Turbo Machines

18ME54

Course Coordinator
Mr. THANMAY J. S
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
VVIET Mysore

Module 03: Steam Turbines

Course Learning Objectives

Analyze various designs of steam turbine and their working principle.

Course Outcomes
Classify, analyze and understand various type of steam turbine..

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 1

 Contents

Modal 02: Question Number 5 a & 5 b

i. Steam Turbines
ii. Classification of Steam Turbine
iii. Impulse and Reaction Turbine
iv. Difference between Impulse and Reaction Turbine
v. Single stage impulse turbine,
vi. Condition for maximum blade efficiency,
vii. Stage efficiency,
viii. Need and methods of compounding,
ix. Multi-stage impulse turbine,
x. Expression for maximum blade efficiency,
xi. Numerical Problems.

Previous Year Question papers

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 2

 Steam Turbines
Steam and gas turbines are power generating machines in which the pressure energy of the
fluid is converted into mechanical energy.
This conversion is due to the dynamic action of fluid flowing over the blades. These blades are
mounted on the periphery of a rotating wheel in the radial direction. It converts thermal energy
into mechanical work by expanding high pressure and high temperature steam.
a) Steam turbines are power-producing turbomachines that use steam as the fluid.
b) The steam absorbs the thermal energy from the boilers.
c) The energy is available in the steam at high pressure and temperature.
d) The steam is then taken to the turbine where it expands to lower pressures in nozzles or
blade passages and the resulting velocity imparts energy to the rotating shaft of the turbine.
e) The input energy to the turbine is the enthalpy drop of the steam when it expands from its
pressure at the entry to the pressure at the exit.

Classification of Steam Turbines

One basis of the classification of steam turbines is with reference to the impulse and reaction
types. Steam turbines are, therefore, of two types:
I. Impulse turbines and
II. Reaction turbines.
Another type of classification is based on “staging” arrangements, that is, turbines are either
I. Single-stage or
II. Multi-stage.

Impulse and Reaction Turbine

 A single-stage impulse turbine consists of a set of nozzles
and moving blades.
 High pressure steam at boiler pressure enters the nozzle
and expands to low condenser pressure in the nozzle.
Thus, the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy
increasing the velocity of steam.
 The high velocity steam is then directed on a series of
blades where the kinetic energy is absorbed and
converted into an impulse force by changing the direction
of flow of steam which gives rise to a change in
momentum and therefore to a force.
 In the impulse reaction turbine, power is generated
by the combination of impulse action and reaction
by expanding the steam in both fixed blades (act as
nozzles) and moving blades.
 Here the pressure of the steam drops partially in
fixed blades and partially in moving blades.
 Steam enters the fixed row of blades, undergoes a
small drop in pressure and increases in velocity.
 Then steam enters the moving row of blades,
undergoes a change in direction and momentum
(impulse action), and a small drop in pressure too
(reaction), giving rise to increase in kinetic energy.

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 3

Difference between Impulse and Reaction Turbine

SL.
IMPULSE TURBINE REACTION TURBINE
NO

All hydraulic energy is converted into kinetic Only some amount of the available
1
energy by a nozzle. energy is converted into kinetic energy.

2 Required less maintenance. Here it’s required more maintenance.

The degree of reaction is between ‘0’ to

3 The degree of reaction is zero.
‘1’

It needs medium and high discharge of

4 It needs a low discharge of water.
water.

Water flow is a tangential direction to the Water flow is a radial and axial direction
5
turbine wheel. to the turbine wheel.

6 Here is having more hydraulic efficiency. It’s having relatively less efficiency.

7 Impulse turbine operates at high water heads. It operates at medium and low heads.

8 Blade efficiency is comparatively low Blade efficiency is high.

9 Blades are symmetrical in shape Blades are non-symmetrical in shape, i.e.

Used for medium and large power

10 Used for small power generation.
generation

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 4

Single stage impulse turbine
Single Stage Axial Flow Impulse Turbine (De’ Laval Turbine)

