APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

18ME42

Course Coordinator
Mr. THANMAY J. S
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
VVIET Mysore

Module 02: Gas power Cycles & Jet Propulsion

Course Learning Objectives

 To understand fundamentals of Gas Turbines cycle, Construction and working Principle of
different Gas turbine and to calculate cycle Performance.

Course Outcomes
The students will understand the working principle of Gas Turbines, applications and identify
methods for performance improvement.

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 1

 Contents
Introduction to Gas Turbine
Types of Gas Turbines
Gas turbine (Brayton) cycle; Description, Types and analysis.
Gas turbine (Actual Brayton) cycle; description and analysis.
Regenerative, Inter-cooling and reheating in gas turbine cycles.
Introduction to Jet Propulsion cycles.
Problems on Brayton cycle
Problems on Actual Brayton cycle

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 2

 Introduction to Gas Turbine
The gas turbine is a prime mover which develops power by burning of fuel. The gas
turbines convert the heat from combusted fuel into the trust power or shaft power. The hot
gases undergo momentum changes when they flow through the passages formed by the
stationery and rotating blades.
A jet of Hot gases and air mixture is made to flow over rings of moving blades mounted on a
shaft and in doing so the velocity of the jet decreases. Its kinetic energy is absorbed by the rings
of blades imparting rotary motions to the shaft.

A larger part of the power developed by the turbine rotor is consumed for driving a compressor
which supplies air under pressure to a combustion chamber, while the remaining power is
utilized for doing the external work.

Working Principle
i. Air is compressed (squeezed) to high pressure by a Compressor.
ii. Then Fuel and Compressed air are mixed in combustion chamber and Ignited.
iii. The product of combustion which are in gaseous form is sent to Gas Turbines which spins
the Turbine wheels.
iv. The rotary motions to the Gas Turbine shaft is used to convert power.

A gas Turbine generally consists of 3 main parts.

1. Air Compressor
2. Combustion Chamber (Heat Exchangers)
3. Turbine

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 3

Types of Gas Turbine (Classification of Gas Turbine)
Sl No Parameters Types

Open Cycle Gas Turbine

Based on Cycle of Operation
1 Closed Cycle Gas Turbine
/ Path of Working Substance
Semi Closed Cycle Gas Turbine

Constant Volume or explosion type Gas Turbine

Based on Method of
2 Constant Pressure or continuous combustion type Gas
Combustion
Turbine

Brayton / Joule Cycle

3 Thermodynamic Cycle Atkinson Cycle

Ericsson Cycle

Liquid Fuel Gas Turbine

4 Types of Fuel Used Solid Fuel Gas Turbine

Gaseous Fuel Gas Turbine

Process of Heat Absorption / Constant Pressure Gas Turbine

5
Combustion Process Constant Volume Gas Turbine

Impulse Gas Turbine

6 Action of Expanding Gasses
Reaction Gas Turbine

Axial flow Gas Turbine

7 Direction of Gas Flow
Radial Flow Gas Turbine

Stationary Gas Turbine

Locomotive Gas Turbine

8 Based on Applications
Marine Gas Turbine

Air Craft Gas Turbine

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 4

 Gas turbine (Brayton) cycle; Description, Types and analysis.

Constant Pressure or Continuous Combustion Type Turbine

In 1872, an American engineer, George Bailey Brayton advanced the study of Heat Engines
by patenting a constant pressure internal combustion engine, initially using vaporized gas but
later using liquid fuels such as kerosene. This heat engine is known as “Brayton’s Ready
Motor”. It means, the original Brayton engine used a piston compressor and piston
expander instead of a gas turbine and gas compressor.

Today, modern gas turbine engines and air breathing jet engines are also a constant-
pressure heat engine, therefore we describe their thermodynamics by the Brayton cycle. In
general, the Brayton cycle describes the workings of a constant-pressure heat engine.

In an ideal Brayton cycle, the system executing the cycle undergoes a series of four processes:
two isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes alternated with two isobaric processes.

Types of Brayton Cycle

a) Open Brayton Cycle

Since most gas turbines are based on the Brayton cycle with internal combustion (e.g. jet
engines), they are based on the open Brayton cycle. In this cycle, air from the ambient
atmosphere is compressed to a higher pressure and temperature by the compressor. In the
combustion chamber, air is heated further by burning the fuel-air mixture in the air flow.
Combustion products and gases expand in the turbine either to near atmospheric pressure
(engines producing mechanical energy or electrical energy) or to a pressure required by the jet
engines. The open Brayton cycle means that the gases are discharged directly into the
atmosphere.

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 5

 b) Closed Brayton Cycle
In a closed Brayton cycle working medium (e.g. helium) recirculates in the loop and the gas
expelled from the turbine is reintroduced into the compressor. In these turbines, a heat
exchanger (external combustion) is usually used and only clean medium with no combustion
products travels through the power turbine. The closed Brayton cycle is used, for example, in
high-temperature reactors.

c) Reverse Brayton Cycle – Brayton Refrigeration Cycle

A Brayton cycle that is driven in reverse direction
is known as the reverse Brayton cycle. Its purpose
is to move heat from colder to hotter body, rather
than produce work. In compliance with the second
law of thermodynamics, Heat cannot
spontaneously flow from cold system to hot
system without external work being performed
on the system. Heat can flow from colder to hotter
body, but only when forced by an external work.
This is exactly what refrigerators and heat pumps
accomplish. These are driven by electric motors
requiring work from their surroundings to operate. One of possible cycles is a reverse Brayton
cycle, which is similar to the ordinary Brayton cycle but it is driven in reverse, via total work-
input. This cycle is also known as the gas refrigeration cycle or Bell Coleman cycle.

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 6

 Brayton Cycle – Processes
In an example of closed ideal Brayton cycle, the system executing the cycle undergoes a series
of four processes: two isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes alternated with two isobaric
processes:
The Brayton ideal cycle is made up of four internally reversible processes:
1-2 isentropic compression (in compressor)
2-3 const. pressure heat-addition (in combustion chamber)
3-4 isentropic expansion (in turbine)
4-1 const. pressure heat rejection (exhaust)

To find Efficiency of Brayton Cycle

let us assume the ideal Brayton cycle that describes the workings of a constant pressure heat
engine. This cycle consists of four thermodynamic processes:

1. isentropic compression – ambient air is drawn into the compressor, where it is pressurized
(1 → 2). The work required for the compressor is given by
𝐖𝑪 = 𝐇𝟐 – 𝐇𝟏= 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏]
2. isobaric heat addition – the compressed air then runs through a combustion chamber, where
fuel is burned and air or another medium is heated (2 → 3). It is a constant-pressure process,
since the chamber is open to flow in and out. The net heat added is given by
𝐐𝐬 = 𝐇𝟑 – 𝐇𝟐 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐]
3. isentropic expansion – the heated, pressurized air then expands on turbine, gives up its
energy (3-4). The work done by turbine is given by
𝐖𝑻 = 𝐇𝟒 – 𝐇𝟑 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟒]

