations
because of the microstrip dispersion at the high-end of the
stop band, the large number of step discontinuities, the near-
neighbor spurious interactions, and the wide bandwidth pre-
clude useful simplifying approximations. However, the initial
design involved simulating smaller groups of pads and resona-
tors instead of the whole filter, which is one or two orders of
magnitude faster; together with a qualitative knowledge of
stub behavior and faster computers, it is a viable design
procedure.
Both filters have the form given in Fig. 1. Coupling from
input to resonator A, from B to C, from D to E, and from F
to output are via capacitive step-impedance pads, while
there is parallel coupling from A to B, C to D, and E to F. In
filter 1, with no resistors, stop-band attenuation was improved
from 33 [1] to 54 dB, while the stop-band width (previously
1.4–6.3 GHz) was improved (to 1.5–8.9 GHz); this is a
1
 2 frederick huang
width increase of 1.5 times. For filter 2, with resistors, the
improvement in attenuation was from 50 to 67 dB, and the
stop-band width was 1.8 times wider. According to one
figure of merit to be discussed, the filters are 2.4 times better
than [1].
II. RESONATING STEP-IMPEDANCE
COUPLING PADS
The coupling pads (Fig. 1) are labeled A, BC, DE, and F
according to the resonators to which they are connected.
They have the shape of a T and an inverted T with their
bases connected to the resonators. In the pass band, they act
approximately as capacitances. A single, inverted T-shaped
pad is inset in Fig. 2.
In a simulation, the substrate thickness h is 0.3 mm, and
there is an overlay of h2 ¼ 1 mm [1] so that the medium is vir-
tually homogeneous, to avoid a complication of variable
effective permittivity. Dielectric constant is 10.2, and losses
are ignored. For comparisons, the effective pad areas should
Fig. 1. Layout of filter 1. In filter 2, the waists in stubs B to E are removed, with
the gaps to be bridged by chip resistors. Dimensions in mm. Gray squares show
positions of vias forming the side walls.
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Fig. 2. Normalized notch fractional bandwidth obtainable with rectangular
and step-impedance pads.
be equal for approximately equal pass-band coupling, in this
case 50 mm2. Due to the fringing electric fields, the effective
dimensions are larger than the physical sizes, accounted for
by adding an additional border of width h around the pad [1].
SONNETw simulations for step-impedance pads are com-
pared with rectangular pads [1] in Fig. 2. Notch center fre-
quency is varied by varying the pad dimensions. Yeff differs
significantly from a quarter wavelength as explained in [1]
for the rectangular pads and because of the step impedances
here. For each center frequency, Xeff and Yeff are not equal
among the different pads, but extreme sizes are Xeff ¼
2 mm, Yeff ¼ 33 mm on the left-hand side of the graph, and
Xeff ¼ 16 mm, Yeff ¼ 5 mm on the right. The normalized
notch fractional bandwidth is (1/S21B) (B/f0) as defined in
the inset. For h ¼ 0.3 mm, this differs from the normalization
in [1] by (coincidentally) a factor of 10.0.
Step-impedance pads can create a wider notch, up to 1.5
times that of the rectangular pad to suppress spurious reso-
nances. Equivalently, they can be said to be 3.5 dB deeper
over quite a large frequency band, as discussed in Section 4,
where the cumulative effect of more than one pad at any
single frequency can be large. The frequency at which the
maximum notch width occurs can be adjusted by varying
xeff ; for example, for yeff/Yeff ¼ 0.25, increasing xeff from
0.25Xeff to 0.5Xeff (changing from the blue to the green
curve). Small values of yeff are preferable, but may have to
be compromised by other design considerations. The notch
width increases rapidly toward the right-hand side of the
graph, but this is not useful because the depth of the notch
suddenly decreases and the pad is then sensitive to fabrication
errors.
At the higher order resonances, the step-impedance pads
resemble radial stubs [25, 26], but with step changes in
width. Using a larger yeff and forfeiting some of the available
suppression gives a narrow waist, which allows neighboring
resonators to overlap with the pads, making a more
compact filter. They are shorter (in the Y direction) than the
uniform rectangles, which also reduces filter size.
 microstrip band-pass filter with 267 db stop band up to 8.8 times the pass-band center frequency