Energy transfer for an axial flow turbine, 𝑼𝟏 = 𝑼𝟐

𝑷 = 𝑼(𝑽𝒖𝟏 − 𝑽𝒖𝟐)
From velocity diagram,
∆𝑽𝒖 = 𝑽𝒖𝟏 + 𝑽𝒖𝟐 = (𝑿𝟏 + 𝑼) + (𝑿𝟐 − 𝑼) = 𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐
𝑋1 𝑋2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 = 𝑉𝑟1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 = 𝑉𝑟2
∴ 𝑿𝟏 = 𝑽𝒓𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝟐 = 𝑽𝒓𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝑠𝑜 𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 + 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 [1 + 𝑉𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1] = 𝑋1 [1 + 𝑉𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1] = 𝑋1 [1 + 𝐶𝑏 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1)]
𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡; 𝑪𝒃 =
𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝑿𝟏 = 𝑽𝒖𝟏 − 𝑼
𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑋1 [1 + 𝑉𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1] = 𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑈 [1 + 𝐶𝑏 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1)]
𝑉𝑢1
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼1 =
𝑜𝑟 𝑽𝒖𝟏 = 𝑽𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏
𝑉1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
𝑽𝒖𝟏 + 𝑽𝒖𝟐 = (𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 − 𝑈) [1 + 𝐶𝑏 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1)]
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
∴ 𝑷 = 𝑈(𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2) = 𝑼(𝑽𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝑼) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏)]
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝜼𝒃 = 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝑷 𝑼(𝑽𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏−𝑼)[𝟏+𝑪𝒃( )]
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝑽𝟏𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝑼𝑽𝟏 𝑼𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐 𝑼 𝑼𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐 ( 𝑽𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝑽𝟏𝟐 ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏)] = 𝟐 (𝑽𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝑽𝟏𝟐 ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏)]

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐(𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝝋𝟐 ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( )]
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏
𝑼
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝝋 = 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑽𝟏

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 5

Condition for maximum blade efficiency,
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐(𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝝋𝟐 ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( )]
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏
𝑼 𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝝋 = 𝑽𝟏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑪𝒃 = 𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝒅𝜼𝒃
=𝟎
𝒅𝝋
𝑑𝜂𝑏 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
= (2(𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 − 𝜑2 ) [1 + 𝐶𝑏 ( )]) = 0
𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
2( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 − 2𝜑) [1 + 𝐶𝑏 ( )] = 0 … … … … … … . 𝑒𝑞 (1)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1
𝑖𝑓 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝟐𝝋) = 𝟎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞 (1)𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 = 0
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏
𝝋=
𝟐
Stage efficiency
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐(𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝝋𝟐 ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏)] = 𝟐𝝋( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝝋) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏)]
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏
𝒊𝒇 𝝋 =
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐 ( ) (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − ( )) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( )]
𝟐 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − ( )) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏)]
𝟐

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏𝟐 − ( )) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏)]
𝟐

𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏𝟐−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = ( ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏)]
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = ( ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( )]
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝜼𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 ; 𝜷𝟏 = 𝜷𝟐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏𝟐
𝜼𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ( ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃]
𝟐
𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝑽𝒓𝟏 = 𝑽𝒓𝟐 ∴ 𝑪𝒃 = =𝟏
𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏𝟐
∴ 𝜼𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ( [ ]
) 𝟏+𝟏 = ( ) [𝟐] = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜼𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏𝟐
Above equation conclude that, if the flow over blades doesn’t have any losses due to friction,
leakage and turbulence then for a single stage impulse turbine with equiangular rotor blades
maximum blade efficiency is same as maximum utilization factor.

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 6

Need for compounding
a) In a simple turbine the energy of steam/ water extracted in single stage. The main problem
with the single stage operation is that the large portion of energy of may get lose due to
higher exit velocity and pressure. This loss is known as carry over loss/ leaving loss.
b) The one stage operation cause an extremely high speed of rotor which cause design
complication due to high vibrations. Which eventually leads the damage of structure. In
order to avoid these drawbacks and reduce the speed of rotor, the energy of fluid extracted
in number of stages (in multiple stages) rather than a single stage. This method is known
as compounding of turbine.
c) When the velocity of steam at the exit of nozzles is very high, or when the pressure energy
itself is very high, the method devised to utilize such energy at a lower speed of the turbine
is to absorb the energy in multiple rings of rotor blades. This method of reducing the speed
is known as compounding.
d) Compounding is needed to avoid the above disadvantages of high flow-velocity of steam
and lower efficiency of expansion in nozzles.
e) Compounding is the method adopted for the transfer of energy from the steam to the rotor
in multiple rows of rotor blades, in order to run the turbine at lower speeds.
Methods of Compounding
1) If the process of expansion of steam is in one set of stator nozzles and the absorption of
the resultant high velocity is in multiple rows of rotor blades, then the process is known as
velocity compounding.
2) If the process of expansion of steam is shared in multiple rows of nozzles (or nozzle-shaped
flow passages between the blades of stator rings), then the method is known as pressure
compounding.
3) Pressure compounding and velocity compounding can be combined together to have
Pressure–velocity compounding.