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 7

4. isobaric heat rejection – the residual heat must be rejected in order to close the cycle (4-1).
The net heat rejected is given by
𝐐𝐫 = 𝐇𝟒 – 𝐇𝟏 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟏]
The thermal efficiency of such simple Brayton cycle, for ideal gas and in terms of specific
enthalpies can now be expressed in terms of the temperatures:
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑇 −𝑊𝐶
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = =
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑄𝑆

𝑊𝑇 −𝑊𝐶 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑−𝐓𝟒]−𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟐−𝐓𝟏] [𝐓𝟑−𝐓𝟒]− [𝐓𝟐−𝐓𝟏]

= =
𝑄𝑆 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑−𝐓𝟐] [𝐓𝟑−𝐓𝟐]
[𝐓𝟑−𝐓𝟐]− [𝐓𝟒−𝐓𝟏] [𝐓𝟒−𝐓𝟏]
𝑅𝑒 − 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 = =1−
[𝐓𝟑−𝐓𝟐] [𝐓𝟑−𝐓𝟐]

[𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟏]
𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 1 −
[𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐]

From process 1-2 Isentropic or Adiabatic Compression

𝛾
𝛾−1 𝛾 𝛾−1 𝛾 𝑃1 𝑉2 𝛾 𝑇1 𝛾−1
𝑃1 𝑇1 = 𝑃2 𝑇2 = Constant = [𝑉1] = [𝑇2]
𝑃2

𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝜸
we can write the equation for the process 1-2 as 𝑻𝟏 = [𝑷𝟏]

𝑷𝟐
𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒘𝒆 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝑹𝑷 = 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝛾−1
𝑷𝟏
𝛾−1 𝜸−𝟏
𝑃2 𝛾
∴ 𝑇2 = [𝑃1] × 𝑇1 = [𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾 × 𝑇1 ∴ 𝑻𝟐 = [𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸 ∙ 𝑻𝟏

Similarly, from process 3-4 Isentropic or Adiabatic Expansion

𝛾−1
𝑇3 𝑃3 𝛾
= [𝑃4]
𝑇4
But P3 = P2 and P4 = P1 (from Graph)
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝛾−1
𝑇3 𝑃3 𝛾 𝑃2 𝛾
∴ = [𝑃4] = [𝑃1] = [𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾
𝑇4
𝜸−𝟏
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑻𝟑 = [𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸 ∙ 𝑻𝟒
Substituting T2 and T3 Values in the main efficiency equation we get
[𝐓𝟒−𝐓𝟏]
𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 1 − 𝜸−𝟏 𝜸−𝟏
[[𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸 ∙𝑻𝟒−[𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸 ∙𝑻𝟏]
[𝐓𝟒−𝐓𝟏]
𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 1 − 𝜸−𝟏
[𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸 ×[𝐓𝟒−𝐓𝟏]

𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑
∴ 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 𝟏 − 𝜸−𝟏 𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆 = = 𝑹𝑷 = 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟒
[𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 8

To find Work ratio for Brayton Cycle
Work ratio: It is the ratio of the net work done to the work done by the Turbine.
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝐶 𝑊𝐶
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑹𝑾 = = = = 1−
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑇 𝑊𝑇 𝑊𝑇
𝑾𝑪
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑹𝑾 = 𝟏 − 𝑾𝑻

𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 1 − 2 𝑾𝑪 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏]

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 3 − 4 𝑾𝑻 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟒]

𝑊 mCp [T2−T1] [T2−T1]

∴ 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑅𝑊 = 1 − 𝑊 𝐶 = 1 − mCp [T3−T4] = 1 − [T3−T4]
𝑇

T2
[T2 − T1] T1 [𝑇1 − 1]
𝑅𝑊 =1− = 1−
[T3 − T4] T4
T3 [1 − 𝑇3]

From process 1-2 Isentropic or Adiabatic Compression

𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝜸 𝑃2
= [𝑷𝟏] 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝑅𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑻𝟏 𝑃1

𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟐
∴ 𝑻𝟏 = [𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸

Similarly, from process 3-4 Isentropic or Adiabatic Expansion

𝛾−1
𝑇3 𝑃3 𝛾
= [ ]
𝑇4 𝑃4
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝛾−1
𝑇3 𝑃3 𝛾 𝑃2 𝛾
But P3 = P2 and P4 = P1 (from Graph) ∴ = [𝑃4] = [𝑃1] = [𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾
𝑇4

𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝟏
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 = 𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟑
[𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸
𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟒
Now substituting 𝑻𝟏 and in main equation we get
𝑻𝟑
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
T1 [
T2
−1] T1 [[𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾 −1] T1 [[𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾 −1]
𝑇1
𝑅𝑊 = 1 − T4 = 1− =1− 𝛾−1
T3 [1− ]
𝑇3 1 [𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾 −1
T3 [1− 𝛾−1 ] T3 [ 𝛾−1 ]
[𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾 [𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾

𝛾−1 𝛾−1
T1 [[𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾 − 1] [𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾
T1 𝛾−1
𝑅𝑊 = 1 − 𝛾−1 =1− × [𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾
T3
T3 [[𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾 − 1]

𝐓𝟏 𝜸−𝟏
𝑹𝑾 = 𝟏 − × [𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸
𝐓𝟑

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 9

 Gas turbine (Actual Brayton) cycle; description and analysis.
The actual cycles differ from the ideal ones on accounts of:
a) Actual heat-addition and heat-rejection processes is not uniform in every actual cycle.
b) Actual cycle involves some pressure drops especially in combustion chamber. whereas in
ideal cycles there are none.
c) Actual compressor work is more, and actual turbine work is less compared to ideal Brayton
cycle due to irreversibility.
d) Friction in compressor and turbine is not considered in ideal cycle.
e) Uniform supply of fuel and air and mixture rate is not achieved in actual cycle.

1 − 2 = Ideal Compressor work 1 − 2′ = Actual Compressor work

3 − 4 = Ideal Turbine work 3 − 4′ = Actual Turbine work

(𝜂 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 ) Compressor Efficiency is defined as the ratio of isentropic work done (ideal
temperature raise) by the compressor to the actual work done by the compressor (actual
Temperature)
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏]
𝜼 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 = = =
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟐′ − 𝑻𝟏]

(𝜂 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 ) Turbine Efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual work done by the Turbine (actual
Temperature raise) to the isentropic work done (ideal temperature raise) by the Turbine.
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟒′ ]
𝜼 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 = = =
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟒]

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 10

 Regenerative, Inter-cooling and reheating in gas turbine cycles.
(a) Reheating.
Turbine work-output can be increased by using a multistage turbine with reheating of the gas
in between the two stages.
(b) Intercooling
Compressor work Wc can be decreased when multistage compressors with intercooling are
used.
(c) Regeneration
QA— the heat added or supplied can be decreased by the process called regenerative heating
of gas before entering the combustion chamber.

i. Gas Turbine Cycle with Reheating.

