1. A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure limits.

The
thermal efficiency of the cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise of the cooling water
are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 )
3
( ) ⎛ 1 kJ
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (7,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎞
⎟
⎟
7 MPa
⎝ ⎠ qin
= 7.06 kJ/kg 2
10 kPa
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 7.06 = 198.87 kJ/kg 1 4
qout
P3 = 7 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3411.4 kJ/kg s
⎬
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.8000 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 6.8000 − 0.6492
⎬ x4 = = = 0.8201
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 7.4996
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.81 + (0.8201)(2392.1) = 2153.6 kJ/kg
Thus,
q in = h3 − h2 = 3411.4 − 198.87 = 3212.5 kJ/kg
q out = h4 − h1 = 2153.6 − 191.81 = 1961.8 kJ/kg
wnet = q in − q out = 3212.5 − 1961.8 = 1250.7 kJ/kg
and
wnet 1250.7 kJ/kg
η th = = = 38.9%
q in 3212.5 kJ/kg
W&net 45,000 kJ/s
(b) m& = = = 36.0 kg/s
wnet 1250.7 kJ/kg
(c) The rate of heat rejection to the cooling water and its temperature rise are
Q& = m& q = (35.98 kg/s )(1961.8 kJ/kg ) = 70,586 kJ/s
out out

Q& out 70,586 kJ/s

ΔTcooling water = = = 8.4°C
(m& c) cooling water (2000 kg/s )(4.18 kJ/kg ⋅ °C)
2. A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The turbine work output and
the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg
T
v 1 = v f @ 20 kPa = 0.001017 m 3 /kg
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 )
3 5

( ) ⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
= 0.001017 m 3 /kg (6000 − 20 kPa )⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎟
6 MPa
= 6.08 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠ 4

h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 251.42 + 6.08 = 257.50 kJ/kg 2

P3 = 6 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3178.3 kJ/kg 20 kPa

⎬
T3 = 400°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.5432 kJ/kg ⋅ K 1 6
s
P4 = 2 MPa ⎫
⎬ h4 = 2901.0 kJ/kg
s 4 = s3 ⎭
P5 = 2 MPa ⎫ h5 = 3248.4 kJ/kg
⎬
T5 = 400°C ⎭ s 5 = 7.1292 kJ/kg ⋅ K
s 6 − s f 7.1292 − 0.8320
P6 = 20 kPa ⎫ x 6 = = = 0.8900
⎬ s fg 7.0752
s 6 = s5 ⎭
h6 = h f + x 6 h fg = 251.42 + (0.8900 )(2357.5) = 2349.7 kJ/kg
The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency are determined from
wT,out = (h3 − h4 ) + (h5 − h6 ) = 3178.3 − 2901.0 + 3248.4 − 2349.7 = 1176 kJ/kg
and
q in = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3178.3 − 257.50 + 3248.4 − 2901.0 = 3268 kJ/kg
wnet = wT ,out − w p ,in = 1176 − 6.08 = 1170 kJ/kg
Thus,
wnet 1170 kJ/kg
η th = = = 0.358 = 35.8%
q in 3268 kJ/kg
3. A steam power plant that operates on an ideal reheat Rankine cycle between the specified pressure limits is
considered. The pressure at which reheating takes place, the total rate of heat input in the boiler, and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = hsat @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg T
v 1 = v sat @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg 3 5
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) 15
( 3
) ⎛ 1 kJ
= 0.00101 m /kg (15,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎞
⎟
⎟
4
= 15.14 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
2
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 15.14 = 206.95 kJ/kg
10 kPa
P3 = 15 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3310.8 kJ/kg 1 6
⎬ s
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.3480 kJ/kg ⋅ K

P6 = 10 kPa ⎫ h6 = h f + x 6 h fg = 191.81 + (0.90 )(2392.1) = 2344.7 kJ/kg

⎬
s6 = s5 ⎭ s 6 = s f + x 6 s fg = 0.6492 + (0.90 )(7.4996 ) = 7.3988 kJ/kg ⋅ K
T5 = 500°C ⎫ P5 = 2150 kPa (the reheat pressure)
⎬
s5 = s6 ⎭ h5 = 3466.61 kJ/kg
P4 = 2.15 MPa ⎫
⎬ h4 = 2817.2 kJ/kg
s 4 = s3 ⎭
(b) The rate of heat supply is
Q& in = m& [(h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 )]
= (12 kg/s )(3310.8 − 206.95 + 3466.61 − 2817.2)kJ/kg
= 45,039 kW
(c) The thermal efficiency is determined from
Q& = m& (h − h ) = (12 kJ/s )(2344.7 − 191.81)kJ/kg = 25,835 kJ/s
out 6 1
Thus,
Q& out 25,834 kJ/s
η th = 1 − = 1− = 42.6%
Q& 45,039 kJ/s
in
4. A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with two open feedwater heaters. The net
power output of the power plant and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis

7
Turbine 7
Boiler
8 6 10 MPa
10 5 0.6 MPa 8
6 4
9 y 1-y
3 0.2 MPa
2 9
fwh II fwh I Condenser
1-y-z
5 kPa
4 2 10
1 1
5 3
P III P II PI s

(a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 5 kPa = 137.75 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 5 kPa = 0.001005 m 3 /kg
( ) ⎛ 1 kJ
w pI ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) = 0.001005 m 3 /kg (200 − 5 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎞
⎟ = 0.20 kJ/kg
⎟
h =h +w = 137.75 + 0.20 = 137.95 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
2 1 pI ,in

P3 = 0.2 MPa ⎫ h3 = h f @ 0.2 MPa = 504.71 kJ/kg

⎬
⎭ v 3 = v f @ 0.2 MPa = 0.001061 m /kg
3
sat.liquid

( ) ⎛ 1 kJ
w pII ,in = v 3 (P4 − P3 ) = 0.001061 m 3 /kg (600 − 200 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎞
⎟
⎟
= 0.42 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
h4 = h3 + w pII ,in = 504.71 + 0.42 = 505.13 kJ/kg

P5 = 0.6 MPa ⎫ h5 = h f @ 0.6 MPa = 670.38 kJ/kg

⎬
⎭ v 5 = v f @ 0.6 MPa = 0.001101 m /kg
3
sat.liquid

( ) ⎛ 1 kJ
w pIII ,in = v 5 (P6 − P5 ) = 0.001101 m 3 /kg (10,000 − 600 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎞
⎟
⎟
= 10.35 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠

h6 = h5 + w pIII ,in = 670.38 + 10.35 = 680.73 kJ/kg

P7 = 10 MPa ⎫ h7 = 3625.8 kJ/kg

⎬
T7 = 600°C ⎭ s 7 = 6.9045 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P8 = 0.6 MPa ⎫
⎬ h8 = 2821.8 kJ/kg
s8 = s 7 ⎭
s9 − s f 6.9045 − 1.5302
P9 = 0.2 MPa ⎫ x 9 = = = 0.9602
⎬ s fg 5.5968
s9 = s7 ⎭
h9 = h f + x 9 h fg = 504.71 + (0.9602 )(2201.6 ) = 2618.7 kJ/kg
5. An ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater heater is considered. The work produced by the
turbine, the work consumed by the pumps, and the heat added in the boiler are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 20 kPa = 0.001017 m 3 /kg 4
Turbine
wp,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 )
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
= (0.001017 m 3 /kg )(3000 − 20)kPa ⎜ ⎟ 5
⎝ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎠
= 3.03 kJ/kg Boiler 6
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 251.42 + 3.03 = 254.45 kJ/kg

P4 = 3000 kPa ⎫ h4 = 3116.1 kJ/kg Condenser

⎬ 7 8
T4 = 350°C ⎭ s 4 = 6.7450 kJ/kg ⋅ K
Closed
P5 = 1000 kPa ⎫ fwh
1
⎬ h5 = 2851.9 kJ/kg Pump
s5 = s 4 ⎭ 3 2
s6 − s f 6.7450 − 0.8320
P6 = 20 kPa ⎫ x 6 = = = 0.8357
⎬ s 7.0752
s6 = s 4 fg
⎭ h = h + x h = 251.42 + (0.8357)(2357.5) = 2221.7 kJ/kg
6 f 6 fg

For an ideal closed feedwater heater, the feedwater is

heated to the exit temperature of the extracted steam, which
ideally leaves the heater as a saturated liquid at the T
extraction pressure.
P7 = 1000 kPa ⎫ h7 = 762.51 kJ/kg 4
⎬
x7 = 0 ⎭ T7 = 179.9°C 3 MPa
h8 = h7 = 762.51 kJ/kg qin
P3 = 3000 kPa 3 1 MPa y
⎫
⎬ h = 763.53 kJ/kg 2 5
T3 = T7 = 209.9°C ⎭ 3 7
8 20 kPa 1-y
An energy balance on the heat exchanger gives the
fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = m& 5 / m& 4 ) 1 qout 6
for closed feedwater heater: s
∑ m& i hi = ∑ m& e he
m& 5 h5 + m& 2 h2 = m& 3 h3 + m& 7 h7
yh5 + 1h2 = 1h3 + yh7
Rearranging,
h3 − h2 763.53 − 254.45
y= = = 0.2437
h5 − h7 2851.9 − 762.51
Then,
wT,out = h4 − h5 + (1 − y )(h5 − h6 ) = 3116.1 − 2851.9 + (1 − 0.2437)(2851.9 − 2221.7) = 740.9 kJ/kg
wP,in = 3.03 kJ/kg
q in = h4 − h3 = 3116.1 − 763.53 = 2353 kJ/kg
Also, wnet = wT,out − wP,in = 740.9 − 3.03 = 737.8 kJ/kg
wnet 737.8
η th = = = 0.3136
q in 2353