TRANSMISSION LINES

• A system of conductors having a precise

geometry and arrangement, which is used
to transfer energy from one point to
another with minimum losses.
 GENERAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSMISSION LINE

Where:
C = Capacitance (F/unit length)
- two conductors separated by an insulator

R = Resistance (Ω/unit length)

- the opposition to current flow

L = Inductance (H/unit length)

- self inductance of the current-carrying conductor

G = Conductance (S/unit length)

- leakage current due to the imperfection of the insulating material
 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE /
SURGE IMPEDANCE
• The impedance seen looking into an
infinitely long transmission line or the
impedance seen looking into a finite length
of line that is terminated in a purely
resistive load equal to the characteristic
impedance of the line.
Example:
Example:
6.3 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINE

A. PARALLEL-WIRE / BALANCED
TRANSMISSION LINE
for a parallel- wire line
B. COAXIAL/ UNBALANCED
TRANSMISSION LINE
Where:
L = inductance per unit length (H/m)
C = capacitance per unit length (H/m)
D = inside diameter of the outer conductor
d = outside diameter of the inner conductor
Example:
A very low-loss coaxial cable has 20pF/ft of distributed capacitance and
112.5 nH/ft of inductance. Calculate the following:

a) the capacitance of a 4-ft length of this line used as an

oscilloscope probe.
b) the characteristic impedance.
c) the velocity of propagation
d) the ratio of shield diameter to center conductor diameter of
the coax

SOLUTION:
a)
b)

c)
Example:
Calculate the characteristic impedance of an open-wire
transmission line consisting of two wires with a diameter
0.5mm and a separation of 2 cm.
SOLUTION:
Example:
A coaxial line with an outer diameter of 5 mm
has 75 Ω characteristic impedance. If the
dielectric constant of the insulation is 1.75,
calculate the inner diameter.
SOLUTION:
For a coaxial line,

Where:
D = inside diameter of the outer conductor
d = outside diameter of the inner conductor
C. SINGLE- WIRE LINE

Where:
Zo = characteristic impedance of the single wire line
h = height from the ground
d = conductor diameter
Parallel wire line,
6.5 Propagation Constant
• Used to express the attenuation and the
phase shift per unit length in a
transmission line.
Where
= complex propagation constant
𝛂 = attenuation constant/coefficient
𝛃 = phase shift constant/coefficient

For a lossless line, where 𝛂 = 0

= j𝛃
From,

When R=0, and G=0, will be

But

Where
v = velocity of propagation
L = series inductance
C = shunt capacitance
6.6 Wavelength
• The distance traveled by a point in a periodic TEM
wave in the time required to complete one cycle.

Where
λ = wavelength
v = velocity of propagation in the actual
medium
f = frequency of the signal
Where:
k = velocity factor

Also,

Where:
v = velocity of propagation in the actual medium
c = velocity of propagation in free space
Example:
(ECE Board Problem, April 2003) Calculate the actual length in feet of a
half wavelength coax with velocity factor of 0.63 at 28MHz.
SOLUTION:

the half-wavelength will be

In ft, the wavelength is

6.7 Three Possibilities in a Transmission Line
6.8 Reflection Coefficient
-a vector quantity that represents the ratio of
reflected voltage to incident voltage.

or
Also,
Example
Example
6.9 Standing Wave
The interference pattern made by two sets of
waves traveling in the opposite direction
Conventional Representation of Standing Waves
(Open Circuited Line)

Conventional Representation of Standing Waves

(Short Circuited Line)
6.11 SWR FOR SPECIAL CASES
A matched line
SWR = 1
Short circuit line
SWR =
Open-circuit line
SWR =
Example:
• Calculate the SWR for a transmission line with
maximum voltage standing – wave amplitude
of 7.5V and minimum voltage standing – wave
amplitude of 0.15V
Solution:
Example:
• Find the SWR on a transmission line having a
maximum rms current of 1.75A and a
minimum of 0.9A at different points on the
line.
Solution

Also,
For purely resistive load,

(whichever is greater or equal to 1)