Velocity compounding
Blade arrangement and working of velocity compounding
turbine
The figure shows the velocity and pressure curve while working
fluid passing through the blades of velocity compounded turbine.
Here the kinetic energy (velocity) is extracted from working in
multiple stages. This is known as velocity compounding.
Figure show the arrangement of a velocity compound turbine. The
turbine has adjacent rows of moving blades and fixed blades.

Passing Through Pressure Velocity Directed to Remark

Boiler High pressure low velocity Nozzle Steam completely expands
Nozzle Pressure drops Velocity increases Moving Blades Kinetic energy increases
Moving Blades 1 Pressure constant Velocity reduces Fixed Blades Kinetic energy is absorbed
Fixed Blades Pressure constant Velocity constant Moving Blades Redirect the steam
Moving Blades 2 Pressure constant Velocity reduces Exit low-velocity steam exit

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 7

Pressure compounding.
Blade arrangement and working of Pressure compounding turbine
The pressure compounding is a type of turbine in which the
pressure energy of steam is extracted in multiple stages instead of
single stages.

Figure shows that pressure compounding arrangement of a turbine.

It has rows of moving blades and fixed nozzle arranged
adjacently. Since it operates at high pressure the whole turbine
should be airtight.

Passing Through Pressure Velocity Directed to Remark

Boiler High pressure low velocity Main Nozzle Steam completely expands
Main Nozzle Pressure drops Velocity increases Moving Blades Kinetic energy increases
Moving Blades 1 Pressure constant Velocity reduces Fixed Nozzle Kinetic energy is absorbed
Fixed Nozzle Pressure drops Velocity increases Moving Blades low-velocity , high Pressure
Moving Blades 2 Pressure constant Velocity reduces Exit low-velocity steam exit

Pressure–velocity compounding
Blade arrangement and working of Pressure compounding turbine
Pressure-velocity compounding is a combination of
pressure compounding and velocity compounding. The
fixed nozzle, moving blades and fixed blades are
arranged as shown in figure. Both kinetic energy and
pressure energy extracted from steam in multiple
stages.
Here, while steam passes through every
fixed nozzle the pressure drops and velocity increase.
The gained velocity will be absorbed by the moving
blades. The fixed blades used to redirect the fluid to
moving blades. The velocity of steam remains same when it passes through the fixed blades. The
pressure remains same in both fixed and moving blades. The pressure-velocity curve shows that both
kinetic energy as well as pressure energy will be get absorbed by the turbine in stages. This type of
compounding known as pressure velocity compounding.
Passing Through Pressure Velocity Directed to Remark
Boiler High pressure low velocity Nozzle Steam completely expands
Nozzle Pressure drops Velocity increases Moving Blades Kinetic energy increases
Moving Blades 1 Pressure constant Velocity reduces Fixed Blades Kinetic energy is absorbed
Fixed Blades Pressure constant Velocity constant Moving Blades Redirect the steam
Moving Blades 2 Pressure constant Velocity reduces Fixed Nozzle low-velocity steam exit
Fixed Nozzle Pressure drops Velocity increases Moving Blades low-velocity , high Pressure
Moving Blades 1 Pressure constant Velocity reduces Fixed Blades Kinetic energy is absorbed
Fixed Blades Pressure constant Velocity constant Moving Blades Redirect the steam
Moving Blades 2 Pressure constant Velocity reduces Exit low-velocity steam exit