III. STAGGER TUNING USING
STUBS
An isolated resonator, resonator C, for example (Fig. 3(a)), is ana-
lyzed using transmission line theory, similar to [1, 10, 27, 28],
with the resistor and capacitor removed (shorted), and without
resonator B. By selecting stub lengths and characteristic imped-
ance, together with the tapping point, in trial and error calcula-
tions, the frequencies of the higher order resonances are
chosen. For one particular set of stubs, the resonances are
shown in Fig. 3(b). The resonance order is given for the resonator
with no stub, but for the others, the standing wave pattern is
modified so it is not always easy to define the resonance order.
The effect on the first-order resonances at f0 is minimal, as
required. The third-order resonances near 3f0 are still close
together, but they will be attenuated by the other techniques.
The higher order resonances are well spaced except in a few
cases especially near f/f0 ¼ 11, which will be dealt with by the
step-impedance pads and with subsequent iterative adjustments.
The capacitive coupling pads introduce a frequency change
as illustrated in Figs 3(c) and 3(d). When one end of a micro-
strip resonator is shorted to earth, it resonates at a frequency f0
when it is a quarter-wavelength long (ignoring the impedance
step). However, when the short is replaced by a capacitor pad,
the pad must have a finite voltage to absorb charge from the
resonator, so the point of zero voltage is a short distance
along the microstrip, which must therefore be somewhat
longer for the same fundamental resonance. At a higher
Fig. 3. (a) Transmission line approximation (resistor, capacitor, and
transmission lines) of resonators B and C. (b) Resonance frequencies of one
set of stagger-tuned resonators estimated analytically. Resonance order of
the stub-free resonator is indicated. (c) Voltage standing wave patterns at
fundamental and fifth-order resonance for an earthed microstrip and (d)
microstrip with one end connected to a pad.
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3
order resonance, such as the fifth order illustrated, the stand-
ing wave pattern is subsumed by the pad, as shown, so these
resonances occur at lower frequencies than in the shorted
microstrip. In the extreme case, where the pad and microstrip
widths are equal, the whole line becomes a uniform, half-wave
resonator, and the higher order resonances occur at 2f0, 3f0,
4f0,. . . instead of 3f0, 5f0, 7f0,. . . so the spacing between harmo-
nics is halved. In the resonator A, for example, the 11th-order
resonance was shifted from 11 to 12.3 GHz because of the step
impedance, then shifted back to about 9.1 GHz by the coup-
ling pads. Apart from widening the stop band, the SIRs may
also enhance the stagger tuning by increasing the gaps
between the resonances.
Looking forward to the final design, the positions of the reso-
nances and zeroes found from simulations are given in Fig. 4,
showing the expected significant deviation from Fig. 3. The
positions of the zeroes are adjusted to provide additional attenu-
ation. Higher order pad zeroes, and all the stub zeroes, are
omitted because, with the pad and stub dimensions already
chosen, these zeroes are not under the control of the designer.
IV. FILTER SIMULATIONS AND
DESIGN
Two similar sixth-order filters with 1 GHz center frequency
and 42% bandwidth were produced. As before [1], only the
second filter includes the resistive attenuation. For a new
filter, the design procedure would probably be similar to [1],
using design data from [29], but here, the device was produced
by substituting new pads and resonators into the previous
design. The substrate is 1.27 mm thick Duroid RT6010LM
with dielectric constant nominally 10.2 according to one
measurement technique [30], but as recommended by the
manufacturer’s latest data sheet [30], the dielectric constant
assumed is 1r ¼ 10.6 perpendicular and 13.33 parallel to the
surface. The input and output are 50 V lines with width
Fig. 4. Zeroes and resonances of individual parts of the final filters. The
combined response is shown in light blue. Squares in the resonator layouts
indicate input and output. The vertical scale in dB applies only to the
combined response; vertical displacements of the points in the graph match
the legend. For resonators D and E, a blue cross at 2.3 GHz represents two
peaks which cannot be resolved.
 4 frederick huang

