PIPE_EXAMINATION (30 ITEMS)_Solution

1. A 23.5 kg of steam per second at 5 MPa and 400C is produced by a steam generator. The feedwater enters the economizer
at 145C and leaves at 205C. The steam leaves the boiler drum with a quality of 98%. The unit consumes 2.75 kg of coal
per second as received having a heating value of 25,102 kJ/kg. What would be the over-all efficiency of the unit in percent?
Steam properties:
At 5 MPa and 400C : At 205C :
h = 3195.7 kJ/kg hf = 875.04 kJ/kg
At 5 MPa : At 145C:
hf = 1154. 23 kJ/kg hf = 610.63 kJ/kg
hfg = 1640.1 kJ/kg

A. 65 C. 88 *
B. 95 D. 78


Heat A bsorbed ms (h 2  h1 )
Efficiency = =
Heat Supplied mf Qh

23.5(3195.7  610.63)
=
(2.75)(25, 102)
thus;
 e = 0.88 or 88 %

2. Steam enters a throttling calorimeter at a pressure of 1.03 MPa. The calorimeter downstream pressure and temperature are
respectively 0.100 Mpa and 125C. What is the percentage moisture of the supply steam?
Properties of Steam:
P1 (Mpa) hfg (kJ/kg) hg (kJ/kg)

1.03 2010.7 2779.25

Note: At 0.100 MPa and 125C, h = 2726.6 kJ/kg
A. 2.62 * C. 3.15
B. 5.21 D. 1.98



y = 100 – x
Solving for x:
1.03 Mpa 0.100 Mpa, 125C
hf1 = 2779.25 – 2010.7
 
= 768.55
h1 = h 2
(hf + xhfg)1= h2
768.55 + x(2010.7) = 2726.6
x = 0.9738
= 97.38
thus;
y = 100 – 97.38
 y = 2.62 %

3. A thermal power plant generates 4000 kW and 400 kW for auxiliaries. Determine the net thermal efficiency if the heat
generated by fuel is 15000 kW.
A. 24 % * C. 28 %
B. 26 % D. 30 %



4000  400
enet =
15000
thus;
 eth = 0.24 or 24 %
 4. Dry saturated steam at 5.5 bar (0.55 MPa) is expanded isentropically to 0.2 bar, find the dryness fraction of the steam at the
end of the expansion.
Steam Properties:

At 5.5 bar (0.55 MPa) At 0.20 bar (0.020 MPa)

Sg = 6.790 kJ/kg Sf = 0.832 kJ/kg.K
Sfg = 7.075 kJ/kg.K

A. 74.58 % C. 84.22 % *
B. 87.58 % D. 74.54 %



Entropy after expansion = Entropy before expansion

0.832 + x ( 7.075 ) = 6.79
thus;
 x = 0.8422 or 84.22 %

5. Two boilers of equal evaporative capacities generate steam at the same pressure of 15 bar (1.5 MPa) to a common pipe
line. One boiler produces superheated steam at 150C and the other produces wet steam. If the mixture is just dry and
saturated, find the dryness fraction of the wet steam from the second boiler.
Steam Properties :

At 15 bar (1.5 MPa ) , 250C :

h = 2925 kJ/kg

At 15 bar ( 1.5 MPa )

hf = 845 kJ/kg
hfg = 1947 kJ/kg
hg = 2792 kJ/kg

A. 0.9315 * C. 0.7142
B. 0.8425 D. 0.6573



Enthalphy before mixing = Enthalpy after mixing

2925 + [ 845 + x (1947 ) ] = 2 (2792 )
thus;
 x = 0.9315

6. The turbine work and the pump work in a Rankine cycle are 1200 kJ/kg and 20 kJ/kg respectively. What is the efficiency of
the cycle if the heat generated by the generator is 3000 kJ/kg ?
A. 36.77 % C. 35.45 %
B. 39.33 % * D. 38.32 %