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 8

Multi-stage impulse turbine,

Note: Following assumptions are to be considered

a) 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈3 = 𝑈4 = 𝑈 (𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡)
b) 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽3 = 𝛽4 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟)
c) 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑟3 = 𝑉𝑟4 (𝑁𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
d) 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼2 = 𝛼3 (𝑁𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑈
e) 𝜑 = 𝑉1
f) 𝑉𝑓4 = 𝑉4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼4 = 90° 𝑠𝑜 𝑉𝑢4 = 0
𝑰𝒏 𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
𝑃1 = 𝑈(𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑢2)
𝑃1 = 𝑈(𝑉𝑟1 cos 𝛽1 + 𝑉𝑟2 cos 𝛽2) … … … . 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏)
𝑃1 = 2𝑈(𝑉𝑟1 cos 𝛽1)
𝑉𝑟1 cos 𝛽1 = 𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 − 𝑈 … … … . 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (1)
∴ 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟐𝑼(𝑽𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 − 𝑼)
𝑰𝒏 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
𝑃2 = 𝑈(𝑉𝑢3 + 𝑉𝑢4)
𝑃2 = 𝑈(𝑉𝑟3 cos 𝛽3 + 𝑉𝑟4 cos 𝛽4) … … … . 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏)
𝑃2 = 2𝑈(𝑉𝑟3 cos 𝛽3)
𝑉𝑟3 cos 𝛽3 = 𝑉3 cos 𝛼3 − 𝑈 … … … . 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (2)
𝑃2 = 2𝑈(𝑉2 cos 𝛼2 − 𝑈) … … … . 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑑)
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐𝑼(𝑽𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟐 − 𝑼)
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉2 cos 𝛼2 = 𝑉𝑟2 cos 𝛽2 − 𝑈 = 𝑉𝑟1 cos 𝛽1 − 𝑈 … … … . 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏)& (𝑐)
𝑉𝑟1 cos 𝛽1 = 𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 − 𝑈 … … . 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (1)
𝑠𝑜 𝑉2 cos 𝛼2 = 𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 − 𝑈 − 𝑈 = 𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 − 2𝑈
𝑃2 = 2𝑈(𝑉2 cos 𝛼2 − 𝑈) = 𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 − 2𝑈 − 𝑈
∴ 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐𝑼(𝑽𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 − 𝟑𝑼)

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 9

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 (𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆) 𝑷 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐
𝑃 = 2𝑈[𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 − 𝑈 + 𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 − 3𝑈]
𝑃 = 2𝑈[2𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 − 4𝑈]
𝑃 = 4𝑈[𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 − 2𝑈] 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒 − 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠
𝑷 = 𝒏𝟐𝑼[𝑽𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 − 𝒏𝑼]
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠

Expression for maximum blade efficiency,

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝜼𝒃 =
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑷 𝟒𝑼[𝑽𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 − 𝟐𝑼] 𝟖𝑼[𝑽𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 − 𝟐𝑼] 𝟖𝑼 𝟏𝟔𝑼𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = = = =[ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 − ]
𝟏 𝟐 𝑽𝟏𝟐 𝑽𝟏𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏𝟐
𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝟐
𝑷 𝑼 𝑼𝟐
∴ 𝜼𝒃 = = 𝟖[ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 − 𝟐 ] = 𝟖[𝜑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 − 𝟐𝜑2 ]
𝟏 𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏𝟐
𝟐 𝑽𝟏
𝒅𝜼𝒃
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =𝟎
𝒅𝝋
𝒅𝜼𝒃 𝑑
= 8[𝜑 cos 𝛼1 − 2𝜑2 ] = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 − 𝟒𝝋 = 𝟎
𝒅𝝋 𝑑𝜑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟒𝝋
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 𝑼
𝑜𝑟 𝝋 = =𝝋 = 𝒏
=
𝟒 𝟐 𝑽𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝝋) = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝜼𝒃 = 𝟖[𝜑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 − 𝟐𝜑2 ]
𝟒
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏𝟐
𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝜼𝒃 = 𝟖 [( ) − 𝟐( )] = 𝟖 [( ) −( )]
𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟖
𝟏
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟖 [( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏𝟐 ] = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏𝟐
𝟖

𝜼𝒃(𝒎𝒂𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏𝟐

𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟖𝑼𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝒏𝟐 𝑼𝟐