1.25 mm. The SIR resonators have two sections of widths

0.5 mm (72 V) and 2.25 mm (36 V), while the length of the
wide section is 5 mm and the total length is as shown
(Fig. 1). Stub dimensions are given in Fig. 3. The stubs have
narrow sections of width 0.5 or 1 mm and length 1 mm at
the taps, to minimize the magnetic field perturbation in the
main line. As in [1], the gap between C and D is 0.625 mm.
To avoid small simulation cell sizes, the separation between
resonators A and B is 0.25 mm over half the distance, and
0.375 mm over the other half, instead of a uniform
0.3125 mm.
The transmission zeroes introduced by the pads attenuated
resonances near 2.3, 5.8 and 7.8 GHz. When making stop-
band adjustments, the pad effective area was kept constant
to minimize the effect on pass-band coupling coefficient [1].
For example, xeff and yeff can be varied keeping xeffyeff,
Yeff2yeff and Xeff constant. This changes the pad inductance,
which has much more effect in the stop band than in the
pass band. Alternatively, Xeff and xeff can be changed, also
keeping the pad area constant.
For the pass band, external Qs (quality factors) and coup-
ling factors kBC and kDE were adjusted by varying the pad
areas. When yeff ≈ Yeff/2, the stop-band variation is mini-
mized by varying yeff, while keeping Yeff constant, as implied
by data in [2]. From Fig. 1, the condition yeff ≈ Yeff/2 is not
well satisfied, but this assumption was acceptable considering
that the border to allow for edge effects changes Yeff but not yeff
(as seen in Fig. 2), that is, yeff ¼ y but Yeff . Y. This condition
also leaves pads BC and DE with a sub-optimal value of yeff
(which should have been as small as possible, as previously
described).
The filter enclosures are modified by 0.5 mm2 vias as the
side walls, extending from the ground plane to the roof,
8 mm above the substrate. The positions are shown by the
gray squares in Fig. 1. The minimum distance from a pad or
resonator is 2.5 mm, while the maximum spacing between
wires is 5.5 mm (a sixth of a wavelength at 8.9 GHz, the end
of the stop band), with smaller spacing near the convex
corners where the field is maximum. According to simula-
tions, this box resonates at 9.7 GHz, which gives a small
error margin. The enclosure is vital to avoid long-distance
coupling, for example, between resonators A and F. Signal
suppression is by reflection and absorption, not radiation: in
addition to the rows of vias, there is a rectangular, outer,
metal box provided by the software which completely encloses
each filter. A commercial implementation is more likely to be
a metal-coated, plastic box with the same shape as the wire
skeleton box.
The simulated response of filter 1 is shown as the blue
dashed line in Fig. 5 (together with measured results to be dis-
cussed in later sections). No spurious responses rise higher
than 259 dB, up to 9.0 GHz. For filter 2 (Fig. 6(a)), the simu-
lated suppression level is 269 dB up to 8.9 GHz, assuming
flip-chip resistors with the resistive film on the underside of
the ceramic chips, and a 0.1 mm air gap between the resistive
film and the copper tracks. Simulated pass-band S21 is shown
in Fig. 6(b). The increase in attenuation due to the resistance is
shown for both inverted and non-inverted chips, showing that
in both cases the additional resistors increase loss by an
average of only 0.03 dB, half as much as [1].
The improvement contributed by each individual tech-
nique was estimated approximately. Comparison with an
earlier simulation (not shown) suggests that, by including
Fig. 5. Simulated and measured responses of filter 1, without resistors.
suppression up to the ninth order, the stagger tuning
extends the stop band by 1.5 GHz. Use of the SIR contri-
butes a similar amount, and the cumulative effect is
substantial.
A comparison between rectangular and step-impedance
pads in complete filters showed that the latter used only
70% as much substrate area. It also showed a few dB of
improvement, but the positions of the zeroes were completely
rearranged, so the improvement could well have been due to a
different combination of resonances and zeroes; these incon-
clusive results are not presented.
Instead, the notches provided by pads A and F are com-
pared in simulations with rectangular pads in Fig. 7. The rect-
angular pads were adjusted iteratively to have the same notch
frequency and the same pass-band center value of S21 as their
respective step-impedance replacements. The dominant
feature of a rectangular or step-impedance pad is the notch,
but when they are compared, the subtraction leaves a broad
band improvement by the new pads. The two pads combine
to give a maximum of about 12 dB at 8.2 GHz, in a region
of less widely spaced resonances (Fig. 4), that is, where they
are not so well staggered and yet need a relatively broadband
suppression method to cover about 12 resonances, equivalent
to suppressing two harmonics in a filter with no stagger
tuning. The average is 5 dB of the total 20 dB simulated
improvement over 1.5–9 GHz, a wider stop band than [1].
Suppression by reduced resonator coupling is discussed
approximately in [10].
For the spurious resonances at 2.3 and 2.6 GHz, a graph
similar to Fig. 7 (not shown) suggests an improvement of
1 and 3 dB, respectively, by the combined effect of pads
BC and DE. The overall improvement is difficult to estimate
because it involves comparing deep higher order notches.
To summarize, the improved stagger tuning therefore con-
tributes most of the improvement in suppression, with a sig-
nificant contribution from the pads A and F (Fig. 6(a)). The
transmission zeroes of pads BC and DE, together with the
overlap transmission zeroes, can be concentrated on the

