c08 - Pending 8.36

Revalued data:
Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. The condenser pressure is 4 kPa,
and saturated vapor enters the turbine at 6 MPa.
Solution:
Schematic and given data:
Determine the properties at different states.
State 1: Saturated vapors at p1  6 MPa .
Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to 6 MPa pressure:
T1  Tsat  275.6 C
s1  sg  5.8892 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  2784.3 kJ / kg
State 2: The expansion process through turbine is isentropic that is

s1  s2  5.8892 kJ / kg  K .
Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to p2  4 kPa pressure:

sg  8.4746 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.4426 kJ / kg  K
hg  2554.4 kJ / kg
h f  121.46 kJ / kg
Calculate the quality of mixture at state 2.

s s 5.8892  0.4426
x2  2 f   0.678
sg  s f 8.4746  0.4426
Calculate the enthalpy at state 2.

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 121.46 kJ / kg   0.678  2554.4 kJ / kg  121.46 kJ / kg 
 1771 kJ / kg
State 3: Saturated liquid at p3  p2  4 kPa .
Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to 4 kPa pressure:
s3  s f  0.4226 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  121.46 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.004 103 m3 / kg
State 4: Liquid water at p4  p1  6 MPa .
h4  h3  v3  p4  p3 
103 N / m 2
 121.46 kJ / kg  1.004 103 m3 / kg   6000  4  kPa
1 kJ
1 kPa 10 N  m
3
 127.48 kJ / kg
Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer rate for the control
volume enclosing the boiler:
Q in  m  h1  h4 
Q in
 h1  h4
m
 2784.3 kJ / kg  127.48 kJ / kg
 2656.82 kJ / kg
Thus, the heat transfer rate through the boiler is 2656.82 kJ / kg
Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer rate for the control
volume enclosing the condenser:

Q out  m  h2  h3 
Q out
 h2  h3
m
 1771 kJ / kg  121.46 kJ / kg
 1649.54 kJ / kg
Thus, the heat transfer rate through the condenser is 1649.54 kJ / kg
Calculate the thermal efficiency from the following relation:

 Q out 
  
  1 
m  1649.54
 1  0.379 or 37.9%

 Qin  2656.82
  
 m 
Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 37.9% .

Revalued data:
Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle.Superheated vapor enters the
turbine at 6 MPa, and 440 C the condenser pressure is 4 kPa.
Solution:
State 1: Superheated vapors at p1  6 MPa and T1  440 C .
Refer the following values from table A-4 corresponding to p1  6 MPa and
T1  440 C

s1  6.6853 kJ / kg  K
h1  3277.3 kJ / kg

s1  s2  6.6853 kJ / kg  K .
sg  8.4746 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.4426 kJ / kg  K
hg  2554.4 kJ / kg
h f  121.46 kJ / kg

s s 6.6853  0.4426
x2  2 f   0.777
sg  s f 8.4746  0.4426

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 121.46 kJ / kg   0.777  2554.4 kJ / kg  121.46 kJ / kg 
 2011.85 kJ / kg
s3  s f  0.4226 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  121.46 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.004 103 m3 / kg
h4  h3  v3  p4  p3 
103 N / m 2
 121.46 kJ / kg  1.004 103 m3 / kg   6000  4  kPa
1 kJ
1 kPa 10 N  m
3
 127.48 kJ / kg
(a) Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer rate for the control
volume enclosing the steam generator:

Q in  m  h1  h4 
Q in
 h1  h4
m
 3277.3 kJ / kg  127.48 kJ / kg
 3149.82 kJ / kg
Thus, the heat transfer rate through the steam generator is 3149.82 kJ / kg .
(b) Calculate the thermal efficiency from the following relation:

Wnet
 m 
Q in
m
 h  h    h4  h3 
 1 2
 h1  h4 

 3277.3 kJ / kg  2011.85 kJ / kg   127.48 kJ / kg  121.46 kJ / kg 
3277.3 kJ / kg  127.48 kJ / kg
1259.43 kJ / kg

3149.82 kJ / kg
 0.3998 or 39.98%
(c) Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer rate for the control
Q out  m  h2  h3 
Q out
 h2  h3
m
 2011.85 kJ / kg  121.46 kJ / kg
 1890.39 kJ / kg
Thus, the heat transfer rate through the condenser is 1890.39 kJ / kg .

Revalued data:
Water is the working fluid in a Carnot vapor power cycle. Saturated liquid enters the
boiler at a pressure of 8 MPa, and saturated vapor enters the turbine. The condenser
pressure is 4 kPa.
Solution:

T1  295.1C
s1  sg  5.7432 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  2758 kJ / kg

s1  s2  5.7432 kJ / kg  K .
T2  28.96C
sg  8.4746 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.4226 kJ / kg  K
hg  2554.4 kJ / kg
h f  121.46 kJ / kg

s s 5.7432  0.4226
x2  2 f   0.6607
sg  s f 8.4746  0.4226

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 121.46 kJ / kg   0.6607  2554.4 kJ / kg  121.46 kJ / kg 
 1728.9 kJ / kg
State 4: Saturated liquid at p4  p1  8 MPa .
s4  s f  3.2068 kJ / kg  K
h4  h f  1316.6 kJ / kg
State 3: At p3  p2  4 kPa , s3  s4  3.2068 kJ / kg  K .

s s 3.2068  0.4226
x3  3 f   0.3457
sg  s f 8.4746  0.4226

h3  h f  x3  hg  h f 
 121.46 kJ / kg   0.3457  2554.4 kJ / kg  121.46 kJ / kg 
 962.5 kJ / kg
(a) Use the following expression to determine the efficiency of Carnot cycle:
T
  1 C
TH
T2 TC  T2 
 1 T  T 
T1  H 1
 1
 28.96  273 K
 295.1C  273 K
 0.468 or 46.8%
Thus, the efficiency of the Carnot cycle is 46.8% .
(b) Use the following expression to determine the back work ratio:
W
bwr  p
W t
m  h4  h3 

m  h1  h2 
h4  h3

h1  h2
1316.6 kJ / kg  962.5 kJ / kg

2758 kJ / kg  1728.9 kJ / kg
 0.344
Thus, the back work ratio is 0.344 .
(c) Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer to the working
fluid through the boiler:

Q in  m  h1  h4 
Q in
 h1  h4
m
 2758 kJ / kg  1316.6 kJ / kg
 1441.4 kJ / kg
Thus, the heat transfer to the working fluid through the boiler is 1441.4 kJ / kg .
(d) Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer to the working
fluid through the condenser:
Q out  m  h2  h3 
Q out
 h2  h3
m
 1728.9  962.5  kJ / kg
 766.4 kJ/kg
Thus, the heat transfer rate through the condenser is 766.4 kJ/kg .

Revalued data of Problem 8.2:
Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the
Plot each of the quantities calculated in Problem 8.2 versus condenser pressure
ranging from 4 kPa to 0.1 MPa. Discuss.
Solution:
For sample calculations see solution to problem 8.2.
Use IT software to solve this problem.
IT code:

Click explore icon and sweep p2 from 4 kPa (0.04 bar) to 0.1 MPa (1 bar).
The results at p2  0.04 bar and 1 bar are shown below:

Plot of the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam
 Q 
generator, in kJ per kg of steam flowing.  in  versus condenser pressure  p2  over
 m 
the range is shown below:
Q in
It can be observed that decreases as the condenser pressure is increased.
m
Plot of the thermal efficiency versus condenser pressure  p2  over the range is shown
below:

It can be observed that thermal efficiency decreases as the condenser pressure is

increased.
Plot of the rate of heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser
 Q 
to the cooling water, in kJ per kg of steam flowing  out  versus condenser pressure
 m 
 p2  over the range is shown below:

Q out
It can be observed that increases as the condenser pressure is increased.
m

Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the
Plot each of the quantities calculated in Problem 8.2 versus steam generator pressure
ranging from 3 MPa to 15 MPa. Maintain the turbine inlet temperature at 440°C.
Discuss.
Solution:
For sample calculations see solution to problem 8.2.
Use IT software to solve this problem.
IT code:

Click explore icon and sweep p1 from 3 MPa (30 bar) to 15 MPa (150 bar).
The results obtained over the range of 30 bar to 150 bar in steps of 30 bar are shown
below:

Plot of the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam
 Q 
generator, in kJ per kg of steam flowing.  in  versus steam generator pressure  p1 
 m 
over the range is shown below:
Q in
It can be observed that decreases as the steam generator pressure is increased.
m
Plot of the thermal efficiency versus steam generator pressure  p1  over the range is
shown below:

It can be observed that thermal efficiency increases as the steam generator pressure is
increased.
Plot of the rate of heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser
 Q 
to the cooling water, in kJ per kg of steam flowing  out  versus steam generator
 m 
pressure  p1  over the range is shown below:

Q out
It can be observed that decreases as the steam generator pressure is increased.
m

Revalued data:
boiler at 9 MPa, and saturated vapor enters the turbine. The condenser pressure is 10
kPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the turbine is 100 kg/s.
Solution:
T1  Tsat  303.4 C
s1  sg  5.6772 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  2742.1 kJ / kg


s1  s2  5.6772 kJ / kg  K .
T2  45.81C
sg  8.1502 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.6493 kJ / kg  K
hg  2584.7 kJ / kg
h f  191.83 kJ / kg

s s 5.6772  0.6493
x2  2 f   0.6703
sg  s f 8.1502  0.6493

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 191.83 kJ / kg   0.6703 2584.7 kJ / kg  191.83 kJ / kg 
 1795.77 kJ / kg
s4  s f  3.2858 kJ / kg  K
h4  h f  1363.3 kJ / kg
State 3: At p3  p2  10 kPa , s3  s4  3.2858 kJ / kg  K .

s s 3.2858  0.6493
x3  3 f   0.3515
sg  s f 8.1502  0.6493

h3  h f  x3  hg  h f 
 191.83 kJ / kg   0.3515  2584.7 kJ / kg  191.83 kJ / kg 
 1032.9 kJ / kg
(e) Use the following expression to determine the efficiency of Carnot cycle:

TC
  1
TH
T2 TC  T2 
 1 T  T 
T1  H 1
 1
 45.81  273 K
 303.4  273 K
 0.447 or 44.7%
(f) Use the following expression to determine the back work ratio:
W
bwr  p
W t
m  h4  h3 

m  h1  h2 
h4  h3

h1  h2
1363.3 kJ / kg  1032.9 kJ / kg

2742.1 kJ / kg  1795.77 kJ / kg
 0.349
(g) Calculate the net power developed from the following expression:
Wcycle  m  h1  h2    h4  h3  
 100 kg / s   2742.1  1795.77   1363.3  1032.9   kJ / kg
1 kW
 100 kg / s  615.93 kJ / kg
kJ / s
 61,593 kW
Thus, the net power developed is 61,593 kW .
(h) Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer rate for the control
Q out  m  h2  h3 
 100 kg / s 1795.77  1032.9  kJ / kg
 76, 287 kW

