Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
y
Dr Ali Jawarneh
1
Outline
In this chapter we will
• Discuss the following properties of a fluid:
– Density,
Density specific weight
weight, specific gravity
gravity.
– Specific heat, Internal energy and enthalpy.
• Present the equation of state
state.
• Discuss in detail the physical meaning of
viscosity, its definitions, variation, and
applications.
• Present newtonian versus Non-Newtonian
Fluids
• Discuss the properties of elasticity and surface
t
tension.
i
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• Discuss the considerations of vapour pressure.
2.1: Basic Units
• SI (International system):
Length (m), time (s), temperature (K), work &
energy (J) or (N.m), Power (W) or (J/s).
• English system:
Mass: 1slug=14.59 kg, or Ibm=0.4536 kg, or 1
slug=32.2
slug 32.2 Ibm
Length: foot (ft)=30.48 cm
Force: ppound force {{Ibf}=4.448
} N
Temperature: Rankine{oR}=460+oF
T((oF)=1.8
) T((oC)+32
)
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2.2: System; Extensive & Intensive
Properties
• A system is defined as a given quantity of
matter.
• The total mass of a given system is constant,
since it always consists of the same matter.
• Extensive p properties
p are p
properties
p related to
the total mass of the system,example: M, W.
• Intensive p properties
p are p
properties
p
independent of the amount of fluid, example: p,
T, ρ.
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5
2.3: properties Involving the Mass or Weight of
the Fluid
- Mass Density, ρ
• The mass density (or simply density) is the
mass per unit volume.
• It is represented by the symbol (ρ) and has a
unit of kg/m3.
• Density of water at 4°C = 1000 kg/m3.
• Density of air at 20°C and standard pressure
1 2 kg/m3.
= 1.2
• Values densities of common fluids are given
in tables A.2 – A.5 in the textbook.
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- Specific Weight
• The specific weight is simply the weight per
unit
nit volume.
ol me
• It is represented by the symbol (γ) and has a
unit of N/m3.
γ =ρ g
• The specific weight of water at 20°C = 9.79
9 79
kN/m3.
• The specific weight of air at 20
20°C
C and
standard pressure = 11.8 N/m3.
• See tables A-3 to A-5
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- Specific Gravity
• Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific
weight
g of a given
g fluid to the specific
p weight
g
of water at a standard reference temperature.
p
• Specific gravity
g y is represented
p by
y the symbol
y
(S) or sp.gr. or SG and is dimensionless.
γ fluid ρ fluid
S= =
γ water ρ water
p of 4 oC,,
• At standard reference temp
γwater=9810 N/m3
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- The Equation of State
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Density {at standard atm press and
15 oC,
C Table A A-2}
2}
11
Density
y (Air)
( ) {{Table A.3}}
12
Density
y ((Water,, Table A.5))
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2.4: Properties Involving the Flow of Heat
- Specific Heat
• The specific heat (c) is the amount of thermal
energ that must
energy m st be transferred to a unit
nit
mass of a substance to raise its temperature
byy one degree.
g
• It is a measure of the capacity of a substance
to store thermal energy.
• It is given in units of J/kg.K.
• Specific heat can be given at constant
pressure (cp)or
) att constant
t t volume
l (cv).
)
• The ratio cp/cv.is given by the symbol (k) and
is always constant for a given gas
gas.
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- Specific Internal Energy
• The specific internal energy (u) is the energy
that a substance possesses per unit mass
because of the state of the molecular activity
in the substance
substance.
- Specific Enthalpy
• Specific
S th l (h) iis given
ifi enthalpy i as h=
h u + p/ρ
/
• Both of u and h are given in J/kg.
• For id l gas u and
F an ideal d h are function
f ti off
temperature alone.
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2.5: Viscosity
• A fl
fluid
id is
i a substance
b t that
th t deforms
d f
continuously when subjected to a
shear stress
stress.
• Shear stress in a viscous fluid is
proportional to the time rate of the of
strain as follows:
dV
τ =μ
dy
• τ: shear
h stress,
t μ: dynamic
d i viscosity,
i it
dV/dy: velocity gradient, or time rate of
strain or shear strain
strain,
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Viscosity
y
• μ is the viscosity of the fluid, referred to at
times as dynamic viscosity or absolute
viscosity.
• It is basically defined as the ratio of the
shear stress to the velocity yggradient.
• Thus, the unit used for viscosity is: N.s/m2
• Another unit used for the viscosity is the
poise, which is 0.1 N.s/m2.
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Viscosity
y
18
Viscosity
y
• The velocity distribution in a fluid near a
boundary can be given as follows:
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Viscosity
y
• The previous distribution implies the
following:
– The velocity
y of the fluid is zero at the
boundary (no-slip condition).
– The velocity gradient at the boundary is
finite.
– The velocity gradient becomes less steep
with distance from the boundary; the
maximum shear stress is at the boundary.
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Viscosity
y
• The viscosity of a gas increases with
temperature as given by the
Sutherland’s equation:
3/ 2
μ ⎛T ⎞ To + S
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
μo ⎝ To ⎠ T +S
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Viscosity
y
• In contrast, the viscosity of a liquid
decreases with temperature, according to the
equation:
μ = Ce b /T
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Kinematic Viscosity
y {{Fig.
g A.3}}
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Example: Two plates are separated by 1/4 inch
space. The lo
space lower
er plate is stationar
stationary, the upper
pper
plate moves at a velocity of 10 ft/s. Oil (SAE
10W-30
10W 30, 150 oF) which fills the space
space. The
variation in velocity of the oil is linear. What is
the shear stress in the oil?
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Solution:
From Figure A.2: μ = 5 .2 x 10 −4 Ib.s/ft 2
dV ΔV 10
= = = 480
dy Δy ( 1 / 4 ) / 12
dV
τ=μ 0 − 4 x 480
= 5 .2 x 10 80 = 0 .250
50 Ib/ft
b/ft 2
dy
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Solution: μ = 7 x10 −3 N.s/m 2
W sin 20o = Fshear
dV
τ =μ
dy
dV VT
= = 200 000VT
dy ( 0.005 / 1000 )
τ = 1400VT
200 200
Fshear = τ A = 1400VT )( x ) = 56VT
1000 1000
p
paints
mixture of glass
particles in
water
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2.6: Elasticity
• Th
The bulk
b lk modulus
d l off water
t is
i around
d 2.2
22
GN/m2, corresponding to a change of 0.05%
in volume for a change
g of 1 MPa.
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Elasticity
y
• The elasticity of an ideal gas is
proportional to pressure.
• For an isothermal process:
p
Eν = ρ R T = p
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2.7- Surface Tension, σ
• Theory of molecular attraction: molecules of
liquid below the surface act on each other by
f
forces th
thatt are equall in
i all
ll direction.
di ti
However, molecules near the surface have a
greater attraction for each other than they
g y do
for molecules below the surface.
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Cavitation
• As these bubbles
move to the higher
pressure region they
collapse.
collapse
• This can cause
excessive intermittent
pressures that can
cause severe damage g
to moving parts.
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