Wt  Wp
ec =
Wgen

1200  20
=
3000
thus;
 ec = 0.3933 or 39.33 %

7. A steam generator has an exit enthalpy of 3500 kJ/kg at the rate of 15 kg/s. Calculate the heat lost between boiler outlet and
turbine inlet if the enthalpy available at the turbine inlet is 3200 kJ/kg.
A. – 4500 kW * C. – 5700 kW
B. – 2500 kW D. – 7650 kW



Q = m ( h 2 – h1 )
= 15 ( 3200 – 3500 )
thus;
 Q = – 4500 kW
 8. During the process of raising steam in a boiler, when the pressure was 1.9 bar gauge the temperature inside the boiler was
130C and when the pressure was 6.25 bar gauge (0.625 MPag) the temperature was 165C. If the volume of the steam
space is constant at 4.25 m3. Calculate the mass of steam.
Steam Properties :
Steam at 130C
P = 2.7 bar
Vg = 0.6686 m3/kg

A. 3.356 kg C. 5.356 kg
B. 4.356 kg D. 6.356 kg *

 

mass steam, m:

m =
g

4.25 m3
m =
0.6686 m3 /kg

thus;
 m = 6.356 kg

9. A six cylinder, four stroke diesel engine with 76 mm bore x 89 mm stroke was run in the laboratory at 2000 rpm, when it was
found that the engine torque was 153.5 N-m with all the cylinders firing but 123 N-m when one cylinder was out. The engine
consumed 12.2 kg of fuel per hour with a heating value of 54,120 kJ/kg of air at 15.6C. Determine the indicated power.
A. 32.1 kW C. 23.3 kW
B. 38.4 kW * D. 48.3 kW


Indicated Power = Brake power + Friction power

Pind = Pb + Pf
Solving for Pb and Pf :
2TN
Pb =
60
2(0.1535)(2 000)
=
60
= 32.15 kW

  5  2(0.123)(20 00) 
Pf = 32.15    (6)
 6 60 
= 6.18 kW
thus;
Pind = 32.15 + 6.18
 Pind = 38.33 kW
10. A 373 kW ( 500 Hp ) internal combustion engine has a brake mean effective pressure of 551.5 kPa at full load. What is the
friction power if mechanical efficiency is 85 %.
A. 88.23 Hp * C. 99.24 Hp
B. 77.23 Hp D. 66.24 Hp



Friction Power = Indicated Power – Brake Power

Pf = Pind – Pb
Solving for Pind :
Pb
em =
Pind

500
0.85 =
Pind

Pind = 588.23 Hp
thus;
Pf = 588.23 – 500
 Pf = 88.23 Hp
 11. A 305 mm x 457 mm four stroke single acting diesel engine is rated at 150 kW at 260 rpm. Fuel consumption at rated load
is 0.26 kg/kW-hr with a heating value of 43,912 kJ/kg. Calculate the brake thermal efficiency.
A. 31.63 % * C. 21.63 %
B. 41.63 % D. 35.63 %



Pb
etb =
m f Qh
Solving for mf :
kg
mf = 0.26 ( 150 kW )
kW  hr
= 39 kg/hr = 0.0108 kg/s

then;
150
etb =
0.0108(43,912)

thus;
 etb = 0.3163 or 31.63 %

12. A four cylinder, 4 stroke cycle, 20 cm x 25 cm x 550 rpm diesel engine has a mean effective pressure of 150 psi. Calculate
the brake power in kW if engine efficiency is 88 %.
A. 131 kW * C. 141 kW
B. 138 kW D. 148 kW



Pb = em Pind
Solving for Indicated power, Pind:
Pind = Pm L A N n

  101.325   (0.2)2   550 

= 150   0.25  (4)
  14.7   4   2(60) 
= 148.875 kW

then;
Pb = (0.88)(148.875)
thus;
 Pb = 131.01 kW

13. If the brake mean effective pressure of a diesel engine is 500 Kpa and the mechanical efficiency is 85%, what is the indicated
mean effective pressure?
A. 588.24 kPa * C. 688.24 kPa
B. 524.88 kPa D. 624.88 kPa