Thus, the heat transfer rate through the condenser is 76, 287 kW .
New Problem 8.8:
In an ideal rankine cycle, saturated vapor enters the steam turbine at 20 bar and leaves
it at 0.08 bar. It then enters the condenser, where it is condensed to saturated liquid
water at 0.08 bar. Determine
(a) Net work per kg of steam flowing
(b) Thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Solution:
State 1: Saturated vapors at p1  20 bar .
Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to 20 bar pressure:
s1  sg  6.3409 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  2799.5 kJ / kg

s1  s2  6.3409 kJ / kg  K .
Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to p2  0.08 bar pressure:
sg  8.2287 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5926 kJ / kg  K
hg  2577 kJ / kg
h f  173.88 kJ / kg

s2  s f 6.3409  0.5926
x2    0.7528
sg  s f 8.2287  0.5926

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 173.88 kJ / kg   0.7528  2577 kJ / kg  173.88 kJ / kg 
 1982.9 kJ / kg
State 3: Saturated liquid at p3  p2  0.08 bar .
Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to 0.08 bar pressure:
s3  s f  0.5926 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  173.87 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.0084 103 m3 / kg
State 4: Liquid water at p4  p1  20 bar .
h4  h3  v3  p4  p3 
105 N / m 2
 173.88 kJ / kg  1.0084 103 m3 / kg   20  0.08  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 175.88 kJ / kg
(a) Use the following expression to determine the value of net work:
Wcycle  Wt  W p
 m  h1  h2   m  h4  h3 
Wcycle
  h1  h2    h4  h3 
m
  2799.5  1982.9   175.88  173.88   kJ / kg
 814.6 kJ / kg
Thus, the net work for the cycle is 814.6 kJ / kg .
(b) Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer for the control
Qin  m  h1  h4 
Qin
 h1  h4
m
 2799.5 kJ / kg  175.88 kJ / kg
 2623.62 kJ / kg

 Wcycle 
 
  m 

814.6 kJ / kg
 0.3105 or 31.05%
 Qin  2623.62 kJ / kg
 
 m 

New Problem 8.10:
Water is used as the working fluid in a power cycle. The steam is supplied as
saturated vapour at 15 bar. The condenser pressure is 0.4 bar. Determine the
efficiency of the cycle if the cycle is an ideal (a) Rankine cycle and (b) Carnot cycle.
Solution:
Schematic and given data for the Rankine cycle:
s1  sg  6.448 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  2792.2 kJ / kg

s1  s2  6.448 kJ / kg  K .
sg  7.67 kJ / kg  K
s f  1.0259 kJ / kg  K
hg  2636.8 kJ / kg
h f  317.58 kJ / kg

s2  s f 6.448  1.0259
x2    0.816
sg  s f 7.67  1.0259

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 317.58 kJ / kg   0.816  2636.8 kJ / kg  317.58 kJ / kg 
 2210.06 kJ / kg
s3  s f  1.0259 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  317.58 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.0265 103 m3 / kg
h4  h3  v3  p4  p3 
105 N / m 2
 317.58 kJ / kg  1.0265  103 m3 / kg  15  0.4  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 319.08 kJ / kg
Calculate the efficiency of the ideal Rankine cycle from the following relation:
W
  cycle
Qin
Wt  W p

Qin
m  h1  h2   m  h4  h3 

m  h1  h4 

 h1  h2    h4  h3 
h1  h4

 2792.2  2210.06    319.08  317.58
2792.2  319.08
 0.2348 or 23.48%
Thus, the efficiency of the Rankine cycle is 23.48% .

Refer the following values of saturated temperatures from table A-3:
At p1  15 bar , T1  198.3 C  198.3+273 K  471.3 K
At p2  0.4 bar , T2  75.87 C   75.87+273 K  348.87 K
Calculate the efficiency of the Carnot cycle from the following relation:
T
  1 2
T1
348.87
 1
471.3
 0.2598 or 25.98%

New Problem 8.11:
Water is used as the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. The steam is supplied as
superheated steam at 30 bar, 440 C . The condenser pressure is 0.5 bar. Determine
the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Solution:
State 1: Saturheated steam at p1  30 bar , T1  440 C .
Refer the following values from table A-4 corresponding to p1  30 bar and
s1  7.052 kJ / kg  K
T1  440 C .
h1  3321.5 kJ / kg
s1  s2  7.052 kJ / kg  K .
sg  7.5939 kJ / kg  K
s f  1.091 kJ / kg  K
hg  2645.9 kJ / kg
h f  340.49 kJ / kg

s s 7.052  1.091
x2  2 f   0.9167
sg  s f 7.5939  1.091

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 340.49 kJ / kg   0.9167  2645.9 kJ / kg  340.49 kJ / kg 
 2453.86 kJ / kg
s3  s f  1.091 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  340.49 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.03 103 m3 / kg

h4  h3  v3  p4  p3 
105 N / m 2
 340.49 kJ / kg  1.03 103 m3 / kg   30  0.5  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 343.53 kJ / kg
Calculate the efficiency of the ideal Rankine cycle from the following relation:
Wcycle

Qin
Wt  W p

Qin
m  h1  h2   m  h4  h3 

m  h1  h4 

 h1  h2    h4  h3 
h1  h4

 3321.5  2453.86    343.53  340.49 
3321.5  343.53
 0.2903 or 29.03%

New Problem 8.12:
superheated steam at 30 bar, 440 C . The condenser pressure is 0.5 bar. If isentropic
efficiency of turbine and pump are 90% and 85%, respectively, determine the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
Solution:
s1  7.052 kJ / kg  K
T1  440 C .
h1  3321.5 kJ / kg
s1  s2 s  7.052 kJ / kg  K .
sg  7.5939 kJ / kg  K
s f  1.091 kJ / kg  K
hg  2645.9 kJ / kg
h f  340.49 kJ / kg
Calculate the quality of mixture at state 2s.

s  sf 7.052  1.091
x2 s  2 s   0.9167
sg  s f 7.5939  1.091
Calculate the enthalpy at state 2s.

h2 s  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 340.49 kJ / kg   0.9167  2645.9 kJ / kg  340.49 kJ / kg 
 2453.86 kJ / kg
Use the following expression of turbine efficiency to obtain the value of specific
enthalpy at state 2:
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 3321.5 kJ / kg   0.90  3321.5 kJ / kg  2453.86 kJ / kg 
 2540.62 kJ/ kg
s3  s f  1.091 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  340.49 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.03  103 m3 / kg

h4 s  h3  v3  p4  p3 
105 N / m 2
 340.49 kJ / kg  1.03  103 m3 / kg   30  0.5  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 343.53 kJ / kg
Use the following expression of isentropic pump efficiency to determine the specific
h h
 p  4s 3
h4  h3
h4 s  h3
h4  h3 
p
343.53 kJ / kg  340.49 kJ / kg
 340.49 kJ / kg 
0.85
 344.07 kJ / kg
Calculate the efficiency of the cycle from the following relation:

W
  cycle
Qin
Wt  W p

Qin
m  h1  h2   m  h4  h3 

m  h1  h4 

 h1  h2    h4  h3 
h1  h4

 3321.5  2540.62    344.07  340.49 
3321.5  344.07
 0.261 or 26.1%

New Problem 8.14:
superheated steam at 30 bar, 440 C . The condenser pressure is 0.5 bar. Plot the
thermal efficiency versus isentropic efficiency of the turbine and the pump, if turbine
and pump isentropic efficiencies remain equal to each other and vary from 75% to
100.
Solution:
Take the isentropic efficiencies, t   P  85% to show sample calculations:

s1  7.052 kJ / kg  K
T1  440 C .
h1  3321.5 kJ / kg

s1  s2 s  7.052 kJ / kg  K .
sg  7.5939 kJ / kg  K
s f  1.091 kJ / kg  K
hg  2645.9 kJ / kg
h f  340.49 kJ / kg

s  sf 7.052  1.091
x2 s  2 s   0.9167
sg  s f 7.5939  1.091

h2 s  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 340.49 kJ / kg   0.9167  2645.9 kJ / kg  340.49 kJ / kg 
 2453.86 kJ / kg
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 3321.5 kJ / kg   0.85  3321.5 kJ / kg  2453.86 kJ / kg 
 2584 kJ/ kg
s3  s f  1.091 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  340.49 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.03 103 m3 / kg

h4 s  h3  v3  p4  p3 
105 N / m 2
 340.49 kJ / kg  1.03 103 m3 / kg   30  0.5  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 343.53 kJ / kg
h h
 p  4s 3
h4  h3
h4 s  h3
h4  h3 
p
343.53 kJ / kg  340.49 kJ / kg
 340.49 kJ / kg 
0.85
 344.07 kJ / kg
Calculate the efficiency of the cycle from the following relation:

W
  cycle
Qin
Wt  W p

Qin
m  h1  h2   m  h4  h3 

m  h1  h4 

 h1  h2    h4  h3 
h1  h4

 3321.5  2584    344.07  340.49 
3321.5  344.07
 0.246 or 24.6%
Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 24.6% when t   P  85% .
Use IT software to obtain the required plot:
IT code:
Click explore icon and sweep t ranging from 0.75 to 1.
The results obtained from above IT code at t   P  0.85 :

Plot of the cycle efficiency   versus isentropic efficiency of turbine and pump over

boiler at a pressure of 8 MPa, and saturated vapor enters the turbine. The condenser
pressure is 4 kPa.
The cycle of Problem 8.3 is modified to include the effects of irreversibilities in the
adiabatic expansion and compression processes. If the states at the turbine and pump
inlets remain unchanged, repeat parts (a)–(d) of Problem 8.3 for the modified Carnot
cycle with t  0.85 and  P  0.80 .
Solution:
T1  295.1C
s1  sg  5.7432 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  2758 kJ / kg

State 2: For the isentropic expansion process through turbine,

s1  s2 s  5.7432 kJ / kg  K .
Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to p2  p2 s  4 kPa

pressure:
T2  T2 s  28.96C
sg  8.4746 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.4226 kJ / kg  K
hg  2554.4 kJ / kg
h f  121.46 kJ / kg

s  s f 5.7432  0.4226
x2 s  2 s   0.6607
sg  s f 8.4746  0.4226

h2 s  h f  x2 s  hg  h f 
 121.46 kJ / kg   0.6607  2554.4 kJ / kg  121.46 kJ / kg 
 1728.9 kJ / kg
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 2758 kJ / kg   0.85  2758 kJ / kg  1728.9 kJ / kg 
 1883.3 kJ/ kg
s4 s  s f  3.2068 kJ / kg  K
h4 s  h f  1316.6 kJ / kg
State 3: At p3  p2  4 kPa , s3  s4 s  3.2068 kJ / kg  K .