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 10

 Previous Year Question papers
18ME54 Modal Question Paper 1
Show that the maximum blade efficiency of single stage impulse turbine is given by
a 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼12 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 𝑉𝑟2 6
5 𝜂𝑏 = ( ) [1 + 𝐾𝐶] Where 𝐶 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 = ( )
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 𝑉𝑟1
Discuss the need for compounding. Name the different methods of compounding. Draw pressure and
b 6
velocity variation for any two methods.
The following data refers to a single stage impulse turbine.
Isentropic nozzle heat drop = 251 kJ/kg.
Nozzle efficiency = 90 %.
Nozzle angle = 20°.
Ratio of blade speed to whirl component of steam speed = 0.5.
c Blade velocity coefficient = 0.9. 8
The velocity of steam entering the nozzle = 20 m/s.
Determine
(i) Blade angles at inlet and outlet if steam leaves the blade in axial direction.
(ii) Blade efficiency
(iii) Power developed and axial thrust if the steam flow is 8 kg/s.
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑
𝑵𝒐𝒛𝒛𝒍𝒆 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 = 𝑵𝒐𝒛𝒛𝒍𝒆 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 × 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟗 × 𝟐𝟓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟗 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑵𝒐𝒛𝒛𝒍𝒆(𝑽𝟏) = √𝟐 × 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 + (𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞)𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = √𝟐 × 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎𝟐 ; 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟔𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝑼
𝝋= = 𝟎. 𝟓 ∴ 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟔𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟓; 𝑼 = 𝟑𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝑽𝟏
𝒎 𝒎 𝒌𝒈 𝑼 𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒂 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏: 𝑼 = 𝟑𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟐 𝒔 , 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟔𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟓 𝒔 , 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎°, 𝒎 = 𝟖 𝒔𝝋 = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓; 𝑪𝒃 = 𝑽𝒓𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗

Analytical Method Graphical Method

𝑽𝒖𝟏 𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 = ∴ 𝑽𝒖𝟏 = 𝑽𝟏 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝟏 = ∴ 𝑽𝒓𝟏 = 𝑿𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝟏
𝑽𝟏 𝑿𝟏
𝑽𝒖𝟏 = 𝟔𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 𝒎/𝒔 𝑽𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝑿𝟏 = 𝑽𝒖𝟏 − 𝑼 = 𝟔𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 − 𝟑𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝑪𝒃 = = 𝟎. 𝟗 ∴ 𝑽𝒓𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗 × 𝑽𝒓𝟏
∴ 𝑿𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎/𝒔 𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝑽𝒓𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
𝑽𝒇𝟏 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶𝟏 = ∴ 𝑽𝒇𝟏 = 𝑽𝟏 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶𝟏
𝑽𝟏 ∴ 𝜶𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎°
𝑽𝒇𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟗 𝒎/𝒔 𝑽𝒇𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎°& 𝑽𝒖𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑽𝒇𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟗 𝑽𝒓𝟐 𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷𝟏 = = ∴ 𝜷𝟏 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟖𝟕° 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝟐 = ∴ 𝜷𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( ) = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟑°
𝑿𝟏 𝟐𝟗𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 𝑼 𝑼
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐(𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝝋𝟐 ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( )]
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏
𝟐 ) [𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝟏.𝟑𝟑
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟗 ( )] = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟕 ≈ 𝟕𝟓%
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟕.𝟖𝟕
𝑷
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟕
𝑽𝟏𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝑷 = 𝜼𝒃 × 𝟐 𝑽𝟏𝟐 𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟕 × 𝟐 𝟔𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟒𝟕 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝑾 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝒎 = 𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒔 𝒔𝒐 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 × 𝟖 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟏. 𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑾

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 11

 18ME54 Modal Question Paper 2
Show that for a two-row Curtis steam turbine stage in the absence of friction and for axial discharge at
exit under maximum utilization condition,
a cos 𝛼1 cos 𝛼1 𝑈 8
=𝜑 = 𝑛
=
4 2 𝑉1
Where U=blade, speed, V1= absolute velocity of inlet, α1= nozzle angle at inlet.
5
Dry saturated steam at 10 bar pressure is supplied to single rotor impulse wheel, the condenser pressure
being 0.5 bar with the nozzle efficiency of 0.94 and the nozzle angle at the rotor inlet is 18º to the wheel
plane. The rotor blades which move with the speed of 450 m/s are equiangular. If the coefficient of
b 12
velocity for the rotor blades is 0.92, find
(i) The specific power output (ii) The rotor efficiency (iii) The Stage efficiency (iv) Axial thrust (v) The
direction of exit steam.

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 12

 2015-2016 Modal Question Paper
Define compounding. List different methods of compounding. With a neat sketch explain velocity
a
compounding of steam turbine.
5 A single wheel impulse steam turbine has equiangular rotor blades that develop 3.75kW and produce a
torque in the disc of 1.62N-m at a mean radius of 132.5mm. The rotor receives 0.014kg/s of steam from
b
nozzles inclined at 70° to the axial direction and steam discharges from the wheel chamber in an axial
direction. Find (a) the blade angles, (b) the diagram efficiency.
𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒂 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏: 𝑷 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑾, 𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝑵 − 𝒎, 𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝒎, 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝒈/𝒔,
𝜶𝟏 = 𝟕𝟎°, 𝜶𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎°
𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻 𝑷 𝑷 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝑷= 𝒔𝒐 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 (𝝉) = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝑵 − 𝒎, ∴ 𝑵 = =
𝟔𝟎 𝟐𝝅𝑵 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
( ) 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 ( 𝟔𝟎 ) 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 ( 𝟔𝟎 )
𝟔𝟎
= 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟖𝟓𝒓𝒑𝒎
𝝅𝑫𝑵 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟓 × 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟖𝟓
𝑼= = =∴ 𝑼 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