A common method of increasing the mean temperature of heat reception is to reheat the gas
after it has expanded in a part of the gas turbine. By doing so the mean temperature of heat
rejection is also increased, resulting in a decrease in the thermal efficiency of the plant.
However, the specific output of the plant increases due to reheat.

The specific work output is given by,

The heat supplied to the cycle is

Thus, the cycle efficiency will be

Therefore, a reheat cycle is used to increase the work output while a regenerative cycle is used
to enhance the efficiency.
ii. Gas Cycle with Inter-cooling
The cooling of air between two stages of compression is known as intercooling. This reduces
the work of compression and increases the specific output of the plant with a decrease in the

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 11

thermal efficiency. The loss in efficiency due to intercooling can be remedied by employing
exhaust heat exchange as in the reheat cycle.

Specific work output =

Heat supplied =
If 𝐶𝑝 is constant and not dependent on temperature, we can write:

Note
Here heat supply and output both increases as compared to simple cycle. Because the increase
in heat supply is proportionally more, (η) decreases.

iii. Gas Turbine cycle with Regenerative

In most cases the turbine exhaust temperature is higher than the outlet temperature from the
compressor. Thus the exhaust heat can be utilized by providing a heat exchanger that reduces
heat input in the combustion chamber. This saving of energy increases the efficiency of the
regeneration cycle keeping the specific output unchanged.

Cycle Efficiency

we know that that will be

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 12

 now we apply condition we get as

Compressor and Turbine

constant
Rewriting we get 𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝜸
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 = 𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 =( ) =𝑪
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟏 𝑷𝟏

 Efficiency is more than that of simple cycle

 With heat exchange (ideal) the specific output does not change but the efficiency is
increased

Note: Intercooled cycle with heat exchange and reheat cycle

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌

𝑾𝟏𝟐 + 𝑾𝟑𝟒 = 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 ) + 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻𝟑 ) 𝑾𝟔𝟕 + 𝑾𝟖𝟗 = 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟕 ) + 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟖 − 𝑻𝟗 )
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝜼) =
𝑸𝟔𝟓 + 𝑸𝟖𝟕 = 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟓 ) + 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟖 − 𝑻𝟕 ) 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅

𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 − 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 (𝑾𝟔𝟕 + 𝑾𝟖𝟗 ) − (𝑾𝟏𝟐 + 𝑾𝟑𝟒 )

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝜼) = =
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 (𝑸𝟔𝟓 + 𝑸𝟖𝟕 )
((𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟕 ) + (𝑻𝟖 − 𝑻𝟗 )) − ((𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 ) + (𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻𝟑 ))
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝜼) = =
((𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟓 ) + (𝑻𝟖 − 𝑻𝟕 ))

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 13

 Introduction to Jet Propulsion cycles.
Propulsion: The act of changing a body’s motion from mechanisms providing force to that
body.
Jet Propulsion: Reaction force imparted to device by momentum of ejecting matter.
Propulsion Principle: Imparting momentum to a fluid so that the end reaction should be
propulsive force

Classification of Jet Propulsion:

Air-Breathing (Ducted) Propulsion: Devices that use surrounding medium as the “working
Fluid” along with some amount of stored fuel. Air breathing propulsion systems use oxygen in
atmospheric air to burn fuel stored on the vehicle example
• Turbojet
• Turbofan (High BR, Low BR, Afterburning)
• Turboprop
• RAMJETS
Rocket Propulsion: Produces thrust by ejecting stored matter.
Operational Limits in Aero Space:

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 14

 a) Turbo Jet

The turbojet engine basically comprises of components such as diffuser, compressor,

combustor, gas turbine and a set of nozzles.
Working principle:

 Atmospheric air at aircraft velocity enters the diffuser at point a. The diffuser converts the
kinetic energy of the air into pressure energy and the compression taking place is called as
ram compression.
 Again the air is further compressed in the compressor. This pressurized air is then passed
through the combustors where the fuel is burnt at constant pressure. During this process,
the temperature of the gases increases.
 The products of combustion then expand over the gas turbine up to a pressure such the
turbine develops power which is capable of driving the compressor and the rest of the
auxiliaries.
 The pressure of the gases at the outlet of the gas turbine is above the atmospheric. Thus,
these gases finally expand in the nozzles up to surrounding pressure.
 Velocity of gases at the exit is much higher when compared to inlet velocity of air. Thus
the thrust produced due to the rate of change of momentum and its reaction generates the
necessary propulsive force to propel the jet engine in the forward direction.
 At higher speeds the turbojet has higher propulsive efficiency which are suitable to aircrafts
travelling at speeds higher than 800kmph.

b) Turboprop Engine

In this engine 80 to 90% of the total propulsive thrust is generated by the gas turbine and the
remainder is developed by the expansion of the gases in nozzles. Due to this the power
generated in the gas turbine is used for driving the compressor and the propeller.

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 15

The main components of turbo-prop engine are a propeller, gear reduction unit, a compressor,
a combustor, gas turbine and the nozzles.
 The gas turbine drives the propeller through the reduction gear unit and it draws a large
amount of air.
 A large part of this air drawn by the propeller is passed through the ducts around the engine
and the remainder is compressed in the diffuser by ram compression and further in the
compressor.
 Fuel is burnt in the combustor and the resultant high temperature gases are expanded in the
turbine and finally in the nozzles. The total thrust developed is the sum of thrust developed
by the propeller and the nozzle.
 The turboprop engines are widely used for commercial and military air crafts, due to their
low specific fuel consumption and high flexibility of operation at reasonably high speed.
c) Turbofan:

Working Principle: Turbofan engines, work by sucking air into the front of the engine using
a fan. From there, the engine compresses the air, mixes fuel with it, ignites the fuel/air mixture,
and shoots it out the back of the engine, creating thrust. The main parts of a Turbofan Engine
consist of the fan, compressor, combustor, Turbine and Nozzle.

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 16

 The incoming air is captured by the engine inlet. Some of the incoming air passes through
the fan and continues on into the core compressor and then the burner, where it is mixed
with fuel and combustion occurs.
 The hot exhaust passes through the core and fan turbines and then out the nozzle, as in a
basic turbojet.
 The rest of the incoming air passes through the fan and bypasses, or goes around the
engine, just like the air through a propeller.
 The air that goes through the fan has a velocity that is slightly increased from free stream.
So a turbofan gets some of its thrust from the core and some of its thrust from the fan.
 The ratio of the air that goes around the engine to the air that goes through the core is called
the bypass ratio.

d) Ramjet engine:

Working Principle: Ramjet has no compressor as the entire compression depends upon
combustion. Function of supersonic & subsonic difference to convert the kinetic called the
ram pressure.
Ramjet has no major moving parts. It relies on the craft’s forward motion to draw in air and
on a specially shaped intake passage to compress the air for combustion.
After fuel sprayed into the engine has been ignited, combustion is self-sustaining. The air
entering into ram jet with supersonic speed is slowed down to sonic velocity in the
supersonic diffuser, increasing air pressure. The air pressure is further increase in the
subsonic diffuser increasing also the temperature of air.
The diffuser section is designed to get correct ram effect. its job is to decrease the velocity
& increase pressure of incoming air.
The fuel injected into combustion chamber is burned with help of flame igniter.
The high pressure and high temperature gases are passed through the nozzle converting into
pressure energy into kinetic energy.
The high velocity gas leaving the nozzle provide required toward thrust to.