s3  s f 3.2068  0.4226
x3    0.3457
sg  s f 8.4746  0.4226

h3  h f  x3  hg  h f 
 121.46 kJ / kg   0.3457  2554.4 kJ / kg  121.46 kJ / kg 
 962.5 kJ / kg
h h
 p  4s 3
h4  h3
h4 s  h3
h4  h3 
p
1316.6 kJ / kg  962.5 kJ / kg
 962.5 kJ / kg 
0.80
 1405.1 kJ / kg
(b) Use the following expression to determine the back work ratio:
W
bwr  p
W t
m  h4  h3 

m  h1  h2 
h4  h3

h1  h2
1405.1 kJ / kg  962.5 kJ / kg

2758 kJ / kg  1883.3 kJ / kg
 0.506
(c) Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer to the working
fluid through the boiler:
Q in  m  h1  h4 
Q in
 h1  h4
m
 2758 kJ / kg  1405.1 kJ / kg
 1352.9 kJ / kg

Thus, the heat transfer to the working fluid through the boiler is 1352.9 kJ / kg .
(d) Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer to the working
fluid through the condenser:
Q out  m  h2  h3 
Q out
 h2  h3
m
 1883.3 kJ / kg  962.5 kJ / kg
 920.8 kJ/kg
Thus, the heat transfer rate through the condenser is 920.8 kJ/kg .
(a) Use the following expression to determine the efficiency of Carnot cycle:
Q out
  1 m 

Qin
m
920.8 kJ/kg
 1
1352.9 kJ / kg
 0.319 or 31.9%

New Problem 8.16:
In an ideal rankine cycle, saturated vapor enters the steam turbine at 20 bar and leaves
it to enter the condenser, where it is condensed to saturated liquid water at pressure p.
Plot the thermal efficiency of the cycle versus condenser pressure (p) ranging from
0.04 bar to 1 bar.
Solution:
For sample calculation take p  0.08 bar and determine the properties at different
states.
s1  sg  6.3409 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  2799.5 kJ / kg

s1  s2  6.3409 kJ / kg  K .
sg  8.2287 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5926 kJ / kg  K
hg  2577 kJ / kg
h f  173.88 kJ / kg

s2  s f 6.3409  0.5926
x2    0.7528
sg  s f 8.2287  0.5926

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 173.88 kJ / kg   0.7528  2577 kJ / kg  173.88 kJ / kg 
 1982.9 kJ / kg
s3  s f  0.5926 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  173.87 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.0084 103 m3 / kg
h4  h3  v3  p4  p3 
105 N / m 2
 173.88 kJ / kg  1.0084 103 m3 / kg   20  0.08  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 175.88 kJ / kg
Use the following expression to determine the value of net work:

 m  h1  h2   m  h4  h3 
Wcycle
  h1  h2    h4  h3 
m
  2799.5  1982.9   175.88  173.88   kJ / kg
 814.6 kJ / kg
Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer for the control volume
enclosing the boiler:
Qin  m  h1  h4 
Qin
 h1  h4
m
 2799.5 kJ / kg  175.88 kJ / kg
 2623.62 kJ / kg
 Wcycle 
 
  m 

814.6 kJ / kg
 0.3105 or 31.05%
 Qin  2623.62 kJ / kg
 
 m 
Use IT software to obtain the required plot:
IT code:
Click explore icon and sweep condenser pressure  p2  p3  p  ranging from 0.04
bar to 1 bar
The results obtained from above IT code at p2  0.08 bar :
Plot of the cycle efficiency   versus condenser pressure over the range is shown
below:
New Problem 8.18:
In a steam power plant working on Rankine cycle, superheated steam enters the steam
turbine at 20 bar, 400 C and exits it at 0.08 bar. It then enters the condenser, where it
is condensed to saturated liquid water at 0.08 bar. If both turbine and pump have an
efficiency of 85% each, determine
(a) Net work per kg of steam flowing
(b) Thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Solution:
s1  sg  6.3409 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  2799.5 kJ / kg

s1  s2 s  6.3409 kJ / kg  K .
sg  8.2287 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5926 kJ / kg  K
hg  2577 kJ / kg
h f  173.88 kJ / kg
s s 6.3409  0.5926
x2  2 f   0.7528
sg  s f 8.2287  0.5926

h2 s  h f  x2 s  hg  h f 
 173.88 kJ / kg   0.7528  2577 kJ / kg  173.88 kJ / kg 
 1982.9 kJ / kg
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 2799.5 kJ / kg   0.85  2799.5 kJ / kg  1982.9 kJ / kg 
 2105.39 kJ/ kg
s3  s f  0.5926 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  173.88 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.0084 103 m3 / kg
h4 s  h3  v3  p4  p3 
105 N / m 2
 173.88 kJ / kg  1.0084 103 m3 / kg   20  0.08  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 175.88 kJ / kg
h h
 p  4s 3
h4  h3
h4 s  h3
h4  h3 
p
175.88 kJ / kg  173.88 kJ / kg
 173.88 kJ / kg 
0.85
 176.2 kJ / kg
(a) Use the following expression to determine the value of net work:
 m  h1  h2   m  h4  h3 
Wcycle
  h1  h2    h4  h3 
m
  2799.5  2105.39   176.2  173.88   kJ / kg
 691.79 kJ / kg
Thus, the net work for the cycle is 691.79 kJ / kg .
(b) Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer for the control
Qin  m  h1  h4 
Qin
 h1  h4
m
 2799.5 kJ / kg  176.2 kJ / kg
 2623.3 kJ / kg

 Wcycle 
 
  m  691.79 kJ / kg
  0.2637 or 26.37%
 Qin  2623.3 kJ / kg
 
 m 

Revalued data:
Water is the working fluid in a Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at
6 MPa, 500 C with a mass flow rate of 8 kg/s and exits at 6 kPa. Saturated liquid
enters the pump at 6 kPa. The isentropic turbine efficiency is 89%, and the isentropic
pump efficiency is 83%. Cooling water enters the condenser at 20 C and exits 38 C
at with no significant change in pressure.
Solution:

T1  500 C .
s1  6.8803 kJ / kg  K
h1  3422.2 kJ / kg
State 2: For isentropic process through turbine, s1  s2 s  6.8803 kJ / kg  K .
sg  8.3304 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5210 kJ / kg  K
hg  2567.4 kJ / kg
h f  151.53 kJ / kg

s  s f 6.8803  0.5210
x2 s  2 s   0.814
sg  s f 8.3304  0.5210


h2 s  h f  x2 s  hg  h f 
 151.53 kJ / kg   0.814  2567.4 kJ / kg  151.53 kJ / kg 
 2018.05 kJ / kg
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 3422.2 kJ / kg   0.89  3422.2 kJ / kg  2018.05 kJ / kg 
 2172.5 kJ/ kg
s3  s f  0.5210 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  151.53 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.0064  103 m3 / kg
h4 s  h3  v3  p4  p3 
103 N / m 2
 151.53 kJ / kg  1.0064 103 m3 / kg   6000  6  kPa
1 kJ
1 kPa 10 N  m
3
 157.56 kJ / kg

h4 s  h3
p 
h4  h3
h4 s  h3
h4  h3 
p
157.56 kJ / kg  151.53 kJ / kg
 151.53 kJ / kg 
0.83
 158.8 kJ / kg
(a) Calculate the net power developed from the following relation:
Wcycle  m  h1  h2    h4  h3  
  8 kg / s   3422.2  2172.5   158.8  151.53  kJ / kg
1 kW
  8 kg / s 1242.43 kJ / kg
kJ / s
 9,939 kW
Thus, the net power developed is 9,939 kW .
(b) Initially determine the heat transfer rate for the control volume enclosing the
steam generator:
Q in  m  h1  h4 
1 kW
  8 kg / s  3422.2  158.8  kJ / kg
kJ / s
 26,107 kW

W
  cycle
Qin
9,939 kW

26,107 kW
 0.3807 or 38.07%
(c) Use the following expression of heat transfer rate for the control volume
enclosing the condenser to determine the mass flow rate of cooling water:
Q out  m cw  hcw, out  hcw, in   m  h2  h3 

 h2  h3 
m cw  m  
 hcw, out  hcw, in
 
Apply interpolation to obtain the following values by referring table A-2

corresponding to
hcw, in  h f  20 C   83.96 kJ / kg
hcw, out  h f  38 C   159.21 kJ / kg
Substitute all the known values in above expression of m cw .

 2272.5 kJ / kg  151.53 kJ / kg 
m cw   8 kg / s   
 159.21 kJ / kg  83.96 kJ / kg 
 225.5 kg / s
Thus, the mass flow rate of cooling water is 225.5 kg / s .

Revalued data:
Superheated steam at 10 MPa and 440 C leaves the steam generator of a vapor
power plant. Heat transfer and frictional effects in the line connecting the steam
generator and the turbine reduce the pressure and temperature at the turbine inlet to
9.5 MPa and 400 C , respectively. The pressure at the exit of the turbine is 20 kPa,
and the turbine operates adiabatically. Liquid leaves the condenser at 15 kPa, 35 C .
The pressure is increased to 10.5 MPa across the pump. The turbine and pump
isentropic efficiencies
are 85%. The mass flow rate of steam is 80 kg/s.
Determine
(a) the net power output, in kW.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the rate of heat transfer from the line connecting the steam generator and the
turbine, in kW.
(d) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the cooling water enters
at 14 C and 34 C exits at with negligible pressure change.
Solution:

T1  440 C :
s1  6.3805 kJ / kg  K
h1  3213.2 kJ / kg
State 2: Superheated vapors at p2  9.5 MPa and T2  400 C .
Use data from table A-4 and apply interpolation to obtain the following values
corresponding to p2  9.5 MPa and T2  400 C :
s2  6.2499 kJ / kg  K
h2  3107 kJ / kg
State 3:For isentropic process through turbine, s2  s3s  6.2499 kJ / kg  K .
sg  7.9085 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.832 kJ / kg  K
hg  2609.7 kJ / kg
h f  251.4 kJ / kg

s3 s  s f 6.2499  0.832
x3s    0.7656
sg  s f 7.9085  0.832

h3s  h f  x3 s  hg  h f 
 251.4 kJ / kg   0.7656  2609.7 kJ / kg  251.4 kJ / kg 
 2056.9 kJ / kg
h h
t  2 3
h3  h3s
h3  h2  t  h2  h3s 
 3107 kJ / kg   0.85  3107 kJ / kg  2056.9 kJ / kg 
 2214.4 kJ/ kg
State 4: Liquid leaves the condenser at p4  15 kPa and T4  35 C . Therefore,

h4  h f T4   146.68 kJ / kg
v4  v f T4   1.006 103 m3 / kg
State 5: p5  10.5 MPa .

h5 s  h4  v4  p5  p4 
103 N / m 2
 146.68 kJ / kg  1.006 103 m3 / kg  10,500 kPa  15 kPa 
1 kJ
1 kPa 10 N  m
3
 157.23 kJ / kg
h h
 p  5s 4
h5  h4
h5 s  h4
h5  h4 
p
157.23 kJ / kg  146.68 kJ / kg
 146.68 kJ / kg 
0.85
 159.09 kJ / kg
(a) To determine the net power output, use energy and mass balances for the
control volumes surrounding the turbine and pump.