Pmb
em =
Pmi

500
0.85 =
Pmi

thus;
 Pmi = 588.24 kPa

14. Gas is expanded in an engine cylinder following the law PVn = C where the value of n is 1.3. The initial pressure is 2,550 kPa
and the final pressure is 210 kPa. If the volume at the end of expansion is 0.75 m3, calculate the volume at the beginning of
expansion.
A. 0.1099 m3 * C. 0.9019 m3
B. 0.099 m3 D. 0.9910 m3



P1V1n = P2 V2n
(2550)V1n = 210(0.75)1.3
thus;
 V1 = 0.1099 m3
 15. What is the mechanical efficiency of a 0.5 MW diesel engine if the friction power is 70 kW.
A. 87.72 % * C. 89.61 %
B. 84.55 % D. 88.24 %



Pb
em =
Pind

Solving for Pind :

Pind = Pb + Pf
= 500 + 70 kW
= 570 kW
thus;
500
em =
570
 em = 0.8772 or 87.72 %
16. What is the height of the chimney if the driving pressure is 30 Pa and the gas and air densities are 1 kg/m 3 and 1.5 kg/m3
respectively?
A. 50.82 m C. 61.16 m *
B. 71.16 m D. 80.22 m



hw
 H =
a   g

0.30
=
(1.5  1)(0.00981)

thus ;
 H = 61.16 m

17. A 15 kg gas enters a chimney at 10 m/s. If the temperature and pressure of a gas are 26C and 100 kPa respectively, what is
the diameter of the chimney. Use R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K.
A. 1.57 m C. 2.22 m
B. 2.65 m D. 1.28 m *



Q = A Vactual
Solving for Q :
mgR g Tg
Q = Vg =
Pg

15(0.287)(26  273)
=
100
= 12.87 m3/s
then; Substituting:

D2
12.87 = (10)
4
thus;
 D = 1.28 m

18. A 75 MW power plant has an average load of 35,000 kW and a load factor of 65%. Find the reserve over peak.
A. 21.15 MW * C. 25.38 MW
B. 23.41 MW D. 18.75 MW



Reserve over peak = Plant Capacity – Peak Load

Solving for Peak Load:
A v erageLoad
Load Factor =
P eak Load
 35000
0.65 =
P eak Load
Peak Load = 53,846.15 kW = 53.846 MW
then;
Reserve Over Peak = 75 – 53.846
 Reserve Over Peak = 21.15 MW

19. What is the daily average load in a certain power plant if the daily energy produced is 500, 000 kW-hrs.
A. 28.29 MW C. 19.61 MW
B. 30.26 MW D. 20.83 MW *



kW  hrs Energy
Ave. Load =
No. of hrs.
500,000
=
24 hrs
thus;
 = 20,833.33 kW or 20.83 MW

20. A daily load curve which exhibited a 15 minute peak of 150,000 kW is drawn to scales of 1 cm = 3 hrs and 1 cm = 10,000
kW. The area under the curve is measured by a planimeter and found to be 60 cm2. What is the load factor based on the 15
minute peak?

A. 0.50 * C. 0.55
B. 0.75 D. 0.65



A v erageLoad
Load Factor =
P eak Load
Solving for the Average Load :
1 cm2 = 10,000 (3)
= 30,000 kW-hrs
 30,000 kW - hrs   1 day 
Ave. Load = 60 cm2    
 cm2   24 hrs 

= 75,000 kW
75,000
Load Factor =
150,000

thus;
 Load Factor = 0.50

21. A 373 kW ( 500 Hp ) internal combustion engine has a brake mean effective pressure of 551.5 kPa at full load. What is the
friction power if mechanical efficiency is 85 %.
A. 88.23 Hp * C. 99.24 Hp
B. 77.23 Hp D. 66.24 Hp



Friction Power = Indicated Power – Brake Power

Pf = Pind – Pb
Solving for Pind :
Pb
em =
Pind

500
0.86 =
Pind

Pind = 588.23 Hp
thus;
Pf = 588.23 – 500
 Pf = 88.23 Hp
 22. In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5 MPa and condenser of 50 kPa. What is the thermal efficiency of the
cycle ?
Steam Properties: At 2.5 Mpa, hg = 2803.1 kJ/kg, Sg = 6.2575 kJ/kg-K and at 50 kPa, Sf = 1.0910 kJ/kg-K, Sfg = 6.5029 kJ/kg-K, hf =
340.49 kJ/kg, hfg = 2305.4 kJ/kg , vf = 0.0010300 m3/kg.
A. 25.55 % * C. 30.12 %
B. 28.87 % D. 31.79 %



