MME 3334b Assignment #1

1. Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the
turbine at 16 MPa, and the condenser pressure is 8 kPa. The mass flow rate of
steam entering the turbine is 120 kg/s. Determine

(a) the net power developed, in kW.

(b) the rate of heat transfer to the steam passing through the boiler, in kW.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
(d) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the cooling water
undergoes a temperature increase of 18oC with negligible pressure change
in passing through the condenser.

Schematic and given data:

ANALYSIS: First fix each of the principal states.

State1: P1  0.08 bar , Sat.liquid  h1  173.88 kJ / kg

State2: P2  160 bar , h 2  h1  v1  p 2  p1   190.01 kJ / kg

State3: P3  160 bar , Sat.vapor  h 3  2580.6 kJ / kg , s3  5.2455 kJ / kg.K

s s
State4: P4  0.08 bar , s 4  s3  x 4  4 f 4  0.6091, h 4  1637.6 kJ / kg
sg4  s f 4

(a) The net power developed is


W     h 3  h 4    h 2  h1    1.112  105 kW
cycle  Wt  Wp  m

(b) For the steam passing through the boiler

 m
Q   h 3  h 2   120  2580.6  190.01  2.869  105 kW
in


W cycle
(c)    0.388(38.8%)
Q
in

(d) For the control volume enclosing the condenser (assuming h cw  c w Tcw )

  h 4  h1 
m
 cw 
m  0.388(38.8%)
c w Tcw

With c w  4.179 kJ / kg.K from table A-19

120 1637.6  173.88  kg

 cw 
m  2335
4.179 18  s
2. Water is the working fluid in a Carnot vapor power cycle. Saturated liquid enters
the boiler at 16 MPa, and saturated vapor enters the turbine. The condenser
pressure is 8 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the turbine is 120 kg/s.
Determine

(a) the thermal efficiency.

(b) the back work ratio.
(c) the net power developed, in kW.
(d) the rate of heat transfer from the working fluid in the condenser, in kW.

Engineering Model: (1) Each component is analyzed as a control volume at steady state.
(2) All pressures are internally reversible, (3) The turbine and the pump operate
adiabatically, (4) Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
ANALYSIS: First fix each of the principal states.
State1: P1  0.08 bar , s1  s 2  sf @1bar  3.7461 kJ / kg

s s
 x1  1 f1  0.4130 , h1  1166.4 kJ / kg
s g1  sf1

State2: P2  160 bar , Sat.liquid  h 2  1650.1 kJ / kg

State3: P3  160 bar , Sat.vapor  h 3  2580.6 kJ / kg , s3  5.2455 kJ / kg.K

s s
State4: P4  0.08 bar , s 4  s3  x 4  4 f 4  0.6091, h 4  1637.6 kJ / kg
sg4  s f 4

(a) The thermal efficiency of the Carnot cycle is given by Eq5.9. With data from table A-

3;

TH  Tsat @1bar  620.55 K and TC  Tsat @ 0.08bar  314.66 K .Thus

T 314.66
  1 C  1  0.493 (49.3%)
TH 620.55

(b) The back work ratio is

p
w   h 2  h1  165.01  1166.4 
m
bwr     0.513
t
w   h 3  h 4   2580.6  1637.6 
m

(c)The net power developed is


W     h 3  h 4    h 2  h1    55120 kW
cycle  Wt  Wp  m
(d) For the condenser

Q   h 4  h1   120 1637.6  1166.4   56540 kW
out  m

3. Water is the working fluid in a Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the turbine
at 10 MPa, 480oC, and the condenser pressure is 6 kPa. The turbine and pump have
isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 70%, respectively. Determine for the cycle

(a) the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid in the boiler, in kJ/kg.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the rate of heat transfer from the working fluid in the condenser to the
cooling water in kJ/kg..

Engineering Model: Same as example 8.1, items 1-4, except t  0.8 and p  0.7

ANALYSIS: From problem 8.2, h1  151.53 kJ / kg and h 3  3321.4 kJ / kg . The specific

enthalpy at state 4 is found using the turbine efficiency.

h3  h 4
t   h 4  h 3  t  h 3  h 4s 
h 3  h 4s
From problem 8.2, h 4s  2009.8 kJ / kg . Thus, h 4  2272.1 kJ / kg . Similarly,
h  h1
p  2s  h 2  h1 
 h 2s  h1 
h 2  h1 p
From problem 8.2, h 2s  161.59 kJ / kg . Thus h 2  165.9 kJ / kg .
(a) For control enclosing the steam generator
Q
Q m   h 4  h1   in  h  h  3321.4  165.9  3155.5 kJ / kg
in 4 1
m

(b) The thermal efficiency is

W    h 3  h 4    h 2  h1  1049.3  14.37
cycle m
    0.328 (32.8%)
 m  h3  h 2 
Q in  3155.5
(c) For the condenser

Q

Q   h 4  h1  out  h  h  2272.1  151.53  2120.6
 4 1
out  m  kJ / kg

m

These results can be compared with those of problem 8.2 to see some of the effects of
irreversibility in the turbine and pump on the ideal Rankine cycle.
4. Water is the working fluid in a Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the turbine
at 8 MPa, 560 oC with a mass flow rate of 7.8 kg/s and exits at 8 kPa. Saturated
liquid enters the pump at 8 kPa. The isentropic turbine efficiency is 88%, and the
isentropic pump efficiency is 82%. Cooling water enters the condenser at 18 oC and
exits at 36 oC with no significant change in pressure. Determine

(a) the net power developed, in kW.

(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the mass flow rate of the cooling water in kg/s.

Engineering Model: Same as example 8.2, items 1-4, except t  0.88 and p  0.82 . Also,

we assume that the pressure drop is negligible for the cooling water passing
through the condenser, and that h  h f  T 

ANALYSIS: First fix each of the principal states.

State1: P1  0.08 bar , Sat.liquid  h1  173.88 kJ / kg

State2: P2  80 bar , h 2  h1  v1  p 2  p1   181.94 kJ / kg

State3: P3  80 bar , T1  560 oC h 3  8545.3 kJ / kg , s3  6.9072 kJ / kg.K

s s
State4: P4  0.08 bar , s 4s  s3  x 4s  4s f 4  0.8269, h 4s  2161.0 kJ / kg
sg4  s f 4

Using the isentropic pump efficiency to get h 4

h  h1
p  2s  h 2  h1 
 h 2s  h1   183.58 kJ / kg
h 2  h1 p

(a) The net power developed is


W     h 3  h 4    h 2  h1    9426 kW
cycle  Wt  Wp  m


(b) To find the thermal efficiency, first get Q in

 m
Q   h 3  h 2   7.8  3545.3  183.58   26 221 kW
in

Thus;


W cycle
  0.359(35.9%)
Q
in
(d) The mass flow rate of cooling water passing through the condenser is;
  h 4  h1 
m
 cw 
m  0.388(38.8%)
h cw,in  h cw,out

With h cw  h f  T 

7.8  2327.1  173.88 

 cw 
m  223.1 kg s
150.86  75.58