Wcycle  Wt  W P
 m  h2  h3    h5  h4  
1 kW
  80 kg / s   3107  2214.4   159.09  146.68   kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 70, 415 kW
(b) Initially determine the heat transfer rate for the control volume enclosing the
steam generator:
Q in  m  h1  h5 
1 kW
  80 kg / s  3213.2  159.09  kJ / kg
kJ / s
 244,323 kW

W
  cycle
Q in
70, 415 kW

244,323 kW
 0.288 or 28.8%
(c) For a control volume enclosing the line connecting the steam generator and the
turbine,
0  Q line  m  h1  h2 
Q  m  h  h 
line 2 1
1 kW
  80 kg / s  3107 kJ / kg  3213.2 kJ / kg 
1 kJ / s
 8496 kW
(d) Use the following expression of heat transfer rate for the control volume
enclosing the condenser to determine the mass flow rate of cooling water:
Q out  m cw  hcw, out  hcw, in   m  h3  h4 
 h3  h4 
m cw  m  
 hcw, out  hcw, in
 
Apply interpolation to obtain the following values by referring table A-2

corresponding to

hcw, in  h f 14 C   58.8 kJ / kg

hcw, out  h f  34 C   142.5 kJ / kg
Substitute all the known values in above expression of m cw .

 2214.4 kJ/ kg  146.68 kJ / kg 
m cw   80 kg / s   
 142.5 kJ / kg  58.8 kJ / kg 
 1976.3 kg / s
Thus, the mass flow rate of cooling water is 1976.3 kg / s .

Revalued data:
Steam enters the turbine of a vapor power plant at 6 MPa and 600 C exits as a two-
phase liquid–vapor mixture at temperature T. Condensate exits the condenser at a
temperature 2.65 C lower than T and is pumped to 6 MPa. The turbine and pump
isentropic efficiencies are 88 and 82%, respectively. The net power developed is 1
MW.
(a) For T  25 C determine the steam quality at the turbine exit, the steam mass flow
rate, in kg/h, and the thermal efficiency.
(b) Plot the quantities of part (a) versus T ranging from 25 C to 40 C .
Solution:
Schematic diagram and data:
(a) State 1: Superheated vapors at p1  6 MPa and T1  600 C .

s1  7.1677 kJ / kg  K
T1  600 C
h1  3658.4 kJ / kg

s1  s2 s  7.1677 kJ / kg  K .
Refer the following values from table A-2 corresponding to T2  25 C :

p2  3.169 kPa
sg  8.558 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.3674 kJ / kg  K
hg  2547.2 kJ / kg
h f  104.89 kJ / kg

s  s f 7.1677  0.3674
x2 s  2 s   0.83
sg  s f 8.558  0.3674

h2 s  h f  x2 s  hg  h f 
 104.89 kJ / kg   0.83 2547.2 kJ / kg  104.89 kJ / kg 
 2132 kJ / kg
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 3658.4 kJ / kg   0.88  3658.4 kJ / kg  2132 kJ / kg 
 2315.2 kJ/ kg
Calculate the quality of mixture at the exit of the turbine  x2  .

h2  h f 2315.2  104.89
x2    0.905
hg  h f 2547.2  104.89
State 3: Liquid leaves the condenser at and T3  25 C  2.65 C  22.35  C .

Therefore,
h3  h f T3   93.8 kJ / kg
v3  v f T3   1.0023 103 m3 / kg
And

p3  p2  3.169 kPa
State 4: p4  6 MPa .

h4 s  h3  v3  p4  p3 
103 N / m 2
 93.8 kJ / kg  1.0023 10 m / kg   6000 kPa  3.169 kPa 
3 3 1 kJ
1 kPa 10 N  m
3
 99.8 kJ / kg
h h
 p  4s 3
h4  h3
h4 s  h3
h4  h3 
p
99.8 kJ / kg  93.8 kJ / kg
 93.8 kJ / kg 
0.82
 101.1 kJ / kg
Calculate the thermal efficiency from the following expression:

Wt W P

 m m   h1  h2    h4  h3 

Qin h1  h4
m

 3658.4  2315.2   101.1  93.8
3658.4  101.1
 0.3755 or 37.55%
Calculate the mass flow rate as follows:

W Wnet
m   net 
Wt W P  h1  h2    h4  h3 

m m
3600 kJ / h
1000 kW 
1 kW

 3658.4  2315.2   101.1  93.8 kJ / kg
 2.695 103 kg / h
(b) Use IT software to plot the graphs:

IT code:
Click explore icon and sweep T2 from 25 C to 40 C .
The results obtained from above IT code at T  25 C :

Plot of the quality at the turbine exit  x2  versus temperature T over the range is
shown below:
It can be observed that x2 increases as T increases.
Plot of the thermal efficiency versus temperature T over the range is shown below:

It can be observed that thermal efficiency decreases as T increases.
Plot of the mass flow rate of steam  m  versus temperature T over the range is
shown below:

It can be observed that m increases as T increases.

Revalued data:
Superheated steam at 16 MPa, 520 C enters the turbine of a vapor power plant. The
pressure at the exit of the turbine is 0.05 bar, and liquid leaves the condenser at 0.04
bar, 25 C . The pressure is increased to 16.2 MPa across the pump. The turbine and
pump have isentropic efficiencies of 80 and 75%, respectively.
Solution:
T-s diagram for the given cycle is shown below:

T1  520 C .
s1  6.3752 kJ / kg  K
h1  3353.3 kJ / kg
State 2: For isentropic process through turbine, s1  s2 s  6.3752 kJ / kg  K .
sg  8.4025 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.4718 kJ / kg  K
hg  2560.9 kJ / kg
h f  136.5 kJ / kg

s  s f 6.3752  0.4718
x2 s  2 s   0.744
sg  s f 8.4025  0.4718

h2 s  h f  x2 s  hg  h f 
 136.5 kJ / kg   0.744  2560.9 kJ / kg  136.5 kJ / kg 
 1940.3 kJ / kg
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 3353.3 kJ / kg   0.80  3353.3 kJ / kg  1940.3 kJ / kg 
 2222.9 kJ/ kg
State 3: Liquid water at p3  0.04 bar and T3  25 C . At 25 C , psat  0.031 bar

which is less than p3 , therefore, state 3 is a sub cooled liquid state.
So, refer the following values from table A-2 corresponding to 25 C :
h3  h f  104.89 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.0029 103 m3 / kg
State 4: Liquid water at p4  16.2 MPa  162 bar .

h4 s  h3  v3  p4  p3 
105 N / m 2
 104.89 kJ / kg  1.0029 103 m3 / kg  162  0.04  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 121.1 kJ / kg
h h
 p  4s 3
h4  h3
h4 s  h3
h4  h3 
p
121.1 kJ / kg  104.89 kJ / kg
 104.89 kJ / kg 
0.75
 126.5 kJ / kg
(a) Calculate the net work per unit mass of flowing steam from the following
relation:
Wcycle  m  h1  h2    h4  h3  
Wcycle
  h1  h2    h4  h3 
m
  3353.3  2222.9   126.5  104.89   kJ / kg
 1,108.79 kJ / kg
Thus, the net work developed is 1,108.79 kJ / kg .
(b) Determine the heat transfer for the control volume enclosing the boiler:
Q in  m  h1  h4 
Q in
 h1  h4
m
 3353.3 kJ / kg  126.5 kJ / kg
 3, 226.8 kJ/kg
Thus, the heat transfer to the steam passing through the boiler is 3, 226.8 kJ/kg .
(c) Calculate the thermal efficiency from the following relation:

 Wcycle 
 
 m 

 Q in 
  
 m 
1,108.79 kJ / kg

3, 226.8 kJ / kg
 0.3436 or 34.36%
(d) Use the following expression to determine the heat transfer to the cooling
water flowing through the condenser:
Q out  m  h2  h3 
Q out
 h2  h3
m
 2222.9 kJ / kg  104.89 kJ / kg
 2,118 kJ / kg
Thus, the heat transfer to the cooling water flowing through the condenser is
2,118 kJ / kg .

Revalued data:
In the preliminary design of a power plant, water is chosen as the working fluid and it
is determined that the turbine inlet temperature may not exceed 600 C . Based on
expected
cooling water temperatures, the condenser is to operate at a pressure of 0.05 bar.
Determine the steam generator pressure required if the isentropic turbine efficiency is
85% and the quality of steam at the turbine exit must be at least 90%.
Solution:
A trial and error procedure can be used to find the value of the inlet pressure  p1 
corresponding to x2  90% by using the table data.
Alternatively, the following IT program can be used:
IT code:

Press explore icon and sweep p1 from 60 bar to 180 bar.
The following results will be obtained:

The following graph of pressure p1 versus quality of steam x2 at the exit of the
turbine:

The inlet pressure p1 should be less than 110 bar to obtain a quality of atleast 90%
at the exit.

Revalued data:
Steam at 8 MPa, 560 C enters the first-stage turbine of an ideal Rankine cycle with
reheat. The steam leaving the reheat section of the steam generator is at 480 C and
the condenser pressure is 4 kPa. If the quality at the exit of the second-stage turbine is
88%, determine the cycle thermal efficiency.
Solution:
T1  560 C .
s1  6.9072 kJ / kg  K
h1  3545.3 kJ / kg

State 4: Quality of steam  x4  is 0.88.
Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to p4  4 kPa  0.04 bar
pressure:
sg  8.4746 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.4226 kJ / kg  K
hg  2554.4 kJ / kg
h f  121.46 kJ / kg
Calculate the specific enthalpy at state 4.

h4  h f  x4  hg  h f 
 121.46 kJ / kg   0.88  2554.4 kJ / kg  121.46 kJ / kg 
 2262.4 kJ / kg
Calculate the specific entropy at state 4.

s4  s f  x4  sg  s f 
 0.4226 kJ / kg  K   0.88  8.4746 kJ / kg  K  0.4226 kJ / kg  K 
 7.5083 kJ / kg
State 3: For isentropic process through turbine 2, s4  s3  7.5083 kJ / kg .
Apply interpolation to obtain the following values corresponding to

s3  7.5083 kJ / kg and T3  480C by referring values in table A-4:
p3  15.1 bar
h3  3429.4 kJ / kg
State 2: At this state, p2  p3  15.1 bar and s2  s1  6.9072 kJ / kg  K . Apply

interpolation to determine the value of specific enthalpy h2 corresponding to these
values of pressure and specific entropy by using table A-4.
h2  3013.7 kJ / kg
State 5: At p5  p4  0.04 bar saturated liquid exists. From table A-3,

h5  h f  121.46 kJ / kg
v5  v f  1.004 103 m3 / kg
State 6: Liquid water at p6  8 MPa  80 bar .

h6  h5  v5  p6  p5 
105 N / m 2
 121.46 kJ / kg  1.004 103 m3 / kg   80  0.04  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 129.5 kJ / kg
Calculate the net work per unit mass of flowing steam from the following relation:
Wcycle Wt W p
 
m m m
  h1  h2    h3  h4     h6  h5 
  3545.3  3013.7    3429.4  2262.4   kJ / kg  129.5  121.46  kJ / kg
 1, 690.56 kJ / kg
Calculate the total heat transfer for the boiling per unit mass of flowing steam.
Q in
  h1  h6    h3  h2 
m
  3545.3  129.5    3429.4  3013.7   kJ / kg
 3831.5 kJ/kg

 Wcycle 
 
 m 

 Q in 
  
 m 
1, 690.56 kJ / kg

3831.5 kJ/kg
 0.4412 or 44.12%

New Problem 8.31:
In a steam power station working on ideal Rankine cycle with reheat, steam enters the
first stage turbine at 160 bar, 440 C . The steam leaving the reheat section of the
boiler is at 40 bar, 440 C . And the pressure at the condenser is 0.2 bar. Determine
the
(a) quality at the exit of the second stage turbine and
(b) cycle efficiency.
Solution:
T1  440 C .
s1  6.0429 kJ / kg  K
h1  3103.7 kJ / kg
State 2: At this state, p2  40 bar and s2  s1 =6.0429 kJ / kg  K .

Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to p2  40 bar pressure:
sg  6.0701 kJ / kg  K
s f  2.7964 kJ / kg  K
hg  2801.4 kJ / kg
h f  1087.3 kJ / kg

s s 6.0429  2.7964
x2  2 f   0.9917
sg  s f 6.0701  2.7964

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 1087.3 kJ / kg   0.9917  2801.4 kJ / kg  1087.3 kJ / kg 
 2787.17 kJ / kg
State 3: Superheated vapors at p3  40 bar and T3  440 C .
T3  440 C .
s3  6.9041 kJ / kg  K
h3  3307.1 kJ / kg
State 4: At this state, p4  0.2 bar and s4  s3  6.9041 kJ / kg  K .

sg  7.9085 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.8320 kJ / kg  K
hg  2609.7 kJ / kg
h f  251.40 kJ / kg

s s 6.9041  0.832
x4  4 f   0.858
sg  s f 7.9085  0.832
Thus, the quality of steam at the exit of second stage turbine is 0.858 .
h4  h f  x4  hg  h f 
 251.40 kJ / kg   0.858  2609.7 kJ / kg  251.40 kJ / kg 
 2274.82 kJ / kg

h5  h f  251.40 kJ / kg
v5  v f  1.0172  103 m3 / kg
State 6: Liquid water at p1  160 MPa .
h6  h5  v5  p6  p5 
105 N / m 2
 251.40 kJ / kg  1.0172  103 m3 / kg  160  0.2  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 267.65 kJ / kg
 
m m m
  h1  h2    h3  h4     h6  h5 
  3103.7  2787.17    3307.1  2274.82   kJ / kg   267.65  251.40  kJ / kg
 1332.56 kJ / kg
Q in
  h1  h6    h3  h2 
m
  3103.7  267.65   3307.1  2787.17   kJ / kg
 3356 kJ/kg

 Wcycle 
 
 m 

 Q in 
  
 m 
1332.56 kJ / kg

3356 kJ/kg
 0.397 or 39.7%
Thus, the cycle efficiency is 39.7% .

Revalued data:
An ideal Rankine cycle with reheat uses water as the working fluid. The conditions at
the inlet to the first-stage turbine are p1  16 MPa , T1  520 C . The steam is reheated
at constant pressure p between the turbine stages to 520 C The condenser pressure is
6 kPa.
p
(a) If  0.4 , determine the cycle thermal efficiency and the steam quality at the
p1
exit of the second-stage turbine.
(b) Plot the quantities of part (a) versus the pressure ratio ranging from 0.04 to 1.0.
Solution:
(a) Determine the properties at different states.

T1  520 C .
s1  6.3752 kJ / kg  K
h1  3353.3 kJ / kg
It is given that
p2  0.4 p1   0.4 16 MPa   6.4 MPa
State 2: At this state, p2  6.4 MPa and s2  s1  6.3752 kJ / kg  K . Apply

interpolation to determine the value of specific enthalpy h2 corresponding to these
values of pressure and specific entropy by using table A-4.
h2  3086 kJ / kg
State 3: p3  p2  6.4 MPa and T3  520 C .

h3  3465 kJ / kg
s3  6.906 kJ / kg  K
State 4: At this state, p4  6 kPa and s4  s3  6.906 kJ / kg  K .

Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to p4  6 kPa  0.06 bar :
sg  8.3304 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5210 kJ / kg  K
hg  2567.4 kJ / kg
h f  151.53 kJ / kg

s s 6.906  0.5210
x4  4 f   0.8176
sg  s f 8.3304  0.5210

h4  h f  x4  hg  h f 
 151.53 kJ / kg   0.8176  2567.4 kJ / kg  151.53 kJ / kg 
 2126.75 kJ / kg

h5  h f  151.53 kJ / kg
v5  v f  1.0064 103 m3 / kg

h6  h5  v5  p6  p5 
105 N / m 2
 151.53 kJ / kg  1.0064 103 m3 / kg  160  0.06  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 167.63 kJ / kg
 
m m m
  h1  h2    h3  h4     h6  h5 
  3353.3  3086    3465  2126.75   kJ / kg  167.63  151.53 kJ / kg
 1,589.45 kJ / kg
Q in
  h1  h6    h3  h2 
m
  3353.3  167.63   3465  3086   kJ / kg
 3564.67 kJ/kg

 Wcycle 
 
 m 

 Q in 
  
 m 
1,589.45 kJ / kg

3564.67 kJ/kg
 0.446 or 44.6%
(c) Use IT software to plot the graphs:
IT code:

Click explore icon and sweep pressure ratio ranging from 0.04 to 1.0.
p
The results obtained from above IT code at  0.4 :
p1

Plot of the quality of steam at the turbine exit  x4  versus pressure ratio  p / p1  over
Plot of the cycle efficiency   versus pressure ratio  p / p1  over the range is shown
below:

New Problem 8.33:
In a steam power station working on Rankine cycle with reheat, steam enters the first
stage turbine at 160 bar, 440 C . The steam leaving the reheat section of the boiler is
at 40 bar, 440 C . The pressure at the condenser is 0.2 bar. The isentropic efficiency
of the pump and turbine is 85%. Determine the cycle efficiency.
Solution:
T1  440 C .
s1  6.0429 kJ / kg  K
h1  3103.7 kJ / kg
State 2: At this state, p2  40 bar and s2 s  s1 =6.0429 kJ / kg  K .

sg  6.0701 kJ / kg  K
s f  2.7964 kJ / kg  K
hg  2801.4 kJ / kg
h f  1087.3 kJ / kg
s  s f 6.0429  2.7964
x2 s  2 s   0.9917
sg  s f 6.0701  2.7964

h2 s  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 1087.3 kJ / kg   0.9917  2801.4 kJ / kg  1087.3 kJ / kg 
 2787.17 kJ / kg
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 3103.7 kJ / kg   0.85  3103.7 kJ / kg  2787.17 kJ / kg 
 2834.65 kJ/ kg
T3  440 C .
s3  6.9041 kJ / kg  K
h3  3307.1 kJ / kg

sg  7.9085 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.8320 kJ / kg  K
hg  2609.7 kJ / kg
h f  251.40 kJ / kg

s s 6.9041  0.832
x4 s  4 f   0.858
sg  s f 7.9085  0.832

h4 s  h f  x4 s  hg  h f 
 251.40 kJ / kg   0.858  2609.7 kJ / kg  251.40 kJ / kg 
 2274.82 kJ / kg
h h
t  3 4
h3  h4 s
h4  h3  t  h3  h4 s 
 3307.1 kJ / kg   0.85  3307.1 kJ / kg  2274.82 kJ / kg 
 2429.66 kJ/ kg

h5  h f  251.40 kJ / kg
v5  v f  1.0172  103 m3 / kg
h6 s  h5  v5  p6  p5 
105 N / m 2
 251.40 kJ / kg  1.0172  103 m3 / kg  160  0.2  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 267.65 kJ / kg
h h
 p  6s 5
h6  h5
h6 s  h5
h6  h5 
p
267.65 kJ / kg  251.40 kJ / kg
 251.40 kJ / kg 
0.85
 270.52 kJ / kg
WcycleWt W p
 
m m m
  h1  h2    h3  h4     h6  h5 
  3103.7  2834.65    3307.1  2429.66   kJ / kg   270.52  251.40  kJ / kg
 1127.37 kJ / kg
Q in
  h1  h6    h3  h2 
m
  3103.7  270.52    3307.1  2834.65   kJ / kg
 3305.63 kJ/kg

 Wcycle 
 
 m 

 Q in 
  
 m 
1127.37 kJ / kg

3305.63 kJ/kg
 0.341 or 34.1%

8.34
Revalued data:
An ideal Rankine cycle with reheat uses water as the working fluid. The conditions at
the inlet to the first-stage turbine are 12 MPa, 600 C and the steam is reheated
between the turbine stages to 600 C . For a condenser pressure of 8 kPa, plot the
cycle thermal efficiency versus reheat pressure for pressures ranging from 2 to 10
MPa.
Solution:
Initially determine the principle states:
State 1: p1  120 bar , T1  600 C  h1 , s1

State 2: s2  s1 along with given value of p2 , obtain h2 .
State 3: p3  p2 , T3  600 C  h3 , s3
State 4: s4  s3 along with given value of p4  0.08 bar , obtain h4 and x4
State 5: saturated liquid at p5  0.08 bar  h5 , v5
State 6: h6  h5  v5  p6  p5 
Obtain the work per unit mass of steam flow from the following expressions:

Wt
  h1  h2    h3  h4 
m
W P
 h6  h5
m
Wcycle Wt W P
 
m m m
Obtain the heat input in the steam generator and reheat process by using the following
relation:
Q in
  h1  h6    h3  h2 
m
And the thermal efficiency is given by

W
  cycle
Qin
Use IT software to obtain the required plots:
IT code:
Click explore icon and sweep reheat pressure  p2  ranging from 2 to 10 MPa

The results obtained from above IT code at p2  2 MPa  20 bar :
Plot of the cycle efficiency   versus reheat pressure  p2  over the range is shown
below:

8.35:
New Problem 8.36
Water is used as the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle with reheat. At the inlet
to the first-stage turbine the conditions are 14 MPa, 580 C and the steam is reheated
between the turbine stages to 580 C . For a reheat pressure of 7 MPa, plot the cycle
thermal efficiency versus condenser pressure for pressures ranging from 4 kPa to 100
kPa.
Solution:
Initially determine the principle states:
State 1: p1  140 bar , T1  580 C  h1 , s1

State 2: s2  s1 along with given value of p2  70 bar , obtain h2 .
State 3: p3  p2 , T3  580 C  h3 , s3
State 4: s4  s3 along with given value of p4 , obtain h4 and x4
State 5: saturated liquid at p5  h5 , v5
State 6: h6  h5  v5  p6  p5 
Obtain the work per unit mass of steam flow from the following expressions:
Wt
  h1  h2    h3  h4 
m
W P
 h6  h5
m
Wcycle Wt W P
 
m m m
Obtain the heat input in the steam generator and reheat process by using the following
relation:
Q in
  h1  h6    h3  h2 
m
And the thermal efficiency is given by