Wnet T
eth =
QA

(h1  h2 )  (h 4  h3 ) 25 MPa

= 
h1  h 4

where:
 
50 kPa
h1 = 2803.1 kJ/kg
h3 = 340.49 kJ/kg S
Solving for h2 and h4 :
S = Sf + xSfg
6.2575 = 1.0910 + x (6.5029)
x = 0.7945
h2 = hf + xhfg
= 340.49 + 0.7945(2305.4)
= 2172.13 kJ/kg
h4 = hf + Vf(P2 – P1)
= 340.49 + 0.00103(2500 – 50)
= 342.98 kJ/kg
thus;
(2803.1  2172.11) (342.98  340.49)
eth =
2803.1 342.98
 eth = 25.55 %

23. In a cogeneration plant, steam enters the turbine at 4 MPa and 400C. One fourth of the steam is extracted from the turbine
at 600 kPa pressure for process heating. The remaining steam continues to expand to 10 Kpa. The extracted steam is then
condensed and mixed with feedwater at constant pressure and the mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure of 4 MPa. The
mass flow rate of the steam through the boiler is 30 kg/s. Disregarding anypressure drops and heat losses in the piping, and
assuming the turbine and pump to be isentropic, how much process heat is required in kW?
Steam properties:
At 4 MPa and 400C: At 600 kPa
h = 3213.6 kJ/kg hf = 670.56 kJ/kg Sf = 1.9312 kJ/kgK
S = 6.7690 kJ/kg-K hfg = 2086.3 kJ/kg Sfg = 4.8288 kJ/kgK
A. 15,646.8 * C. 3,578.5
B. 2,468.2 D. 1,026.90



Q = mp ( h 2 – h 3 )
Solving for h2:
S1 = S 2
S1 = ( Sf + xSfg )2
6.7690 = 1.9312 + x(4.8288) 
x = 1.0 (saturated vapor) 30 kg/s

h2 = hf + xhfg
Wt
= 670.56 + 1.0(2086.3)
 mp
= 2756.9 kJ/kg
h3 = hf at 600 kPa HEATER
To condenser
= 670.56 kJ/kg 
then;
30
Q =  2756.9  670.56 
4
thus;
 Q = 15,647.55 kW
 24. In a geothermal power plant, the mass flow rate of ground water is 400 kg/s and the quality after throttling is 20%. If the
turbine power is 80 MW, what is the change in enthalpy of steam at the inlet and outlet of the turbine ?
A. 1000 kJ/kg * C. 2000 kJ/kg
B. 1500 kJ/kg D. 2500 kJ/kg



W t = ms ( h 3 – h 4 )
Wt = ms h
Solving for ms:
ms = xmg
= 0.20(400)
= 80 kg/s
thus;
80,000 = 80 h
kJ
 h = 1000
kg

25. A coal has the following ultimate analysis:

C = 60 % H2 = 6 % Ash = 5 % S2 = 7 %
N2 = 5 % O2 = 9 % Moisture = 8 %
Determine the actual air-fuel ratio using 20% excess air.
A. 10.66 kg air/kg coal * C. 12.66 kg air/kg coal
B. 11.66 kg air/kg coal D. 9.66 kg air/kg coal


A  O
  = 11.5 C + 34.5  H   + 4.3 S
 F t  8
 0.09 
= 11.5 (0.6) + 34.5  0.06   + 4.3 (0.07)
 8 
kg air
= 8.88
kg coal
A A
  =   (1+e)
 F a  F t
= (8.88)(1.20)

thus;
A kg air
 (A)   = 10.66
 F a kg coal

26. Liquid Octane (C8H18 ) fuel is burned with ideal proportion of air. Calculate the ideal air-fuel ratio by weight.
A. 13.72 kg air/kg fuel C. 15.05 kg air/kg fuel *
B. 14.56 kg air/kg fuel D. 10.69 kg air/kg fuel