Where:
SWR = standing wave ratio
RL = load resistance
Zo = characteristic impedance
Example:
• What is the SWR for a 75Ω transmission line
that is terminated in a load resistance of 50 Ω?
Solution:
6.12 Power Reflection Coefficient

Where:
= power reflection coefficient
= voltage reflection coefficient
= reflected power
= incident power
Example:
A transmitter delivers 100W into a 75Ω lossless
line that is terminated with an antenna that has
an impedance of 50 Ω , resistive.
a) Find the coefficient of a reflection
b) How much of the power actually reaches the
antenna?
Solution:
 6.13 TRANSMISSION LINE INPUT
IMPEDANCE
ZIN = ZO
Where:
ZIN = input impedance at a distance s from the load
ZL = load impedance
Zo = characteristic impedance
= propagation costant
s = distance from te load
 For a lossless line:

ZIN = ZO

Where:
ZIN = input impedance at a distance s from the load
ZL = load impedance
Zo = characteristic impedance
β = phase shift costant
s = distance from the load
Example:
Find the input impedance of a transmission line
4.3λ long when Zo = 100 Ω and ZL = 200-j150 Ω.

SOLUTION:
ZIN = ZO

ZIN = 100

ZIN = 41.09 + j56.64 Ω

Example:
Calculate the impedance of a line 685 electric
degrees long Zo = 75 Ω and ZL = 50-j75 Ω.
SOLUTION:
ZIN = ZO

ZIN = 75

ZIN = 23.97 + j19.81 Ω

For a matched line:
ZIN = ZO
Example:
A 7-km lossless line is used to couple the output
of the transmitter to a 50-Ω (resistive) antenna.
What is the input impedance on this line at a
distance of 2m from the transmitter if Zo = 50 Ω
SOLUTION:
Since ZL = ZO and the line is lossless,
ZIN at any distance is also ZO
ZIN = 50 Ω
 For a shorted line:
ZIN(SC) = jZOtanβs

Where:
ZIN = input impedance for a short-circuited
line
Zo = characteristic impedance of the line
βs = electrical length of the line
Input Impedance of an open circuited
line:
ZIN(OC) = -jZOcotβs

Where:
ZIN = input impedance for an open-circuited line
Zo = characteristic impedance of the line
βs = electrical length of the line
Solving for an unknown
characteristic impedance:
ZO =
Where:
Zo = characteristic impedance
Zsc = short-circuited impedance
Zoc = open-circuited impedance
 Input Impedance of a λ/2 line:
ZIN = ZL
Where:
ZIN = input impedance at a distance λ/2 from the
load
ZL = load impedance
 Input Impedance of a λ/4 line:

ZIN =
also

Zo(λ/4)=
Where:
Zo(λ/4)= characteristic impedance of λ/4 section of
the line
ZO = characteristic impedance of the main line
ZL = load impedance
6.14 TRANSMISSION LINE
SECTION EQUIVALENCY
(SHORTED AND OPEN)
Example:
Calculate the length of an open circuited 50- Ω line necessary to simulate a
capacitance of 50pF at 500 MHz.
SOLUTION:
For an open-circuited line
ZIN(OC) = -jZOcotβs s = 0.2298 λ

-jxC =

tan = 2π(50)(500M)(50p)

S = (arctan(2π(50 )(500M)(50p)))
6.15 MATCHING NETWORKS
A. QUARTER-WAVE TRANSFORMER
inserted at the point along the line where the impedance is purely resistive.
CASE I:
ZL is purely resistive but not equal to Zo
Where:
ZOT = characteristic
impedance of the
quarter-wave
transformer
ZO = characteristic
impedance of the
main line
RL = load
resistance
CASE II:
ZL is complex.
The position of Vmin in
the standing wave
pattern will denote the
location of RIN(min).
B. STUB MATCHING
CASE I:
ZL is complex but RL is equal
to ZO.
Series Short Circuit Stub ZINS = - jX

jZOStanβs = - jX

Where:
ZINS = input impedance of the
stub
s = length of the stub
ZOS = characteristic
impedance of the stub
Series Open Circuit Stub

Where:

ZINS = input impedance of the stub

s = length of the stub
ZOS = characteristic impedance of
the stub