W
  cycle
Q in
Use IT software to obtain the required plots:
IT code:
Click explore icon and sweep condenser pressure  p4  ranging from 4 kPa to 100
kPa.
The results obtained from above IT code at p4  8 kPa  0.08 bar :

Plot of the cycle efficiency   versus condenser pressure  p4  over the range is
shown below:
Problem
8.37
Problem
8.38
8.39
8.39 (continued)
8.40
8.40 (continued)

8.41
Revalued data:
Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open
feedwater heater. Superheated vapor enters the first-stage turbine at 14 MPa, 520 C
and
the condenser pressure is 6 kPa.The mass flow rate of steam entering the first-stage
turbine is 90 kg/s. Steam expands through the first-stage turbine to 0.9 MPa where
some of the steam is extracted and diverted to an open feedwater heater operating at
0.9 MPa. The remainder expands through the second-stage turbine to the condenser
pressure of 6 kPa.
Saturated liquid exits the feedwater heater at 0.9 MPa. Determine
(a) the net power developed, in kW.
(b) the rate of heat transfer to the steam passing through the boiler, in kW.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
(d) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the cooling water
undergoes a temperature increase of 16 C with negligible pressure change in passing
through the condenser.
Solution:

Determine the specific enthalpies at different states.
T1  520 C .
s1  6.461 kJ / kg  K
h1  3377.8 kJ / kg

s2  s1  6.461 kJ / kg  K .
Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to p2  0.9 MPa  9 bar :
sg  6.6226 kJ / kg  K
s f  2.0946 kJ / kg  K
hg  2773.9 kJ / kg
h f  742.83 kJ / kg


s s 6.461  2.0946
x2  2 f   0.964
sg  s f 6.6226  2.0946

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 742.83 kJ / kg   0.964  2773.9 kJ / kg  742.83 kJ / kg 
 2700.78 kJ / kg

s2  s3  6.461 kJ / kg  K .
sg  8.3304 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5210 kJ / kg  K
hg  2567.4 kJ / kg
h f  151.53 kJ / kg

s s 6.461  0.5210
x3  3 f   0.7606
sg  s f 8.3304  0.5210

h3  h f  x3  hg  h f 
 151.53 kJ / kg   0.7606  2567.4 kJ / kg  151.53 kJ / kg 
 1989.04 kJ / kg

h4  151.53 kJ/kg
v4  1.0064 103 m3 / kg
State 5: Calculate the enthalpy at state 5.

h5  h4  v4  p5  p4 
105 N / m 2
 151.53 kJ / kg  1.0064 103 m3 / kg   9 bar  0.06 bar 
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 152.43 kJ / kg
State 6: Saturated liquid at p6  p2  9 bar .

h6  742.83 kJ/kg
v6  1.1212 103 m3 / kg

h7  h6  v6  p7  p6 
105 N / m 2
 742.83 kJ / kg  1.1212 103 m3 / kg  140  9 bar 
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 757.52 kJ / kg
(a) For the control volume enclosing the turbine stages,

Wt  m 1  h1  h2   1  y  h2  h3  
Apply the mass and energy balance to the control volume enclosing the feedwater
heater to obtain the following expression for y:
h h 742.83  152.43
y 6 5   0.2317
h2  h5 2700.78  152.43
Therefore,
1 kW
Wt   90 kg / s   3377.8  2700.78   1  0.2317  2700.78  1989.04   kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 1.101 105 kW
For the pumps,

W P  W P1  W P 2
 m 1 1  y  h5  h4    h7  h6  
1 kW
  90 kg / s  1  0.2317 152.43  151.53   757.52  742.83  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 1384 kW
Therefore, the net power developed is

Wnet  Wt  W P  1.101105 kW  1384 kW  1.087 105 kW .
(b) For the steam generator,

Q in  m 1  h1  h7 
1 kW
  90 kg / s  3377.8  757.52  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 2.385  105 kW

(c) Calculate the thermal efficiency from the following expression:

W 1.087 105 kW
  net   0.4558 or 45.58%
Qin 2.385 105 kW
(d) Determine the rate of heat transfer from the working fluid to the cooling water
passing through the condenser as follows:
Q out  m 1  y  h3  h4 
  90 kg / s 1  0.2317 1989.04  151.53 kJ / kg
 127058 kJ / s
Write another expression for Q out to determine the mass flow rate of cooling water.
Q  m  h
out h 
cw out,cw in,cw
Q out
m cw 
hout,cw  hin,cw
Q
 out
ccw Tcw
Take ccw  4.179 kJ / kg  K , therefore,

127058 kJ / s
m cw   1900 kg / s
 4.179 kJ / kg  K 16 K 

8.42
and
the condenser pressure is 6 kPa.The mass flow rate of steam entering the first-stage
pressure of 6 kPa.
Saturated liquid exits the feedwater heater at 0.9 MPa. Determine
(a) the net power developed, in kW.
(b) the rate of heat transfer to the steam passing through the boiler, in kW.
(d) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the cooling water
undergoes a temperature increase of 16 C with negligible pressure change in passing
through the condenser.
Reconsider the cycle of Problem 8.46, but include in the analysis that each turbine
stage and pump has an isentropic efficiency of 90%.
Solution:

T1  520 C .
s1  6.461 kJ / kg  K
h1  3377.8 kJ / kg

s2 s  s1  6.461 kJ / kg  K .

sg  6.6226 kJ / kg  K
s f  2.0946 kJ / kg  K
hg  2773.9 kJ / kg
h f  742.83 kJ / kg

s  sf 6.461  2.0946
x2 s  2 s   0.964
sg  s f 6.6226  2.0946

h2 s  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 742.83 kJ / kg   0.964  2773.9 kJ / kg  742.83 kJ / kg 
 2700.78 kJ / kg
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 3377.8 kJ / kg   0.90  3377.8 kJ / kg  2700.78 kJ / kg 
 2768.48 kJ/ kg
Calculate the quality of mixture at the exit of the turbine  x2  .

h2  h f 2768.48  742.83
x2    0.997
hg  h f 2773.9  742.83
Calculate the entropy at state 2.

s2  s f  x2  sg  s f 
 2.0946 kJ / kg  K   0.997  6.6226 kJ / kg  K  2.0946 kJ / kg  K 
 6.609 kJ / kg  K

s2  s3 s  6.609 kJ / kg  K .

sg  8.3304 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5210 kJ / kg  K
hg  2567.4 kJ / kg
h f  151.53 kJ / kg

s  sf 6.609  0.5210
x3 s  3 s   0.7796
sg  s f 8.3304  0.5210

h3 s  h f  x3 s  hg  h f 
 151.53 kJ / kg   0.7796  2567.4 kJ / kg  151.53 kJ / kg 
 2034.94 kJ / kg
h h
t  2 3
h2  h3 s
h3  h2  t  h2  h3 s 
 2768.48 kJ / kg   0.90  2768.48 kJ / kg  2034.94 kJ / kg 
 2108.29 kJ/ kg

h4  151.53 kJ/kg
v4  1.0064 103 m3 / kg
State 5: Calculate the enthalpy at state 5s.

h5 s  h4  v4  p5  p4 
105 N / m 2
 151.53 kJ / kg  1.0064 103 m3 / kg   9 bar  0.06 bar 
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 152.43 kJ / kg

h5 s  h4
p 
h5  h4
h5 s  h4
h5  h4 
p
152.43 kJ / kg  151.53 kJ / kg
 151.53 kJ / kg 
0.90
 152.53 kJ / kg

h6  742.83 kJ/kg
v6  1.1212  103 m3 / kg
State 7: Calculate the enthalpy at state 7s.

h7 s  h6  v6  p7  p6 
105 N / m 2
 742.83 kJ / kg  1.1212 103 m3 / kg  140  9 bar 
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 757.52 kJ / kg
h h
 p  7s 6
h7  h6
h7 s  h6
h7  h6 
p
757.52 kJ / kg  742.83 kJ / kg
 742.83 kJ / kg 
0.90
 759.15 kJ / kg
(a) For the control volume enclosing the turbine stages,

Wt  m 1  h1  h2   1  y  h2  h3  

h6  h5 742.83  152.53
y   0.2256
h2  h5 2768.48  152.53
Therefore,
1 kW
Wt   90 kg / s   3377.8  2768.48   1  0.2256  2768.48  2108.29   kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 1.0085  105 kW
For the pumps,

W P  W P1  W P 2
 m 1 1  y  h5  h4    h7  h6  
1 kW
  90 kg / s  1  0.2256 152.53  151.53   759.15  742.83  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 1538.5 kW
Therefore, the net power developed is

Wnet  Wt  W P  1.0085  105 kW  1538.5 kW  9.931104 kW .
(b) For the steam generator,

Q  m  h  h 
in 1 1 7
1 kW
  90 kg / s  3377.8  759.15  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 2.357  105 kW
(c) Calculate the thermal efficiency from the following expression:

W 9.931104 kW
  net   0.4213 or 42.13%
Qin 2.357  105 kW
(d) Determine the rate of heat transfer from the working fluid to the cooling water
passing through the condenser as follows:
Q out  m 1  y  h3  h4 
  90 kg / s 1  0.2256  2108.29  151.53 kJ / kg
 136378 kJ / s
Write another expression for Q out to determine the mass flow rate of cooling water.