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 17

 e) Rocket Propulsion

Rocket propulsion systems are classified into two general types according to whether they burn
propellants stored as solid or as liquid. Solid systems are usually called motors, and liquid
systems are referred to as engines.
Working principle: The propulsion of all rockets, jet engines, deflating balloons, Bullet fired
from Gun and even squids and octopuses is explained by the same physical principle—
Newton’s third law of motion “to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

 A rocket’s acceleration depends on three major factors: the exhaust velocity, the rate of fuel
burnt, and the mass of the rocket.
 In a liquid rocket, the propellants, the fuel and the oxidizer, are stored separately as liquids
and are pumped into the combustion chamber of the nozzle where burning occurs.
 In a solid rocket, the propellants are mixed together and packed into a solid cylinder. Under
normal temperature conditions, the propellants do not burn; but they will burn when
exposed to a source of heat provided by an igniter. Once the burning starts, it proceeds until
all the propellant is exhausted.
 With a liquid rocket, you can stop the thrust by turning off the flow of propellants; but with
a solid rocket, you have to destroy the casing to stop the engine.
 Liquid rockets tend to be heavier and more complex because of the pumps and storage
tanks. The propellants are loaded into the rocket just before launch. A solid rocket is much
easier to handle and can sit for years before firing.

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 18

 List of Formulas

Ideal Brayton Cycle

P-V Graph and T-S Graph

Process 1-2 isentropic compression Compressor Work 𝐖𝑪 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏]

Process 2-3 isobaric heat addition Heat Supplied 𝐐𝐬 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐]
Process 3-4 isentropic expansion Turbine Work 𝐖𝑻 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟒]
Process 4-1 isobaric heat rejection Heat Rejected 𝐐𝐫 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟏]
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝑻 −𝑾𝑪
𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = =
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝑸𝑺
[𝐓𝟒−𝐓𝟏]
𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 𝟏 −
[𝐓𝟑−𝐓𝟐]
Efficiency of Ideal Brayton cycle 𝟏
𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 𝟏 − 𝜸−𝟏
[𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸
𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑
𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆 = = 𝑹𝑷 = 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟒
𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝜸 𝑻𝟐 𝜸−𝟏
Process 1-2 = [ ] 𝒐𝒓 = [𝑹𝒑] 𝜸
𝑻𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝑻𝟏
𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟑 𝑷𝟑 𝜸
= [ ] (but P3 = P2 & P4 = P1)
𝑻𝟒 𝑷𝟒
Process 3-4 𝜸−𝟏 𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟑 𝑷𝟑 𝜸 𝑷𝟐 𝜸 𝜸−𝟏
∴ = [ ] =[ ] = [𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸
𝑻𝟒 𝑷𝟒 𝑷𝟏
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝐶 𝑊𝐶
𝑹𝑾 = = = =1−
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑇 𝑊𝑇 𝑊𝑇
T2
𝑊𝐶 mCp [T2 − T1] T1 [ − 1]
𝑅𝑊 = 1 − = 1− 1− 𝑇1
Work Ratio T4
𝑊𝑇 mCp [T3 − T4] T3 [1 − ]
𝑇3
𝜸−𝟏 𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟒 𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝐓𝟏
= 𝜸−𝟏 & = [𝑹𝒑] 𝜸 𝑹𝑾 = 𝟏 − × [𝑹𝑷 ]𝜸
𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟏 𝐓𝟑
[𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸

Actual Brayton Cycle

P-V Graph and T-S Graph

1 − 2 = Ideal Compressor work 1 − 2′ = Actual Compressor work

3 − 4 = Ideal Turbine work 3 − 4′ = Actual Turbine work
Actual Compressor Efficiency 𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏]
𝜼 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 = =
(𝜼 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓) 𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟐 ′ − 𝑻𝟏]

Actual Turbine Efficiency 𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟒′ ]

𝜼 (𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 ) 𝜼 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 = =
𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟒]

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 19

 List of Formulas on Intercooling, Re-heating and Regeneration

Intercooling

𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟓−𝑻𝟔′ ] For perfect Intercooling the Intermediate pressure is given
𝜼 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 = =
[𝑻𝟓−𝑻𝟔]
𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍
𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟐−𝑻𝟏]
by 𝐏𝟑 = 𝐏𝟐 = √𝐏𝟒 × 𝐏𝟏 = √𝐏𝟓 × 𝐏𝟔
𝜼 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝟏 = = [𝑻𝟐′ 𝑎𝑠 𝑃4 = 𝑃5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃1 = 𝑃6
𝑾 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 −𝑻𝟏]
𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟒−𝑻𝟑] 𝐖𝑻 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟓 − 𝐓𝟔]
𝜼 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝟐 = =
[𝑻𝟒′ −𝑻𝟑] 𝐖𝑪 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩([𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟑] − [𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏])
𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍

𝜼 (𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈) =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝑻 −𝑾𝑪
= 𝐐𝐬 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟓 − 𝐓𝟒]
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝑸𝑺

Re-heating

For perfect Re-heating the Intermediate Temperature is given

𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒′ ]
𝜼 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟏 = = [𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒]
by 𝐓𝟑 = 𝐓𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝟒 = 𝐓𝟔
𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍
𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟓−𝑻𝟔′ ] For maximum work by re-heater the Intermediate pressure is
𝜼 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟐 = =[𝑻𝟓−𝑻𝟔] given by 𝐏𝟒 = 𝐏𝟓 = √𝐏𝟑 × 𝐏𝟔 = √𝐏𝟐 × 𝐏𝟏
𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍
𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟐−𝑻𝟏] 𝑎𝑠 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃1 = 𝑃6
𝜼 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 = = [𝑻𝟐′
𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 −𝑻𝟏] 𝐖𝑻 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩([𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟒] + [𝐓𝟓 − 𝐓𝟔])
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝑻 −𝑾𝑪
𝜼 (𝑹𝒆−𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈) = = 𝐖𝑪 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩[𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏]
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝑸𝑺

Regeneration

𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 −𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓
𝜼 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝑸𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅
𝒎𝑪𝒑[𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒]−𝒎𝑪𝒑[𝑻𝟐−𝑻𝟏] Substitute T5 = T4 or T2 based on Highest Temperature or
𝜼 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = calculate using the efficiency of Regenerator
𝒎𝑪𝒑[𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟓]
𝒎𝑪𝒑[𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒]−𝒎𝑪𝒑[𝑻𝟐−𝑻𝟏]
𝜼 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝒎𝑪𝒑[𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒]
𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟐−𝑻𝟏] [𝑻𝟓 − 𝑻𝟐]
𝜼 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 = = [𝑻𝟐′ 𝜼 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝑾𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 −𝑻𝟏]
𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 [𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒′ ]
[𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻𝟐]
𝜼 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 = = [𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒]
𝑾𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 20

