10-15

10-22 A simple Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the specified pressure limits. The rate of
heat addition in the boiler, the power input to the pumps, the net power, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
P1  50 kPa  h1  h f @ 75C  314.03 kJ/kg

T1  Tsat @ 50 kPa  6.3  81.3  6.3  75C  v 1  v f @ 75C  0.001026 m 3 /kg

wp,in  v 1 ( P2  P1 )
 1 kJ  T
 (0.001026 m 3 /kg)( 6000  50)kPa  
 1 kPa  m 3 
 6.10 kJ/kg 3
6 MPa

h2  h1  wp,in  314.03  6.10  320.13 kJ/kg qin

2
P3  6000 kPa  h3  3302.9 kJ/kg 50 kPa

T3  450C  s 3  6.7219 kJ/kg  K 1 qout 4s 4
s4  s f 6.7219  1.0912
P4  50 kPa  x 4 s    0.8660 s
 s fg 6.5019
s 4  s3  h  h  x h  340.54  (0.8660)( 2304.7)  2336.4 kJ/kg
4s f 4 s fg

h3  h4
T   h4  h3   T (h3  h4s )  3302.9  (0.94)(3302.9  2336.4)  2394.4 kJ/kg

h3  h4 s

Thus,

Q in  m (h3  h2 )  (20 kg/s)(3302.9  320.13)kJ/kg  59,660kW

W T, out  m (h3  h4 )  (20 kg/s)(3302.9  2394.4)kJ/kg  18,170 kW
W P,in  m wP,in  (20 kg/s)(6.10 kJ/kg)  122 kW
W  W
net T, out W  18,170  122  18,050kW
P,in

and

W net 18,050
 th    0.3025
Q in 59,660

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 10-19

10-26 A 175-MW coal-fired steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits. The overall plant efficiency and the required rate of the coal supply are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1  h f @ 15 kPa  225.94 kJ/kg
v 1  v f @ 15 kPa  0.0010140 m 3 /kg T

w p ,in  v 1 P2  P1  3
   1 kJ
 0.001014 m 3 /kg 7000  15 kPa 
 1 kPa  m 3



7 MPa
·
 7.08 kJ/kg   Qin
2
h2  h1  w p ,in  225.94  7.08  233.03 kJ/kg
15 kPa
1 · 4
P3  7 MPa  h3  3531.6 kJ/kg Qout

T3  550C  s 3  6.9507 kJ/kg  K s
P4  15 kPa  s 4  s f 6.9507  0.7549
 x4    0.8543
s 4  s3  s fg 7.2522
h4  h f  x 4 h fg  225.94  0.85432372.4  2252.7 kJ/kg

The thermal efficiency is determined from

qin  h3  h2  3531.6  233.03  3298.6 kJ/kg
qout  h4  h1  2252.7  225.94  2026.8 kJ/kg

and
q out 2026.8
 th  1  1  0.3856
qin 3298.6
Thus,
 overall   th   comb   gen  0.38560.850.96  0.3146  31.5%

(b) Then the required rate of coal supply becomes

W 175,000 kJ/s
Q in  net   556,220 kJ/s
 overall 0.3146
and
Q in 556,220 kJ/s
m coal    18.98 kg/s  68.3 tons/h
HVcoal 29,300 kJ/kg

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 572
VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES

Turbine

Boiler
Deaerating
Condenser

Closed Closed Closed

FWH FWH Open FWH
FWH

Pump

Pump
FIGURE 10–17
A steam power plant with
one open and three closed Trap Trap Trap
feedwater heaters.

transfer characteristics. They also bring the feedwater to the saturation state.
For each heater, however, a pump is required to handle the feedwater. The
closed feedwater heaters are more complex because of the internal tubing
network, and thus they are more expensive. Heat transfer in closed feed-
water heaters is also less effective since the two streams are not allowed
to be in direct contact. However, closed feedwater heaters do not require a
separate pump for each heater since the extracted steam and the feedwater
can be at different pressures. Most steam power plants use a combination of
open and closed feedwater heaters, as shown in Fig. 10–17.