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 microstrip band-pass filter with 267 db stop band up to 8.8 times the pass-band center frequency
Fig. 6. (a) Simulated and measured responses of filter 2, with 4.7 V resistors.
(The legend in Fig. 5 also applies here.) Inset: skeleton representation of a
flip-chip resistor. (b). Increase in pass-band loss due to resistors, and
pass-band S11 and S22.
lowest frequency spurious response, which was dominant in a
previous filter [1].
V. FILTER MEASUREMENTS
The two filters were fabricated using standard PCB etching by
a commercial supplier. A photograph of the complete filter is
given in Fig. 8. The vias are 0.56 mm diameter wires (24 SWG,
British “Standard Wire Gauge”) and the roof is 150 m copper
sheet. The inset shows a screw and a spacer forming a
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5
Fig. 7. Comparison between rectangular and step-impedance shapes for pads
A and F. Dotted green line in the layout shows the modified rectangle to
achieve a mean rectangle height of 4.9375 mm without using small cell sizes.
resonator in the small groove between screw and spacer, simu-
lated and measured results showing resonance at 7.5 GHz;
even a 1 mm deep groove has this resonance because (a) it
is a radial resonator, (b) the dielectric fills the gap, and (c)
the field can bulge outside the gap. This explains why the
spacers in [1] were replaced by wires. The remaining spacers
do not form part of the enclosure. The assumption that the
suppression is not due to radiation was confirmed by wrap-
ping the filter in aluminum foil: there was negligible change
in performance. (Contact between the foil and the rest of
the enclosure was unreliable, but tolerable for this single
measurement.)
The resistive films were originally on the top of each
3.2 mm × 1.6 mm chip, about 0.5 mm above the filter sub-
strate, making additional space for the magnetic field and
shifting some of the resonances downwards, which compro-
mised the stagger tuning. Therefore, on a second copy of
filter 2, the chips were soldered upside-down as an approxi-
mation for flip chips.
The response of filter 1, without resistors, is given in Fig. 5.
Compared with [1], the stop-band level has been decreased
from 233 to 254 dB, and the upper pass-band limit
improved from 6.3 to 8.9 GHz. In filter 2, with 4.7 V resistors,
the attenuation is increased from 250 to 267 dB, and stop-
band limit from 5.6 to 8.8 GHz. A 5% frequency error
present in [1, 10, 21, 22] has been resolved by using the new
values of relative permittivity.
The average deterioration in pass-band loss due to the
resistors was confirmed to be 0.03 dB by comparing pass-band
magnitude before and after changing from 0 V bridges to the
4.7 V resistors (Fig. 6(b)), in the earlier run where the chips
 6 frederick huang

Dimensions in guided
wavelengths

0.21 × 0.05

0.29 × 0.25
0.07 × 0.08

0.29 × 0.25

0.85 × 0.18
1.5 × 0.15

1.0 × 0.17
0.5 × 0.5

0.4 × 0.5
0.7 × 0.4

1.5 × 0.4
Stop-band
limit†

5.2f0
4.5f0
2.5f0
3.0f0
3.2f0
4.3f0
9.4f0

2.4f0
2.8f0

5.6f0
8.8f0
Stop-band attenuation
Table 1. Some wide pass-band filters with harmonic suppression (partly taken from [1]).

(dB)

15
20
28
31
37
38
40

48
50

50
67
order
Filter

5
2
3
5
5
4
7

5
5

6
6
Pass-band width
(%)

95
28
30
97
22
46
20

30
22

42
42
Center frequency f0
(GHz)

5.8
2.2
3.3
6.6

2.5
1
1
1

1
1

Fig. 8. The fully assembled filter 2 (filter 1 is similar). Inset (blue) shows a
resonator formed in the groove between a screw and a spacer.
w/h or g/h∗

Smallest width-to-substrate-thickness or gap-to-thickness ratio.

0.08

0.11

0.13

were not inverted. This measurement was not repeated for

0.7
0.2
0.4
0.3

0.4

0.2
0.2
1§

}Stepped impedance resonator and interdigital capacitor.

flip chips because of likely damage from repeated soldering.

A typical network analyzer drift over the time taken to
2.5

3.6
4.7

4.4
1r

re-solder the resistors is 0.007 dB. The box walls were not
10
11

10

10

10
10
3

yet assembled, to allow rapid re-soldering of the resistors.