 Previous Year Solved Question Papers
Model Question Bank 01
3a With a neat sketch, explain the working (i) Ram jet and (ii) Turbo jet
Ans

3b A gas turbine working on Brayton cycle has a regenerator of 75% effectiveness. Air at inlet to
compressor is at 100 kPa and 27°C and the maximum cycle temperature is limited to 900°C.
The pressure ratio used is 6. If the turbine efficiency = 80%, and compressor efficiency = 82%,
find (i) Percentage increase of cycle efficiency due to regeneration and (ii) Work ratio.
Note this problem is based on Actual Brayton cycle, if the words like regenerator,
Intercooler, or Re-heater are used then they belong to Actual Bryton cycle.
Ans Given Data:
P1= 100 kPa;
T1=27+273= 300 K;
T3 = 900+273 =1173 K;
Rp = 6;
η(turbine) = 80%; η(compressor)= 82%
Ideal Brayton cycle; Compression process 1-2 [𝑻𝟐−𝑻𝟏]
𝜼 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 = [𝑻𝟐′ = 𝟖𝟐% = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
𝜸−𝟏 𝜸−𝟏 −𝑻𝟏]
𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝜸𝑻𝟐 [𝟓𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟒−𝟑𝟎𝟎]
𝑻𝟏
= [𝑷𝟏] 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝟏 = [𝑹𝒑] 𝜸 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
[𝑻𝟐′ −𝟑𝟎𝟎]
𝟏.𝟒−𝟏 𝟏.𝟒−𝟏
𝑻𝟐 [𝟓𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟒−𝟑𝟎𝟎]
𝑻𝟏
= [𝟔] 𝟏.𝟒 ≫ 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 × [𝟔] 𝟏.𝟒
𝟎.𝟖𝟐
= [𝑻𝟐′ − 𝟑𝟎𝟎] = 𝟐𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟒 𝑲 𝑻𝟐′ = 𝟐𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝑲
Ideal Brayton cycle; Expansion process 3-4 [𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒′ ]
𝜼 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 = [𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒]
= 𝟖𝟎% = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
𝜸−𝟏 𝜸−𝟏 𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟑 𝑷𝟑 𝜸 𝑷𝟐 𝜸 [𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑−𝑻𝟒′ ]
∴ 𝑻𝟒
= [𝑷𝟒] = [𝑷𝟏] = [𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
[𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑−𝟕𝟏𝟎.𝟐𝟓]
𝑻𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑 ′]
∴ 𝜸−𝟏 = 𝑻𝟒 ≫ 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟏.𝟒−𝟏 [𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑 − 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎[𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑 − 𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟓]
[𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸 [𝟔] 𝟏.𝟒 [𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑 − 𝑻𝟒′ ] = 𝟑𝟕𝟎. 𝟐 𝑲
𝑻𝟒 = 𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝑲 [𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑 − 𝟑𝟕𝟎. 𝟐] = 𝑻𝟒′ = 𝟖𝟎𝟐. 𝟖 𝑲
Ideal Bryton cycle Actual Bryton cycle
Cp=1.005 𝐖𝑪 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏]=201.54 kJ/kg 𝐖𝑪 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝑻𝟐′ − 𝐓𝟏]= 245.77 kJ/kg
γ = 1.4 𝐐𝐬 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐]= 675.8223 kJ/kg 𝐐𝐬 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝑻𝟐′ ]= 631.59 kJ/kg
m=1kg 𝐖𝑻 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟒]= 465.06 kJ/kg 𝐖𝑻 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝑻𝟒′ ]= 372.05 kJ/kg
𝑾𝑻 −𝑾𝑪 𝑾𝑻 −𝑾𝑪
𝜼 (𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 ) = 𝜼 (𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍) =
𝑸𝑺 𝑸𝑺
𝟒𝟔𝟓.𝟎𝟔−𝟐𝟎𝟏.𝟓𝟒 𝟑𝟕𝟐.𝟎𝟓 −𝟐𝟒𝟓.𝟕𝟕
𝜼 (𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 ) = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟗 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟗𝟗 ≈ 𝜼 (𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍) = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟗 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟗 ≈
𝟔𝟕𝟓.𝟖𝟐 𝟔𝟑𝟏.𝟓𝟗
𝟑𝟗% 𝟐𝟎%

𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑪 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑪

𝑹𝑾 = = = 𝑹𝑾 = = =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝑻 𝑾𝑻 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝑻 𝑾𝑻
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟐𝟔𝟑.𝟓𝟐 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟏𝟐𝟗.𝟐𝟖
𝑹𝑾 = = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝑹𝑾 = = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟒𝟔𝟓.𝟎𝟔 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟑𝟕𝟐.𝟎𝟓
𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟔% 𝟑𝟒. 𝟕𝟒%
𝜸−𝟏 𝜸−𝟏
[𝑻𝟏] [𝟑𝟎𝟎]
𝜼 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏 − [𝑻𝟑] × [𝑹𝒑] 𝜸 𝜼 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏 − [𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑] × [𝟔] 𝜸 =
𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟐 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑𝟐%
Ideal condition gives 40% but if Actual condition is 20% if Regeneration is used efficiency will be 58%;
45% raise.