𝑷 = 𝑚(𝑈(𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑢2)) 𝑼 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎/𝒔

∆𝑉𝑢 = (𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑢2) 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎°,
𝑷 𝑉𝑓1
( )
𝑷 = 𝑚(𝑈(∆𝑉𝑢)) ≫ ∆𝑉𝑢 = 𝒎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼1 = ∴ 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑢1 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼1
𝑼 𝑉𝑢1
𝑽𝒇𝟏 = 𝟔𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
( ) 𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓1
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = =∴ 𝑉1 =
∆𝑉𝑢 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼1
𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟓
∴ ∆𝑽𝒖 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝒎/𝒔 = 𝑽𝒖𝟏 𝒂𝒔 𝑽𝒖𝟐 = 𝟎 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟖𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓1 635.74
tan 𝛽1 = = = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝑋1 𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑈 1746.70 − 153.35 𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐(𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝝋𝟐 ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( )]
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟓° = 𝜷𝟐 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏
𝑉𝑟1 𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐(𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝝋𝟐 )[𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃]
cos 𝛽1 = ∴ 𝑉𝑟1 = (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑈) cos 𝛽1
𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑈 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
𝑽𝒓𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟏 𝒎/𝒔 𝑎𝑠 ( )=1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1
𝑈 𝑈 𝑽𝒓𝟐 𝑼
cos 𝛽2 = ∴ 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑪𝒃 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝋 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒
𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 𝑽𝒓𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝑽𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟐 )[𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏]

𝜼𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟔 ≈ 𝟑𝟎%

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 13

 2015-2016 Modal Question Paper
Derive the condition for maximum efficiency of an impulse turbine and show that the
a
maximum efficiency is cos2α1.
5 Steam issues from nozzle to a de Laval turbine at a velocity of 1000m/s. The nozzle angle
is 20º. The mean blade velocity is 400m/s. the blades are symmetrical. The mass flow rate
b
is 1000kg/h, friction factor is 0.8, and nozzle efficiency is 0.95. Calculate Blade angle,
Axial thrust, and Power developed, Blade efficiency, Stage efficiency.
𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒂 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏: 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎/𝒔, 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎°, 𝑼 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒎/𝒔, 𝜷𝟏 = 𝜷𝟐, 𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒉
𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝑪𝒃 = = 𝟎. 𝟖, 𝜼𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝑉𝑓1
sin 𝛼1 = ∴ 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉1 × sin 𝛼1
𝑉1
𝑽𝒇𝟏 = 𝟑𝟒𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝑉𝑢1
cos 𝛼1 = ∴ 𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 × cos 𝛼1
𝑉1
𝑽𝒖𝟏 = 𝟗𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓1
cos 𝛽1 = =
𝑋1 𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑈
−1 ( 𝑉𝑓1 )
∴ 𝛽1 = cos 𝑉𝑢1−𝑈
; 𝜷𝟏 = 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟏°

𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓1 𝑽𝒓𝟐

sin 𝛽1 = ∴ 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑪𝒃 = = 𝟎. 𝟖 ∴ 𝑽𝒓𝟐 = 𝑽𝒓𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟖
𝑉𝑟1 sin 𝛽1 𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝑽𝒓𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒𝟑. 𝟖𝟐 𝒎/𝒔 𝑽𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝑋2 𝑽𝒖𝟐 = 𝑿𝟐 − 𝑼
cos 𝛽1 = ∴ 𝑋2 = 𝑉𝑟2 × cos 𝛽1
𝑉𝑟2 𝑽𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟕 − 𝟒𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟕𝟐
𝑿𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
𝑷 = 𝑚(𝑈(𝑉𝑢1 ± 𝑉𝑢2)) 𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟖𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝑷 = 0.277778(400(936.69 ± 173.72)) 𝑼 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝝋= = = 𝟎. 𝟒
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟖. 𝟗 𝑾 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑾 𝑽𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟐
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐(𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 − 𝝋𝟐 ) [𝟏 + 𝑪𝒃 ( )]
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝟏
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟒 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 )[𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟖(𝟏)]
𝜼𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 ≈ 𝟕𝟕%

Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 14