S11 and S22 are included in Fig. 6(b); they are not identical
Step impedance/capacitive

Stagger tuning with stubs/

because the filter is lossy and not perfectly symmetrical.

Stagger tuning with stubs

§Estimated from a small photograph.

Mechanism

†The center of the pass band is f0.

Position of tap input

Line width notches

Loaded 908 line

Loaded 908 line

Loaded 908 line

SIR and IDC}

‡DC band not suppressed.

Combination
Combination

VI. COMPARISONS WITH RECENT

resistors
loading

WORK

The filters were made similar to [1], so that valid comparisons

can be made. A crude figure of merit can be obtained consid-
This work

ering two reference filters each with stop-band width Bs and

[31]‡

[33]‡

attenuation as dB, separated by an isolator (which allows the

[32]

[34]
[10]
[35]
[24]

[36]
[28]
Ref

[1]

signal to pass in one direction only). If the two stop bands are
∗

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 microstrip band-pass filter with 267 db stop band up to 8.8 times the pass-band center frequency
adjacent, the combined stop-band width is 2Bs, and a new filter
with width 2Bs should have twice the figure of merit of a refer-
ence filter. If the two reference filters have coincident pass bands,
then the attenuation is 2as dB, and a new filter with this level of
attenuation should also have twice the figure of merit. The 2as
dB applies only if the worst-case peaks of the two reference
filters are coincident. If the isolator is also omitted, the reference
filters are not terminated with 50 V (or other system imped-
ance) in the stop band and the attenuation may be much less.
Subject to these limitations, a figure of merit is asBs/f0, where
the pass-band center frequency could optionally be included
to allow comparison of frequency-scaled filters.
One of the main original improvements of this work com-
pared with [1] is the introduction of the step-impedance pads
to the combination of suppression methods; on their own they
contribute an estimated 37 GHz-dB (arbitrary units) of add-
itional attenuation (Fig. 6(a)). This compares favorably
against a typical improvement by suppressing one harmonic
using one suppression method, which offers a similar suppres-
sion to the 0.8 GHz by 29 dB rectangle near 9 GHz in Fig. 6(a),
an area of 23 GHz-dB; the step-impedance pads increase
attenuation by one-and-a-half times more than this.
This figure is dwarfed by the overall improvement in the two
filters, which have a figure of merit 2.4 times the corresponding
filters in [1]. Except for the more complex shape, there are no
changes in technological requirements, for example,
minimum line widths. Other previous harmonic suppression
techniques available in the literature are compared in Table 1.
Some of the data are very approximate, having been read off
graphs and photographs, or estimated from other data. In
some cases, the stop-band limit is the highest frequency given
in a graph, which may not do justice to the filter. The present
filter 2 has by far the highest stop-band attenuation, and
nearly the highest stop-band limit. The relatively large size
and long, thin shape are a price for the higher performance.
Finally, in filter 1, the ratio of stop-band depth to pass-band
loss (in dB) is 54. Cascading a second such filter, using an
isolator as above, the stop-band and pass-band losses increase
in the same ratio. However, when adding the resistors, the
ratio of the increases is 400:1; the resistors increase stop-
band depth without unduly increasing pass-band loss or sub-
strate area, subject to diminishing returns as noted in [1].
VII. CONCLUSION
Spurious responses for wide band microstrip filters were effect-
ively suppressed with a new combination of techniques, giving a
greater stop-band width and attenuation. The advantage of a
step-impedance pad was also discussed. The filters are larger
than chip filters, but compared with other distributed filters,
the resonators are significantly smaller than a quarter wave-
length, instead of the typical half-wavelength. The pads have
narrow waists which allow space for the resonators, shortening
the filter compared with [1]. There is scope for reducing the
width of the filter further by finding more compact pads.
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 8 frederick huang
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Frederick Huang received the B.A. and
D. Phil degrees in Engineering Science
from the University of Oxford in 1980
and 1984. From 1989 to 2015, he was a
lecturer with the University of Birming-
ham, where after retirement he became
an honorary research fellow.
Previous research interests are sur-
face acoustic wave (SAW) dot array
pulse compressors, analogue voice scramblers, Langmuir-
Blodgett films, SAW and superconducting linear phase and
chirp filter synthesis using inverse scattering, slow-wave struc-
tures, superconducting quasi-lumped element filters, switched
filters and delay lines, together with microstrip and waveguide
discontinuities. The main current interests are spiral band-
pass filters and filter harmonic suppression.
Dr. Huang is a member of the IET (UK).