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 21

 Previous Year Solved Question Papers
Model Question Bank 01
4a Explain the methods of improving the efficiency and specific power output of a simple gas turbine
cycle.
Explain with minimum formulation Regeneration, Intercooling and Re-heater
4b In an open cycle constant pressure gas turbine, air enters the compressor at 1.0 bar and 27°C. The
pressure of air after the compression is 4.0 bar. The isentropic efficiencies of compressor and
turbine are 80% and 85% respectively. The air fuel ratio used is 80:1. Find the power required and
thermal efficiency of the cycle if the flow rate of air is 5 kg/s.
Note When air-fuel ration is given mass of air and fuel should be used
Give Data
T1=20+273=293K
p1=1 bar, p2=4 bar,
[T2−T1]
η Compressor = [T2′ = 80% = 0.80
−T1]
[T3−T4′]
η Turbine = [T3−T4]
= 85% = 0.85
Air-fuel ratio =80:1, and Air flow rate, ma=5.0kg/s
γ−1 γ−1 [𝑻𝟐−𝑻𝟏]
from T2 P2γ γ 4 1.4−1
𝜼 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 = [𝑻𝟐′ = 𝟖𝟎% = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
process = [ ] = [ ] = [4] 1.4 = 1.4859 −𝑻𝟏]
T1 P1 1 [435.39−293]
1-2 T2 = 293 × 0.2857 = 445.79K [T2′−293]
= 0.80 ; 177.99 = [T2′ − 293]
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟗 𝑲 𝑻𝟐′ = 𝟒𝟕𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝑲
Heat supplied by fuel = 𝑸 = 𝒎𝒇 × 𝑪𝑽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻eat taken by burning gases 𝑸𝑺 = (𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒇 )𝑪𝒑 [𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟐′]
Heat supplied by fuel 𝑸 = 𝑸𝑺 heat taken by burning gases
∴ 𝒎𝒇 × 𝑪𝑽 = (𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒇 )𝑪𝒑 [𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟐′]
𝐤𝐉 𝐤𝐉
Assume 𝑪𝑽 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑪𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 (where ma= mass of air, mf= mass of fuel)
𝐤𝐠 𝐤𝐠
𝒎𝒂 𝒎𝒂 𝟖𝟎
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒 − 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑪𝑽 = ( + 𝟏) 𝑪𝒑 [𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟐′] 𝑏𝑢𝑡 ( ) = ( ) = 𝑨𝒊𝒓 − 𝑭𝒖𝒆𝒍 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒎𝒇 𝒎𝒇 𝟏
42000 = (80 + 1) × 1.005 × [𝑇3 −470.99]
𝑇3 = 515.93 +470.99 =986.91
∴ 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟗𝟖𝟔. 𝟗𝟏 𝑲
𝛾−1 𝛾−1 [𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒′]
from 𝑇3 𝑃3 𝛾 𝑃2 𝛾
𝛾−1
𝜼 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 = = 𝟖𝟓% = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
process = [ ] =[ ] = [𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾 [𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒]
𝑇4 𝑃4 𝑃1
𝛾−1 [986.91−𝑇4′]
3-4 𝑇3 𝑇3 = 0.85
we get [𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾 = ∴ 𝑇4 = 𝛾−1 [986.91−664.14]
𝑇4
[𝑅𝑃 ] 𝛾 [986.91 − 𝑇4′ ] = 0.85[999.91 − 664.14 ]
986.91
𝑇4 = 1.4−1 = 664.14 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟔𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝑲 [986.91 − 𝑇4′ ] = 274.34
[4] 1.4 [986.91 − 274.34] = 𝑇4′ 𝑻𝟒′ = 𝟕𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟔𝑲
′
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝑲; 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟗 𝑲; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝑲; 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝑲;
𝑻𝟑 = 𝟗𝟖𝟔. 𝟗𝟏 𝐊; 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟔𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝑲 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟗𝟖𝟔. 𝟗𝟏 𝐊; 𝑻𝟒′ = 𝟕𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟔𝑲
Ideal Bryton cycle Actual Bryton cycle
Cpa=1 𝟏
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝟏𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍, 𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 (𝒎𝒂 ) = 𝟏𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍(𝒎𝒇 ) = ( ) =
Cp=1.005 𝟖𝟎
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒈 ∴ 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒙𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒔/𝒌𝒈 = (𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒇 ) = (𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓) = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: Cp(air)= 1.00 kJ/kg.K and Cp(exhausts gas)=1.005kJ/kgK
γ = 1.4 𝐖𝑪 = (𝒎𝒂 )𝐂𝐩𝐚 [𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏]= 142.39 kJ/kg 𝐖𝑪 = (𝒎𝒂 )𝐂𝐩𝐚 [𝑻𝟐′ − 𝐓𝟏]= 190.98 kJ/kg
𝐐𝐬 = (𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒇 )𝐂𝐩𝐠 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐]= 551.52kJ/kg 𝐐𝐬 = (𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒇 )𝐂𝐩𝐠 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝑻𝟐′ ]= 524.98 kJ/kg
𝐖𝑻 = (𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒇 )𝐂𝐩𝐠 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟒]= 328.43kJ/kg 𝐖𝑻 = (𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒇 ) 𝐂𝐩𝐠 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝑻𝟒′ ]= 274.35kJ/kg
𝒎𝒂 = Wnet =Wturbine −Wcompressor = 328.43-142.39 = Wnet =Wturbine –Wcompressor=274.35-177.99 =
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 186.04 kJ/kg` 96.36 kJ/kg
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟏𝟖𝟔.𝟎𝟒 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟗𝟔.𝟑𝟔
𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝟓𝟓𝟏.𝟓𝟐 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝟓𝟐𝟒.𝟗𝟖
𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟑% 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟓 %
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 = 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 × (𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒇 ) 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 = 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 × (𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒇 )
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟔 𝑲𝑱 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝟔𝑲𝑱

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 22

 Previous Year Solved Question Papers

Model Question Bank 02

3a Show that the efficiency of air standard Brayton cycle is a function of isentropic pressure ratio.
𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑 [𝐓𝟒−𝐓𝟏]
𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 𝟏 − 𝜸−𝟏 = = 𝑹𝑷 = 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 𝟏 −
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟒 [𝐓𝟑−𝐓𝟐]
[𝑹𝑷 ] 𝜸
3b An ideal gas turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion has an
overall pressure ratio of 8.0. Air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of
the turbine at 1300 K. Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of gas turbine,
assuming (i) no regenerators, and (ii) ideal regenerator with 100 percent effectiveness.

