BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

CHAPTER 11 DIGITAL T-CARRIERS AND MULTIPLEXING

# DEFINITIONS TERMS

Transmission of information from one or more source

1) To one or more destination over the same Multiplexing
transmission medium (facility).

Unsophisticated form of multiplexing that simply

constitutes propagating signals from different sources Space-Division
2)
of different cables that are contained within the Multiplexing
same trench.

3) Considered as transmission medium. Trench

Form of phase-division multiplexing (PDM) where to

4) date channels (the I and Q) modulate the same QPSK
carrier frequency that has been shifted 90◦ in phase.

5) Modulates a sine wave carrier. I – Channel Bits

6) Modulates a cosine wave carrier. Q – Channel Bits

Time-Division
Multiplexing;
Three most predominant methods of multiplexing Frequency-Division
7)
signals. Multiplexing;
Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing

Transmissions from multiple sources occur on the

8) Time-Division Multiplexing
same but not on the same time.

Most prevalent encoding technique used for TDM

9) PCM
digital signals.

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Use an 8-kHz sample rate and an eight-bit PCM

10) DS-O Channel
code, which produces a 64 kbps PCM line speed.

Simply an electronically controlled digital switch with

11) Multiplexer
two inputs and one outputs.

12) One eight-bit PCM code from each channel TDM Frame
(16 total bits).

13) Time it takes to transmit one TDM frame. Frame Time

A communications system that uses digital pulses

14) Digital Carrier System
rather than analog signals to encode information.

Specifies a digital carrier system using PCM encoded

15) TI or Transmission One
analog signals.

16) Voice band channel bandwidth. 300 Hz to 3000 Hz

17) Special conditioned cables. TI Lines

Used to maintain frame and sample synchronization

18) Framing Bit
between TDM transmitter & receiver.

PCM encoders & decoders with a seven-bit

19) Digital Channel Banks
magnitude.

Supervision between telephone offices, such as on

20) Signaling
hook, off hook, dial pulsing, and so forth.

21) Only seven-bit resolution. Signaling Frame

Extended Super Frame

22)
Consist of 24 193 bit frames, totaling 4632 bits, of Format
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which 24 are framing bits.

CRC-6
23) Used for an error detection code. ( Cyclic Redundancy
Checking )

24) Signaling bit in frame 6. A Bit

25) Signaling bit in frame 12. B Bit

26) Signaling bit in frame 18. C Bit

27) Signaling bit in frame 24. D Bit

Digital interface that provides the physical Data Service Unit /

28)
connection to a digital carrier network. Channel Service Unit

Upgrade from one level in the hierarchy to the next Multiplexers /

29)
higher level. Demultiplexers

Provides a convenient place to make patchable

30) inter connects and perform routine maintenance & Digital Cross Connect
trouble shooting.

Provides frequency shifting for the master group

31) Signal Processor
signals.

Low quality video transmission for use between non-

32) Picturephone
dedicated subscribers.

Identify when transitions occur in the data and

33) Three-Bit Code
whether that transition is from a 1 to a 0 or vice versa.

34) First bit of the code. Address Bit

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35) Converting standard logic levels. Digital Line Encoding

Involves the transmission of only a single nonzero

36) Unipolar
voltage level.

Two nonzero voltages are involved ( a positive

37) voltage for a logic 1 and an equal-magnitude Bipolar
negative voltage for a logic 0 or vice versa).

38) Categorize the type of transmission. Duty Cycle

39) Maintained the entire bit time. Nonreturn to Zero

40) Less than 100% of the bit time. Return to Zero

Produces a condition in which a receive may lose its

41) amplitude reference for optimum discrimination DC Wandering
between received 1’s & o’s.

Popular type of line encoding that produces a strong

42) timing component for clock recovery and does not Digital Biphase
cause dc wandering.

Uses one cycle of a square wave at 0◦ phase to

43) represent a logic 1 and one cycle of a square wave Biphase
at 180◦ phase to represent a logic 0.

Used for encoding SMPTE(Society of Motion Picture

44) and Tele vision Engineers) time-code data for Biphase M
recording on videotapes.

Commonly called the Manchester Code and

45) specified in IEEE standard 802.3 for Ethernet local Biphase L
area networks.

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Forms of delay-modulated codes where a logic 1

condition produces a transition in the middle of the
46) clock pulse, and a logic 0 produces no transition at Miller Codes
the end of the clock intervals unless followed by
another logic 0.

Used for the transmission of PCM-encoded time-

47) T Carriers
division multiplexed digital signals.

Filters and shapes the incoming digital signal and

Amplifier /
48) raise its power level so that the regenerator circuit
Equalizer
can make a pulse-no pulse decision.

Recovery circuit reproduces the cocking information

from the received data and provides the proper
49) timing information to the regenerator so that samples Timing Clock
can be made at the optimum time, minimizing the
chance of an error occurring.

A threshold detector that compares the sampled

50) voltage received to a reference level and Regenerative Repeater
determines whether the bit is a logic 1 or a logic 0.

51) Different version of T carriers used in Europe. E-Lines

Used for frame alignment pattern and for an alarm

52) Time Slot 0
channel.

Added-Digit Framing
Robbed-digit framing
53) Digital carrier frame synchronization. Added-channel framing
Statistical framing
Unique-line code framing

Methods of Interleaving PCM transmissions: Bit Interleaving

54)
Word Interleaving

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Used more often for the transmission of data when

Statistical Time-Division
55) they are called asynchronous TDM, intelligent TDM, or
Multiplexing
simply stat muxs.

Large-scale integration (LSI) chip designed for use in

56) the telecommunications industry for private branch CODEC
exchanges.

Analog Sampling;
57) Three functions of codec. Encoding / Decoding;
Digital Companding

Used to gate the PCM word onto the PCM highway

58) Time Slot Strobe Buffer
when an external buffer is used to drive the line.

Data are input and output for a single channel in a

59) Burst Mode
short burst.

Allows for a flexible data input and output clock Variable-Data-Rate

60)
frequency. Mode

Data from the PCM highway are clock into the

61) codec on the next eight consecutive negative Shift Register Mode
transitions of DCLKR.

Multiple sources that originally occupied the same

Frequency Division
62) frequency spectrum are each converted to a
Multiplexing
different frequency.

Process is accomplished without synchronization

63) Stacking
between stations.

Short Haul;
64) AT&T’s communications network is subdivided into 2:
Long Haul

65) Message Channel

Basic building block of the FDM Heirarchy.

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Separate signals with different wavelengths in a

Demultiplexers /
66) manner similar to the way filters separate electrical
Splitters
signals of different frequencies.

Similar to regular multiplexers and demultiplexers Add / Drop

67) except they are located at intermediate points in the Multiplexers /
system. Demultiplexers

Direct signals of a particular wavelength to a specific

68) destination while not separating all the wavelengths WDM Routers
present on the cable.

Enable more efficient utilization of the transmission

69) capabilities of optical fibers by permitting different WDM Couplers
wavelengths to be combined and separated.

Diffraction Grating ;
70) Three basic types of WDM couplers: Prism ;
Dichroic Filter

Multiplexing system similar to conventional time Synchronous Optical

71)
division multiplexing. Network

72) Has a 51.84-Mbps synchronous frame structure. STS-1

73) Second level of SONET multiplexing. OC-48

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