EXAMPLE 10–5 The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle

Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal regenerative Rankine
cycle with one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 15 MPa
and 6008C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa.
Some steam leaves the turbine at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and enters the open
feedwater heater. Determine the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

SOLUTION A steam power plant operates on the ideal regenerative Rankine

cycle with one open feedwater heater. The fraction of steam extracted from
the turbine and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible.
Analysis The schematic of the power plant and the T-s diagram of the cycle
are shown in Fig. 10–18. We note that the power plant operates on the
ideal regenerative Rankine cycle. Therefore, the pumps and the turbines

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 573
CHAPTER 10

5 15 MPa
600°C Turbine T

wturb,out

1.2 MPa
Boiler
6
7 10 kPa
qin 4
Open 6
FWH 3
4 15 MPa 2
Condenser qout
1.2 MPa 1.2 MPa
3 2 1 7

Pump II
10 kPa s
Pump I
1

FIGURE 10–18
Schematic and T-s diagram for
are isentropic; there are no pressure drops in the boiler, condenser, and Example 10–5.
feedwater heater; and steam leaves the condenser and the feedwater heater
as saturated liquid. First, we determine the enthalpies at various states:

State 1: P1 5 10 kPa h 5 hf @ 10 kPa 5 191.81 kJ/kg

f  1
Sat. liquid v 1 5 v f @ 10 kPa 5 0.00101 m3/kg

State 2: P2 5 1.2 MPa

s2 5 s 1

1 kJ
wpump I,in 5 v 1(P2 2 P1) 5 (0.00101 m3/kg)[(1200 2 10) kPa] a b
1 kPa·m3

5 1.20 kJ/kg
h2 5 h1 1 wpump I,in 5 (191.81 1 1.20) kJ/kg 5 193.01 kJ/kg

State 3: P3 5 1.2 MPa v 5 v f @ 1.2 MPa 5 0.001138 m3/kg

f  3
Sat. liquid h3 5 hf @ 1.2 MPa 5 798.33 kJ/kg

State 4: P4 5 15 MPa
s4 5 s3
wpump II,in 5 v 3(P4 2 P3)

1 kJ
5 (0.001138 m3/kg)[(15,000 2 1200) kPa] a b
1 kPa·m3
5 15.70 kJ/kg
h4 5 h3 1 wpump II,in 5 (798.33 1 15.70) kJ/kg 5 814.03 kJ/kg

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 574
VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES

State 5: P5 5 15 MPa h 5 3583.1 kJ/kg

f  5
T5 5 6008C s5 5 6.6796 kJ/kg·K

State 6: P6 5 1.2 MPa h 5 2860.2 kJ/kg

f  6
s6 5 s5 (T6 5 218.48C)

State 7: P7 5 10 kPa
s7 2 sf 6.6796 2 0.6492
s7 5 s 5 x 7 5 5 5 0.8041
sfg 7.4996

h7 5 hf 1 x 7hfg 5 191.81 1 0.8041(2392.1) 5 2115.3 kJ/kg

The energy analysis of open feedwater heaters is identical to the energy

analysis of mixing chambers. The feedwater heaters are generally well insu-
· ·
lated (Q 5 0), and they do not involve any work interactions (W 5 0). By
neglecting the kinetic and potential energies of the streams, the energy bal-
ance reduces for a feedwater heater to

# # # #
Ein 5 Eout h a mh 5 a mh
in out

or

yh6 1 (1 2 y)h2 5 1(h3)

where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine (5m· 6 /m5). Solving
·
for y and substituting the enthalpy values, we find

h3 2 h2 798.33 2 193.01
y5 5 5 0.2270
h6 2 h2 2860.2 2 193.01

Thus,

qin 5 h5 2 h4 5 (3583.1 2 814.03) kJ/kg 5 2769.1 kJ/kg

qout 5 (1 2 y)(h7 2 h1) 5 (1 2 0.2270)(2115.3 2 191.81) kJ/kg

5 1486.9 kJ/kg

and

qout 1486.9 kJ/kg

hth 5 1 2 512 5 0.463 or 46.3%
qin 2769.1 kJ/kg

Discussion This problem was worked out in Example 10–3c for the same
pressure and temperature limits but without the regeneration process.
A comparison of the two results reveals that the thermal efficiency of the
cycle has increased from 43.0 to 46.3 percent as a result of regeneration.
The net work output decreased by 171 kJ/kg, but the heat input decreased
by 607 kJ/kg, which results in a net increase in the thermal efficiency.

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 10-28

10-36 A steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The condenser pressure, the net power
output, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
P3  12.5 MPa  h3  3476.5 kJ/kg 3

T3  550C  s 3  6.6317 kJ/kg  K Boiler
Turbine
4
P4  2 MPa 
 h4 s  2948.1 kJ/kg 6
s4 s  s3 
5
h3  h 4 Condenser
T 
h3  h 4 s 2 Pump
1
h4  h3  T h3  h4 s 
 3476.5  0.853476.5  2948.1
T
 3027.3 kJ/kg
3 5
P5  2 MPa  h5  3358.2 kJ/kg