Bryton Cycle without Regeneration Bryton Cycle with Regeneration

Data Given: Ideal Brayton cycle; 𝑹𝒑 = 𝟖; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲; 𝑻𝟓 = 𝑻𝟕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲;
Compression process 1-2 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐 −
γ−1
T2 P2 γ
γ−1 1.4−1 𝟑
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑃 ] γ = [8] 1.4 = 1.8114 Qr1 = mCp [T2 − T3]
T1 P1
γ−1
Qr1 = mCp [543.43 − 300] = 244.64
T2 = T1 × [𝑅𝑃 ] γ = 300 × 1.8114 = 543.43
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟓𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝑲
𝐐𝐫𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
Compression process 3-4 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟒 − 𝟓
𝛾−1
𝑇4 𝑃4 𝛾
γ−1 1.4−1 Qs1 = mCp [T5 − T4]
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑃 ] γ = [8] 1.4 = 1.8114 Qs1 = mCp [1300 − 543.43] = 760.35
𝑇3 𝑃3
γ−1
T4 = T3 × [𝑅𝑃 ] γ = 300 × 1.8114 = 543.43
𝐐𝐬𝟏 = 𝟕𝟔𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
∴ 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟓𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝑲
Expansion process 5-6 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟔 − 𝟕
𝛾−1
𝑇5 𝑃5 𝛾
𝛾−1 1.4−1 Qs2 = mCp [T7 − T6]
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑝] 𝛾 = [8] 1.4 = 1.8114 Qs2 = mCp [1300 − 717.67] = 585.24
𝑇6 𝑃6
𝑇5 1300
∴ 𝑇6 = = = 717.67
1.8114 1.8114
𝐐𝐬𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
∴ 𝑻𝟔 = 𝟕𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝑲
Expansion process 7-8 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟖 −
𝛾−1
𝑇7 𝑃7 𝛾
𝛾−1 1.4−1 𝟏
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑝] 𝛾 = [8] 1.4 = 1.8114 Qr2 = mCp [T8 − T1]
𝑇8 𝑃8
𝑇7 1300
∴ 𝑇8 = = = 717.67 Qr2 = mCp [717.67 − 300] = 417.67
1.8114 1.8114
∴ 𝑻𝟖 = 𝟕𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝑲
𝐐𝐫𝟐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
𝐖𝑪𝟏 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏]= 244.64 kJ/kg 𝐖𝑻𝟏 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟓 − 𝐓𝟔]= 585.24 kJ/kg
𝐖𝑪𝟐 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟑]= 244.64 kJ/kg 𝐖𝑻𝟐 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟕 − 𝐓𝟖]= 585.24 kJ/kg
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = (𝑾 )
𝑻𝟏 + 𝑾𝑻𝟏 − (𝑾 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑾𝑪𝟏 = (𝟏, 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟒𝟖𝟗. 𝟐𝟖) = 𝟔𝟖𝟏. 𝟐 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
)
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐐𝐬 = 𝐐𝐬𝟏 + 𝐐𝐬𝟐 = 𝟕𝟔𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 + 𝟓𝟖𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
𝐨𝐫 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐐𝐬 = 𝐦 𝑪𝑷 [(𝑻𝟓 − 𝑻𝟒 ) + (𝑻𝟕 − 𝑻𝟔 )] = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
𝑾 𝟔𝟖𝟏.𝟐
𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = 𝒏𝒆𝒕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟔𝟐%
𝐐𝐬 𝟏,𝟑𝟒𝟓.𝟓𝟗
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑪 𝑾𝑪 𝟒𝟖𝟗.𝟐𝟖
𝑹𝑾 = = = =𝟏− =𝟏− = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟗%
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝑻 𝑾𝑻 𝑾𝑻 𝟏,𝟏𝟕𝟎.𝟒𝟖
Efficiency of Turbine at 5-6
[T4′−T4] [T4′−543.43]
η 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = [T8−T4]
= 100% = 1 ≫ [717.67−543.43]
= 1 ≫ [T4′ − 543.43] = 174.24
[T4′ = 174.24 + 543.43] = 717.67
∴ 𝑻𝟒′ = 𝟕𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝑲 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝑻𝟓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆
In general problem the percentage will be less that 100; it 100 is used then 𝑻𝟒′ = 𝑻𝟓 this new 𝑻𝟒′ will
be used to generate new Qs1 = mCp [T5 − T4′ ] and 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) will be recalculated.

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 23

 Previous Year Solved Question Papers
Model Question Bank 02
4a Compare the advantages of a gas turbine over a steam turbine and Internal combustion engine.
1. Lower gestation period 6. Lesser space requirement
2. Simple Startup 7. Balance of plant requirements are minimal
3. Low cooling water requirements 8. Fast start up and quick loading
4. Multi - fuel capability 9. Men/ MW ratio is low
5. Weight / MW ratio is low 10. Quick response to load swings
A gas turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of 8. The
gas temperature is 300 K at the compressor inlet and 1300 K at the turbine inlet. Utilizing the
4b
air standard assumptions, determine (i) gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the
turbine, (ii) the back work ratio, and (iii) the thermal efficiency.

Data Given: Ideal Brayton cycle; 𝑹𝒑 = 𝟖; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑲; 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑲

Compression process 1-2 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐 − 𝟑
γ−1
T2 P2 γ
γ−1 1.4−1 Qs = mCp [T3 − T2]
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑃 ] γ = [8] 1.4 = 1.8114 Qs = mCp [1300 − 543.43] = 760.35
T1 P1
γ−1
T2 = T1 × [𝑅𝑃 ] γ = 300 × 1.8114 = 543.43
𝐐𝐬 = 𝟕𝟔𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟓𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝑲
Expansion process 3-4 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟒 − 𝟏
𝛾−1
𝑇3 𝑃3 𝛾
𝛾−1 1.4−1 Qr = mCp [T4 − T1]
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑝] 𝛾 = [8] 1.4 = 1.8114 Qr = mCp [717.67 − 300] = 417.67
𝑇4 𝑃4
𝑇3 1300
∴ 𝑇4 = = = 717.67
1.8114 1.8114
𝐐𝐫 = 𝟒𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
∴ 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟕𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝑲
𝐖𝑪 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏]= 244.64 kJ/kg 𝐖𝑻 = 𝐦𝐂𝐩 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟒]= 585.24 kJ/kg
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = (𝑾𝑻 ) − (𝑾𝑪 ) = (𝟓𝟖𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟐𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟒) = 𝟑𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐐𝐬 = 𝟕𝟔𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝟑𝟒𝟎.𝟔𝟎
𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟗%
𝐐𝐬 𝟕𝟔𝟎.𝟑𝟓
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑪 𝑾𝑪 𝟐𝟒𝟒.𝟔𝟒
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝑹𝑾 = = = =𝟏− =𝟏− = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟎%
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝑻 𝑾𝑻 𝑾𝑻 𝟓𝟖𝟓.𝟐𝟒

Practice Problem 01: Consider an ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two
stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the compressor and turbine is 3. The air
enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K. Determine the
back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming (a) No regenerator is used and (b) A
regenerator with 75 percent effectiveness is used. Use variable specific heats.

Practice Problem 02: Consider an ideal gas turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two
stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the compressor and the turbine is 2. Air
enters each stage of the compressor at 310 K and each stage of the turbine at 1100 K. Determine
(a) The thermal efficiency (ηth) of the cycle and (b) Back work ratio.

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 24

 Previous Year Question paper Dec 2018 / Jan 2019
With a neat block diagram and T-S diagram, explain how ‘regeneration’ increases thermal efficiency of gas turbine
plant. (06 Marks)
Explain with minimum formulation Regeneration
A Gas turbine unit has a pressure ratio 6:1 and maximum cycle temperature of 610°C. The isentropic efficiencies of the
compressor and turbine are 0.80 and 0.82 respectively. Calculate the power output when the air enters the compressor
at 15°C at the rate of 16 kg/s. Take CP = 1.005 KJ/kgK and γ = 1.4 for compression and CP = 1.11 kJ/kgK and γ = 1.333
for expansion processes. (08 Marks)
Data 𝒌𝒈
Ideal cycle; 𝑹𝒑 = 𝟔; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 °𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝑲; 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟔𝟏𝟎 °𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑 = 𝟖𝟖𝟑 𝑲; 𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒔
;
Given: [𝑻𝟐−𝑻𝟏] [𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒′ ]
𝜼 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 = [𝑻𝟐′ −𝑻𝟏] = 𝟖𝟎% = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝜼 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 = = 𝟖𝟐% = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
[𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒]
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟏𝟕𝟒.𝟐𝟒
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 = 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 × (𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒇 ) 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝟓𝟔𝟑.𝟖𝟓
𝑘𝐽
Special 𝑘𝐽 𝐶𝑃 = 1.11 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Note 𝐶𝑃 = 1.005 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 = 1.4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝛾 = 1.333 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠.