Q out  m cw  hout,cw  hin,cw 

Q out
m cw 
hout,cw  hin,cw
Q
 out
ccw Tcw
Take ccw  4.179 kJ / kg  K , therefore,

136378 kJ / s
m cw   2039.6 kg / s
 4.179 kJ / kg  K 16 K 
Problem 8.43
Problem 8.44
Problem
8.45
New Problem 8.53
8.46:
In a steam power station working on the ideal Rankine cycle with regeneration, steam
enters the turbine at 150 bar, 600 C . One open feedwater heater is used in the plant.
Some steam from the turbine enters the open feedwater heater at a pressure of 12 bar.
The pressure in the condenser is 0.1 bar. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle
and the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine.
Solution:
Use steam tables to determine the properties at principle states:
State 1:Superheated vapour, At p1  150 bar, T1  600 C

 h1  3582 kJ / kg, s1  6.677 kJ / kg  K
State 2: At p2  12 bar , s2  s1  6.677 kJ / kg  K ,

h2  2858 kJ / kg
State 3: At p3  0.1 bar , s3  s1  6.677 kJ / kg  K ,

x3  0.804
h3  2115 kJ / kg
State 4: Saturated liquid, p4  0.1 bar

h4  h f  191.83 kJ / kg
v4  v f  1.0102 103 m3 / kg
State 5: p5  12 bar
h5  h4  v4  p5  p4 
105 N / m 2
 191.83 kJ / kg  1.0102 103 m3 / kg  12  0.1 bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 193 kJ / kg
State 6: Saturated liquid, p6  12 bar

h6  h f  795.6 kJ / kg
v6  v f  1.1379 103 m3 / kg

h7  h6  v6  p7  p6 
105 N / m 2
 795.6 kJ / kg  1.1379 103 m3 / kg  150  12  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 811.3 kJ / kg
Neglect the effect of kinetic and potential energies and write the energy balance
equation for the open feedwater heater.
yh2  1  y  h5  h6  0
h6  h5 795.6  193
y   0.226
h2  h5 2858  193
Here, y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine.
Thus, the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine is 0.226 .
Calculate the heat input as follows:

Qin  h1  h7  3582 kJ / kg  811.3 kJ / kg  2770.7 kJ / kg
Calculate the total heat away from the steam during the cycle as follows:
Qout  1  y  h3  h4 
 1  0.226  2115 kJ / kg  191.83 kJ / kg 
 1488.5 kJ / kg
Use the following expression to determine the cycle efficiency:

Q 1488.5 kJ / kg
  1  out  1   0.463 or 46.3%
Qin 2770.7 kJ / kg

New Problem 8.54
8.47:
In a steam power station working on the Rankine cycle with regeneration, steam
The pressure in the condenser is 0.1 bar. The isentropic efficiencies at each turbine
stage and pump is 90%. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle and the fraction
of steam extracted from the turbine.
Solution:

 h1  3582 kJ / kg, s1  6.677 kJ / kg  K
State 2: At p2  12 bar , s2 s  s1  6.677 kJ / kg  K ,

h2 s  2858 kJ / kg
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 3582 kJ / kg   0.90  3582 kJ / kg  2858 kJ / kg 
 2930.4 kJ/ kg
And s2  6.821 kJ / kg  K
State 3: At p3  0.1 bar , s3 s  s2  6.821 kJ / kg  K ,
x3 s  0.823
h3 s  2161.16 kJ / kg
h h
t  2 3
h2  h3s
h3  h2  t  h2  h3 s 
 2930.4 kJ / kg   0.90  2930.4 kJ / kg  2161.16 kJ / kg 
 2238 kJ/ kg

h4  h f  191.83 kJ / kg
v4  v f  1.0102 103 m3 / kg
h5 s  h4  v4  p5  p4 
105 N / m 2
 191.83 kJ / kg  1.0102 103 m3 / kg  12  0.1 bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 193 kJ / kg
h h
 p  5s 4
h5  h4
h5 s  h4
h5  h4 
p
193 kJ / kg  191.83 kJ / kg
 191.83 kJ / kg 
0.90
 193.13 kJ / kg

h6  h f  795.6 kJ / kg
v6  v f  1.1379  103 m3 / kg

h7 s  h6  v6  p7  p6 
105 N / m 2
 795.6 kJ / kg  1.1379 103 m3 / kg  150  12  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 811.3 kJ / kg
h h
 p  7s 6
h7  h6
h7 s  h6
h7  h6 
p
811.3 kJ / kg  795.6 kJ / kg
 795.6 kJ / kg 
0.90
 813 kJ / kg
yh2  1  y  h5  h6  0
h6  h5 795.6  193.13
y   0.22
h2  h5 2930.4  193.13
Thus, the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine is 0.22 .
Calculate the heat input as follows:

Qin  h1  h7  3582 kJ / kg  813 kJ / kg  2769 kJ / kg
Calculate the total heat away from the steam during the cycle as follows:
Qout  1  y  h3  h4 
 1  0.22  2238 kJ / kg  191.83 kJ / kg 
 1596 kJ / kg
Use the following expression to determine the cycle efficiency:

Q 1596 kJ / kg
  1  out  1   0.4236 or 42.36%
Qin 2769 kJ / kg

8.48
8.48 (continued)
8.49
8.49 (continued)
8.50
8.50 (continued)
8.51
8.51 (continued)
8.52
8.52 (continued)
8.53
8.53 (continued)
8.54
8.54 (continued)
8.55
8.54
8.54
8.54
8.54
8.55 (continued)
Problem 8.56
8.57
8.57 (continued)
8.58
8.58 (continued)
8.59
8.59 (continued)
8.59 (continued)

8.60
Revalued data:
A binary vapor power cycle consists of two ideal Rankine cycles with steam and
ammonia as the working fluids. In the steam cycle, superheated vapor enters the
turbine at 8 MPa, 600 C and saturated liquid exits the condenser at 65 C . The heat
rejected from the steam cycle is provided to the ammonia cycle, producing saturated
vapor at 50C which enters the ammonia turbine. Saturated liquid leaves the
ammonia condenser at 1.2 MPa. For a net power output of 22 MW from the binary
cycle, determine
(a) the power output of the steam and ammonia turbines, respectively, in MW.
(b) the rate of heat addition to the binary cycle, in MW.
Solution:
Determine the properties at different states of the steam cycle.

T1  600 C
s1  7.0206 kJ / kg  K
h1  3642 kJ / kg
State 2: T2  T3  65 C .
The expansion process through turbine is isentropic that is s1  s2  7.0206 kJ / kg  K .
Refer the following values from table A-2 corresponding to T2  65 C pressure:

sg  7.8310 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.8935 kJ / kg  K
hg  2618.3 kJ / kg
h f  272.06 kJ / kg

s s 7.0206  0.8935
x2  2 f   0.883
sg  s f 7.8310  0.8935

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 272.06 kJ / kg   0.883 2618.3 kJ / kg  272.06 kJ / kg 
 2343.79 kJ / kg
State 3: Saturated liquid at T3  65 C .
Refer the following values from table A-2 corresponding to T3  65 C :

psat  p3  0.2503 bar
s3  s f  0.8935 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  272.06 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.0199  103 m3 / kg

h4  h3  v3  p4  p3 
105 N / m 2
 272.06 kJ / kg  1.0199  103 m3 / kg   80  0.2503 bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 280.19 kJ / kg
Use tables A-14 and A-13 to determine the properties at different states of the
ammonia cycle.
State a: Saturated vapors at Ta  50 C .

pa  psat  20.331 bar
sa  4.7604 kJ / kg  K
ha  1471.26 kJ / kg
State b: pb  pc  1.2 MPa  12 bar .

The expansion process through turbine is isentropic that is sa  sb  4.7604 kJ / kg  K .
sg  4.9625 kJ / kg  K
s f  1.2152 kJ / kg  K
hg  1466.53 kJ / kg
h f  327.01 kJ / kg
Calculate the quality of mixture at state b.

s  s f 4.7604  1.2152
xb  b   0.946
sg  s f 4.9625  1.2152
Calculate the enthalpy at state b.

hb  h f  xb  hg  h f 
 327.01 kJ / kg   0.946 1466.53 kJ / kg  327.01 kJ / kg 
 1405 kJ / kg
State c: Saturated liquid at pc  12 bar .

sc  s f  1.2152 kJ / kg  K
hc  h f  327.01 kJ / kg
vc  v f  1.6841103 m3 / kg
State d: Liquid water at pd  pa  20.331 bar .
Calculate the enthalpy at state d.

hd  hc  vc  pd  pc 
105 N / m 2
 327.01 kJ / kg  1.6841103 m3 / kg   20.331  12  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 328.41 kJ / kg

Write the mass and energy balance equation for the interconnecting heat exchanger as
follows:
0  m s  h2  h3   m a  hd  ha 
Here, m a and m s are the mass flow rates of ammonia and steam, respectively.
m a h2  h3 2343.79  272.06
   1.813
m s ha  hd 1471.26  328.41
For the steam cycle,

Wcycle   Ws,t  Ws,P  m s  h1  h2    h4  h3 
s
For the ammonia cycle,

Wcycle   Wa,t  Wa,P  m a  ha  hb    hd  hc 
a
Therefore,
Wcycle  Wcycle   Wcycle 
s a
 m s  h1  h2    h4  h3    m a  ha  hb    hd  hc  
 m 
 m s   h1  h2    h4  h3    a  ha  hb    hd  hc   
 m s 
Wcycle
m s 
m
 h1  h2    h4  h3    a  ha  hb    hd  hc  
m s
22 MW 103 kJ / s

 3642  2343.79    280.19  272.06   1 MW
  kJ / kg
  1.813 1471.26  1405    328.41  327.01
 15.63 kg / s
And
m a  1.813m s  1.81315.63 kg / s   28.34 kg / s
(a) Calculate power developed by steam turbine as follows:

Ws ,t  m s  h1  h2 
1 MW
 15.63 kg / s  3642  2343.79  kJ / kg
103 kJ / s
 20.29 MW

Calculate power developed by ammonia turbine as follows:

Wa ,t  m a  ha  hb 
1 MW
  28.34 kg / s 1471.26  1405  kJ / kg
103 kJ / s
 1.88 MW
(b) Calculate the rate of heat addition as follows:

Q in  m s  h1  h4 
1 MW
 15.63 kg / s  3642  280.19  kJ / kg
103 kJ / s
 52.55 MW
(c) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

W 22 MW
  cycle   0.419 or 41.9%
Q in 52.55 MW
8.61
8.61 (continued)
8.61 (continued)
8.62
8.62 (continued)
8.63
8.63 (continued)
8.64
8.64 (continued)
8.65
8.65 (continued)
New Problem 8.87
8.66::
In a steam power station working on the ideal Rankine cycle with regeneration, steam
The pressure in the condenser is 0.1 bar. Determine the rate of exergy input to the
working fluid passing through the steam generator, in kJ/kg of steam entering the
turbine. Let T0  288 K and p0  1 bar . Also, determine the rate of exergy destruction
in the open feedwater heater, in kJ/kg of steam entering the turbine.
Solution:

 h1  3582 kJ / kg, s1  6.677 kJ / kg  K
State 2: At p2  12 bar , s2  s1  6.677 kJ / kg  K ,

h2  2858 kJ / kg
State 3: At p3  0.1 bar , s3  s1  6.677 kJ / kg  K ,

x3  0.804
h3  2115 kJ / kg

h4  h f  191.83 kJ / kg
v4  v f  1.0102 103 m3 / kg
s4  s f  0.6493 kJ / kg  K
h5  h4  v4  p5  p4 
105 N / m 2
 191.83 kJ / kg  1.0102 103 m3 / kg  12  0.1 bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 193 kJ / kg
And s5  s4  0.6493 kJ / kg  K

h6  h f  795.6 kJ / kg
v6  v f  1.1379 103 m3 / kg
s6  s f  2.2092 kJ / kg  K

h7  h6  v6  p7  p6 
105 N / m 2
 795.6 kJ / kg  1.1379 103 m3 / kg  150  12  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 811.3 kJ / kg
And s7  s6  2.2092 kJ / kg  K
yh2  1  y  h5  h6  0
h6  h5 795.6  193
y   0.226
h2  h5 2858  193
Thus, the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine is 0.226.