The theoretical reaction between fuel and air:

C8H18 + O2 + 3.76aN2 = bCO2 + cH2O + 3.76aN2
Fuel Air Products

Material Balance :
C : 1(8) = b b = 8 kg-mol
H : 1(18) = 2 C c = 9 kg-mol
O : 2a = 2b + C a = 12.5 kg-mol
N : 3.76 a 47 kg mol
then; the balanced theoretical reaction equation:
C8H18 + 12.5 O2  8 CO2 + 9 H2O + 47 N2
thus;
A 12.5(32)  47(28)
 (C)   = = 15.05 kgair/kgfuel
 F t 1(96)  1(18)
 27. The ultimate analysis of coal is given below:
C = 68.5 % S = 1.5 % Ash = 12.0 %
H = 2.5 % O = 3.5 %
Calculate the higher heating value of coal.
A. 25, 300 kJ/kg C. 27,300 kJ/kg
B. 28,300 kJ/kg D. 26,300 kJ/kg *


 O
Qh = 33,820 C + 144,212  H   + 9,304 S
 8
 0.035 
= 33,820(0.685) + 144,212  0.025   + 9,304( 0.015 )
 8 
thus;
 (D) Qh = 26,280.63 kJ/kg

28. A 650 BHP diesel engine uses fuel oil of 28API gravity, fuel consumption is 0.65 lb/BHP-hr. Cost of fuel is P 7.95 per liter.
For continuous operation, determine the minimum volume of cubical day tank in cm3, ambient temperature is 45C.
A. 4,372,890 cm3 C. 5,291,880 cm3 *
B. 5,987,909 cm3 D. 7,352,789 cm3


m
V=

Solving for m:
m = 0.65 (650) = 422.50 lb/hr
= 191.61 kg/hr
Solving for :
141.5
S.G.15.6C = 
A P I 131.5
141.5
=
28  131.5
= 0.887
S.G.45C = S.G.15.6C 1  0.0007t  15.6
= 0.887 [1 – 0.0007(45 – 15.6)]
= 0.869
 = 0.869 ( 1000 kg/m3 )
= 869 kg/m3
then;
191.61
V= = 0.220495 m3/hr
869
V = 5,291,880 cm3/day
thus;
 (C) Vol. of day tank = 5,291,880 cm3

29. Fuel oil in a day tank for use of an industrial boiler is tested with hydrometer. The hydrometer reading indicates a S.G. = 0.924
when the temperature of the oil in the tank is 35C. Calculate the higher heating value of the fuel.
A. 43,852.13 kJ/kg * C. 58,352.13 kJ/kg
B. 53,852.13 kJ/kg D. 48,352.13 kJ/kg


Qh = 41,130 + 139.6 (API)

Solving for API :

S.G.35C = S.G.15.6C [ 1 – 0.0072 ( t – 15.6 ) ]
0.924 = S.G.15.6C [ 1 – 0.0072 ( 35 – 15.6 ) ]
S.G.15.6C = 0.937
141.5
API = – 131.5
S .G . 
15.6 C
141.5
= – 131.5
0.937
= 19.50
thus;
Qh = 41,130 + 139.6 ( 19.50)
 (A) Qh = 43,852.13 kJ/kg
30. There are 20 kg of flue gases formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the combustion of a fuel oil C12H26 . What is the excess air in
percent?
A. 20.17 % C. 27.175% *
B. 16.56 % D. 8.21 %


The combustion equation of C12H26 :
C12H26 + 18.5 O2 + 18.5(3.76) N2  12 CO2 + 13 H2O + 18.5(3.76) N2

A 18.5(32)  18.5(3.76)(28)

  =
F
 t 2(12)  26(1)
kg air
= 14.94
kg fuel
A
  = 20 kg gas - 1 kg fuel
 F a
kg air
= 19
kg fuel
then;
A A
   
 F a  F t
% Excess Air =
A
 
 F t
19  14.94
=
14.94
% Excess Air = 0.27175 or 27.175 %