[𝑇2−𝑇1]
Compression process 1-2 (Compressor 𝜸 = 𝟏. 𝟒) 𝜂 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 = [𝑇2′ = 80% = 0.80
γ−1 γ−1 −𝑇1]
1.4−1
T2 P2 γ [480.53−288]
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑃 ] γ = [6] 1.4 = 1.6685 = 0.80
T1 P1 [T2′ −288]
γ−1 480.53
T2 = T1 × [𝑅𝑃 ] γ = 288 × 1.6685 = 480.53 = [T2′ − 288]
0.80
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝑲 154.02 = [T2′ − 288]
154.02 + 288 = T2′
𝑻𝟐′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 𝑲
𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐 − 𝟑 Expansion process 3-4
𝛾−1
Qs = mCp [T3 − 𝑻𝟐′ ] 𝑇3 𝑃3 𝛾
𝛾−1 1.4−1

Qs = mCp [883 − 𝟒𝟒𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 ] = 404.48 = [ ] = [𝑅𝑝] 𝛾 = [6] 1.4 = 1.6685

𝑇4 𝑃4
𝑇3 883
∴ 𝑇4 = =
= 529.21
1.6685 1.6685
𝐐𝐬 = 𝟒𝟎𝟒. 𝟒𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
∴ 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟓𝟐𝟗. 𝟐𝟏 𝑲
[𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒′] 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟒 − 𝟏
𝜼 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 = = 𝟖𝟐% = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
[𝑻𝟑−𝑻𝟒] Qr = mCp [𝑻𝟒′ − T1]
[883−𝑇4′ ]
= 0.82 Qr = mCp [𝟓𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟔 − 288] = 346.28
[883−529.21]
[883 ′]
− 𝑇4 = 0.82 × [883 − 529.21]
[883 − 𝑇4′ ] = 283.032 𝐐𝐫 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
[883 − 283.032] = 𝑇4′ 𝑻𝟒′ = 𝟓𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟔 𝑲
Note: If only mass of air is mentioned (example 16kg/s in this problem) and fuel mass and pressure ratio is
not mentioned then mass of air has to be multiplied only at final answer(example power or work).
𝐖𝑪 = 𝐦 𝐂𝐩𝐚 [𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏]= 193.49 kJ/kg 𝐖𝑪 = 𝐦 𝐂𝐩𝐚 [𝑻𝟐′ − 𝐓𝟏]= 154.79 kJ/kg
𝐐𝐬 = 𝐦 𝐂𝐩𝐠 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐]= 446.74 kJ/kg 𝐐𝐬 = 𝐦 𝐂𝐩𝐠 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝑻𝟐′ ]= 489.48 kJ/kg
𝐖𝑻 = 𝐦 𝐂𝐩𝐠 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟒]= 392.70 kJ/kg 𝐖𝑻 = 𝐦 𝐂𝐩𝐠 [𝐓𝟑 − 𝑻𝟒′ ]= 314.17 kJ/kg
Ideal 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = (𝑾𝑻 ) − (𝑾𝑪 ) = 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = (𝑾𝑻 ) − (𝑾𝑪 )
(𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟕𝟎 – 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟒𝟗) = (𝟑𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟕 − 𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝟗)
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟑𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝟏𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟏 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟑𝟖
𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐐𝐬 𝟒𝟒𝟔. 𝟕𝟒 𝐐𝐬 𝟒𝟖𝟗. 𝟒𝟖
= 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟗 % = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 %
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 × 𝒎𝒂 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 × 𝒎𝒂
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟏 × 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟑, 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑱 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐, 𝟓𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑱

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 25

Practice Problem 01: Consider an ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages
of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each
stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K. Determine the back work ratio
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming (a) No regenerator is used and (b) A regenerator with
75 percent effectiveness is used. Use variable specific heats.

Compression process 1-2 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐 − 𝟑 T1 = 300K

γ−1
T2 P2 γ
γ−1 1.4−1 Qr1 = mCp [T2 − T3] T2 = 410.62 K
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑃 ] γ = [3] 1.4 = 1.3687 Qr1 = mCp [410.62 − 300] = 110.62
T1 P1
γ−1
T2 = T1 × [𝑅𝑃 ] = 300 × 1.3687 =
γ
𝐐𝐫𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
410.62
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝑲
Compression process 3-4 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟓 − 𝟔 T3 = 1200 K
𝛾−1
𝑇4 𝑃4 𝛾
γ−1 1.4−1 Qs1 = mCp [T6 − T5] T4 = 410.62 K
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑃 ] γ = [3] 1.4 = 1.3687 Qs1 = mCp [1200 − 760.21] = 439.79 T5 =760.21 K
𝑇3 𝑃3
γ−1
T4 = T3 × [𝑅𝑃 ] γ
= 300 × 1.3687
𝐐𝐬𝟏 = 𝟒𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
= 410.62
∴ 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟒𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝑲
Expansion process 6-7 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟕 − 𝟖
𝛾−1
𝑇6 𝑃6 𝛾
𝛾−1 1.4−1 Qs2 = mCp [T8 − T7]
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑝] 𝛾 = [3] 1.4 = 1.3687 Qs2 = mCp [1200 − 876.74] = 439.79
𝑇7 𝑃7
𝑇6 1200
∴ 𝑇7 = = = 876.74
1.3687 1.3687
𝐐𝐬𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
∴ 𝑻𝟕 = 𝟖𝟕𝟔. 𝟕𝟒 𝑲
Expansion process 8-9 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟖 − 𝟏
𝛾−1
𝑇8 𝑃8 𝛾
𝛾−1 1.4−1 Qr2 = mCp [T8 − T1]
= [ ] = [𝑅𝑝] 𝛾 = [3] 1.4 = 1.3687 Qr2 = mCp [717.67 − 300] = 417.67
𝑇9 𝑃9
𝑇8 1200
∴ 𝑇9 = = = 876.74
1.3687 1.3687
∴ 𝑻𝟗 = 𝟖𝟕𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝑲 𝐐𝐫𝟐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
1= T4 (Inlet temp) [𝑇5 − 𝑇4]
𝜂 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.75
2= T5(Exit temp) [𝑇9 − 𝑇4]
3=T9(Exhaust temp) [𝑇5 − 410.62]
4= Not considered 𝜂 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.75
[876.74 − 410.62]
[2 − 1]
𝜂 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = T5 =760.21 K
[3 − 1]
𝐐𝐬 = 𝐐𝐬𝟏 + 𝐐𝐬𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟗 + 𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟔
𝐐𝐬 = 𝟕𝟔𝟑. 𝟎𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝟔𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑪
𝜼 (𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏) = =
𝐐𝐬 𝟕𝟔𝟑. 𝟎𝟓 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝑪𝑷 [(𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟕) + (𝑻𝟖 − 𝑻𝟗)] −
𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟖 [(𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏) + (𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻𝟑)]
= = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟏 % 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝟕𝟔𝟑. 𝟎𝟓

Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 26