Calculate the rate of exergy input to the working fluid passing through the steam
generator.
E f 1  E f 7
 ef 1  ef 7
m 1
  h1  h7   T0  s1  s7 
  3582  811.3 kJ / kg   288 K  6.677  2.2092  kJ / kg  K
 1484 kJ / kg
Thus, the rate of exergy input to the working fluid passing through the steam
generator is 1484 kJ / kg .
Calculate the rate of exergy destruction in the open feedwater heater.

E d   
 T0  cv 
m 1  m 1  heater
 T0  s6  ys2  1  y  s5 
  288 K   2.2092   0.226  6.677   1  0.266  0.6493  kJ / kg  K
 64.4 kJ / kg
Thus, the rate of exergy destruction in the open feedwater heater is 64.4 kJ / kg .
8.67::
New Problem 8.88
In a steam power plant working on Rankine cycle, superheated steam enters the steam
turbine at 20 bar, 400 C and exits it at 0.08 bar. It then enters the condenser, where
it is condensed to saturated liquid water at 0.08 bar. The mass flow rate of the steam is
50 kg/s. If both turbine and pump have an efficiency of 85% each, determine the rate
of exergy input to the working fluid, in MW passing through the steam generator. Let
T0  293 K and p0  1 bar .
Solution:
State 1: Superheated steam at p1  20 bar , T1  400 C .
Refer the following values from table A-4 corresponding to p1  20 bar , T1  400 C .
s1  7.1271 kJ / kg  K
h1  3247.6 kJ / kg

s1  s2 s  7.1271 kJ / kg  K .
sg  8.2287 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5926 kJ / kg  K
hg  2577 kJ / kg
h f  173.87 kJ / kg

s2 s  s f 7.1271  0.5926
x2 s    0.8557
sg  s f 8.2287  0.5926

h2 s  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 173.87 kJ / kg   0.8557  2577 kJ / kg  173.87 kJ / kg 
 2230.2 kJ / kg
h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
h2  h1  t  h1  h2 s 
 3247.6 kJ / kg   0.85 3247.6 kJ / kg  2230.2 kJ / kg 
 2382.8 kJ/ kg
s3  s f  0.5926 kJ / kg  K
h3  h f  173.87 kJ / kg
v3  v f  1.0084 103 m3 / kg
h4 s  h3  v3  p4  p3 
105 N / m 2
 173.87 kJ / kg  1.0084 103 m3 / kg   20  0.08  bar
1 kJ
1 bar 103 N  m
 175.87 kJ / kg
h4 s  h3
p 
h4  h3
h4 s  h3
h4  h3 
p
175.87 kJ / kg  173.87 kJ / kg
 173.87 kJ / kg 
0.85
 176.2 kJ / kg
And
s4  0.5996 kJ / kg  K
generator.
E f 1  E f 4  m  e f 1  e f 4 
 m  h1  h4   T0  s1  s4  
  50 kg / s   3247.6  176.2  kJ / kg   293 K  7.1271  0.5996  kJ / kg  K 
1 MW
  50 kg / s 1158.8 kJ / kg 
103 kJ / s
 57.94 MW
generator is 57.94 MW .
New Problem 8.89
8.68::
In a steam power station working on ideal Rankine cycle with reheat, steam enters the
first stage turbine at 160 bar, 440 C . The steam leaving the reheat section of the
boiler is at 40 bar, 440 C . And the pressure at the condenser is 0.2 bar. Determine
the rate of exergy input to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in
kJ/kg of steam entering the turbine. Let T0  290 K and p0  1 bar .
Solution:
T1  440 C .
s1  6.0429 kJ / kg  K
h1  3103.7 kJ / kg
State 2: At this state, p2  40 bar and s2  s1 =6.0429 kJ / kg  K .

sg  6.0701 kJ / kg  K
s f  2.7964 kJ / kg  K
hg  2801.4 kJ / kg
h f  1087.3 kJ / kg

s s 6.0429  2.7964
x2  2 f   0.9917
sg  s f 6.0701  2.7964

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 1087.3 kJ / kg   0.9917  2801.4 kJ / kg  1087.3 kJ / kg 
 2787.17 kJ / kg
T3  440 C .
s3  6.9041 kJ / kg  K
h3  3307.1 kJ / kg

sg  7.9085 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.8320 kJ / kg  K
hg  2609.7 kJ / kg
h f  251.40 kJ / kg

s s 6.9041  0.832
x4  4 f   0.858
sg  s f 7.9085  0.832
Thus, the quality of steam at the exit of second stage turbine is 0.858 .
h4  h f  x4  hg  h f 
 251.40 kJ / kg   0.858  2609.7 kJ / kg  251.40 kJ / kg 
 2274.82 kJ / kg

h5  h f  251.40 kJ / kg
v5  v f  1.0172  103 m3 / kg
s5  s f  0.8320 kJ / kg  K
s6  s5  0.8320 kJ / kg  K
h6  h5  v5  p6  p5 
105 N / m 2
 251.40 kJ / kg  1.0172  10 m / kg  160  0.2  bar
3 3 1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 267.65 kJ / kg
generator.
E f 1  E f 6
 ef 1  ef 6
m 1
  h1  h6   T0  s1  s6 
  3103.7  267.65  kJ / kg   290 K  6.0429  0.832  kJ / kg  K
 1325 kJ / kg
generator is 1325 kJ / kg .
8.69::
New Problem 8.91
and
the condenser pressure is 6 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the first-stage
pressure of 6 kPa. Saturated liquid exits the feedwater heater at 0.9 MPa. Determine
the rate of exergy input to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in
MW. Let T0  298 K and p0  1 bar . Also, determine the rate of exergy destruction in
the open feedwater heater, in MW.
Solution:

T1  520 C .
s1  6.461 kJ / kg  K
h1  3377.8 kJ / kg

s2  s1  6.461 kJ / kg  K .
sg  6.6226 kJ / kg  K
s f  2.0946 kJ / kg  K
hg  2773.9 kJ / kg
h f  742.83 kJ / kg

s s 6.461  2.0946
x2  2 f   0.964
sg  s f 6.6226  2.0946

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 742.83 kJ / kg   0.964  2773.9 kJ / kg  742.83 kJ / kg 
 2700.78 kJ / kg

s2  s3  6.461 kJ / kg  K .
sg  8.3304 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5210 kJ / kg  K
hg  2567.4 kJ / kg
h f  151.53 kJ / kg

s s 6.461  0.5210
x3  3 f   0.7606
sg  s f 8.3304  0.5210

h3  h f  x3  hg  h f 
 151.53 kJ / kg   0.7606  2567.4 kJ / kg  151.53 kJ / kg 
 1989.04 kJ / kg

h4  151.53 kJ/kg
v4  1.0064 103 m3 / kg
s4  0.521 kJ / kg  K

h5  h4  v4  p5  p4 
105 N / m 2
 151.53 kJ / kg  1.0064 10 m / kg   9 bar  0.06 bar 
3 3 1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 152.43 kJ / kg
And s5  s4  0.521 kJ / kg  K

h6  742.83 kJ/kg
v6  1.1212  103 m3 / kg
s6  2.0946 kJ / kg  K

h7  h6  v6  p7  p6 
105 N / m 2
 742.83 kJ / kg  1.1212 103 m3 / kg  140  9 bar 
1 kJ
1 bar 10 N  m
3
 757.52 kJ / kg
And s7  s6  2.0946 kJ / kg  K
h h 742.83  152.43
y 6 5   0.2317
h2  h5 2700.78  152.43
generator.
E f 1  E f 7  m 1  e f 1  e f 7 
 m 1  h1  h7   T0  s1  s7  
 3377.8  757.52  kJ / kg  1 MW
  90 kg / s    3
   298 K  6.6461  2.0946  kJ / kg  K  10 kJ / s
 113.75 MW
generator is 113.75 MW .
Calculate the rate of exergy destruction in the open feedwater heater.

E d   
 T0  cv 
m 1  m 1  heater
  
E d  m 1T0  cv 
 m 1  heater
 m 1T0  s6  ys2  1  y  s5 
  2.0946   0.2317  6.461   1 MW
  90 kg / s   298 K    kJ / kg  K  3
   1  0.2317  0.521   10 kJ / s
 
 5.29 MW
Thus, the rate of exergy destruction in the open feedwater heater is 5.29 MW .
8.70:
8.70 (continued)

c08 - Pending 8.36

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

c08 - Pending 8.36

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Schematic and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Saturated vapors at p1  6 MPa .

State 2: The expansion process through turbine is isentropic that is

Calculate the quality of mixture at state 2.

Calculate the enthalpy at state 2.

State 3: Saturated liquid at p3  p2  4 kPa .

State 4: Liquid water at p4  p1  6 MPa .

Calculate the enthalpy at state 4.

Calculate the thermal efficiency from the following relation:

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 37.9% .

Schematic and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Superheated vapors at p1  6 MPa and T1  440 C .

State 2: The expansion process through turbine is isentropic that is

Calculate the quality of mixture at state 2.

Calculate the enthalpy at state 2.

State 3: Saturated liquid at p3  p2  4 kPa .

State 4: Liquid water at p4  p1  6 MPa .

Calculate the enthalpy at state 4.

(b) Calculate the thermal efficiency from the following relation:

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 39.98% .

Thus, the heat transfer rate through the condenser is 1890.39 kJ / kg .

Schematic and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Saturated vapors at p1  8 MPa .

State 2: The expansion process through turbine is isentropic that is

Calculate the quality of mixture at state 2.

Calculate the enthalpy at state 2.

State 4: Saturated liquid at p4  p1  8 MPa .

State 3: At p3  p2  4 kPa , s3  s4  3.2068 kJ / kg  K .

Calculate the quality of mixture at state 3.

Calculate the enthalpy at state 3.

Thus, the efficiency of the Carnot cycle is 46.8% .

Thus, the back work ratio is 0.344 .

Revalued data of Problem 8.2:

Revalued data of Problem 8.4:

Schematic and given data:

For sample calculations see solution to problem 8.2.

Use IT software to solve this problem.

The results at p2  0.04 bar and 1 bar are shown below:

It can be observed that thermal efficiency decreases as the condenser pressure is

Revalued data of Problem 8.2:

Revalued data of Problem 8.5:

Schematic and given data:

For sample calculations see solution to problem 8.2.

Use IT software to solve this problem.

Schematic and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Saturated vapors at p1  9 MPa .

State 2: The expansion process through turbine is isentropic that is

Calculate the quality of mixture at state 2.

Calculate the enthalpy at state 2.

State 4: Saturated liquid at p4  p1  9 MPa .

State 3: At p3  p2  10 kPa , s3  s4  3.2858 kJ / kg  K .

Calculate the quality of mixture at state 3.

Calculate the enthalpy at state 3.

Thus, the efficiency of the Carnot cycle is 44.7% .

Thus, the back work ratio is 0.349 .

Thus, the net power developed is 61,593 kW .

Schematic and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Saturated vapors at p1  20 bar .

State 2: The expansion process through turbine is isentropic that is