T5  450C  s5  7.2815 kJ/kg  K 12.5 MPa
4s 4
P6  ? 
 h6  (Eq. 1) 2
x 6  0.95 2s

P6  ?  P=?
 h6 s  (Eq. 2)
s 6  s5  1 6s 6
s
h h
T  5 6   h6  h5  T h5  h6 s   3358.2  0.853358.2  h6 s  (Eq. 3)
h5  h6 s
The pressure at state 6 may be determined by a trial-error approach from the steam tables or by using EES from the above
three equations:
P6 = 9.73 kPa, h6 = 2463.3 kJ/kg,
(b) Then,
h1  h f @ 9.73 kPa  189.57 kJ/kg
v1  v f @ 10 kPa  0.001010 m3/kg
w p ,in  v1 P2  P1  /  p
   1 kJ
 0.00101 m3/kg 12,500  9.73 kPa 

 / 0.90
3
1 kPa  m 
 14.02 kJ/kg 

h2  h1  w p ,in  189.57  14.02  203.59 kJ/kg

Cycle analysis:
qin  h3  h2   h5  h4   3476.5  203.59  3358.2  2463.3  3603.8 kJ/kg

qout  h6  h1  2463.3  189.57  2273.7 kJ/kg

W net  m ( qin  qout )  (7.7 kg/s)(3603.8 - 2273.7)kJ/kg  10,242kW

(c) The thermal efficiency is
q out 2273.7 kJ/kg
 th  1   1  0.369  36.9%
q in 3603.8 kJ/kg

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 10-52

10-55 A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with an open feedwater heater. The
mass flow rate of steam through the boiler and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6), T
h1  h f @ 10 kPa  191.81 kJ/kg 5
v 1  v f @ 10 kPa  0.00101 m /kg 3
10 MPa
   1 kJ  4
w pI ,in  v 1 P2  P1   0.00101 m /kg 800  10 kPa 
3 
 1 kPa  m 3 
 0.80 kJ/kg   0.8 MPa 6 7
2 y
h2  h1  w pI ,in  191.81  0.80  192.61 kJ/kg 3 1-y

P3  0.8 MPa  h3  h f @ 0.8 MPa  720.87 kJ/kg 10 kPa

 1 8
 v 3  v f @ 0.8 MPa  0.001115 m /kg
3
sat.liquid s

   1 kJ
w pII ,in  v 3 P4  P3   0.001115 m 3 /kg 10,000  800 kPa 
 1 kPa  m 3



 10.26 kJ/kg  
h4  h3  w pII ,in  720.87  10.26  731.12 kJ/kg
P5  10 MPa  h5  3502.0 kJ/kg 5
 Turbine
T5  550C  s 5  6.7585 kJ/kg  K Boiler 6
P6  0.8 MPa 
 h6  2812.1 kJ/kg 1-y
s6  s5  7 8
6
P7  0.8 MPa  h7  3481.3 kJ/kg y
 Open
T7  500C  s 7  7.8692 kJ/kg  K 4
fwh
Condenser
2
1
s8  s f 3
7.8692  0.6492 P II PI
P8  10 kPa  x8    0.9627
 s fg 7.4996
s8  s 7 
h8  h f  x8 h fg  191.81  0.9627 2392.1  2494.7 kJ/kg

The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the feedwater
heaters. Noting that Q  W  Δke  Δpe  0 ,

E in  E out  E system0 (steady)  0  E in  E out

 m h   m h
i i e e   yh 6  1  y h2  1h3 
 m 6 h6  m 2 h2  m 3h3 

where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine (  m

6 / m
 3 ). Solving for y,

h3  h2 720.87  192.61
y   0.2017
h6  h2 2812.1  192.61

Then, q in  h5  h4   1  y h7  h6   3502.0  731.12  1  0.2017 3481.3  2812.1  3305.1 kJ/kg
q out  1  y h8  h1   1  0.2017 2494.7  191.81  1838.5 kJ/kg
wnet  q in  q out  3305.1  1838.5  1466.6 kJ/kg

W net 80,000 kJ/s

and m    54.5 kg/s
wnet 1466.1 kJ/kg

wnet 1466.1 kJ/kg

(b)  th    44.4%
q in 3305.1 kJ/kg

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 10-53

10-56 A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater heater. The
mass flow rate of steam through the boiler and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis

5 T
Turbine 5
Boiler 1-y
6 10 MPa
10
4
7 8 9 6 7
y 2 0.8 MPa
4 9 3 y
Mixing Closed 1-y
Condenser
chamber fwh
2 10 kPa
10 1 8
3 1
P II PI s

(a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1  h f @ 10 kPa  191.81 kJ/kg
v1  v f @ 10 kPa  0.00101 m3/kg

   1 kJ 
w pI ,in  v1 P2  P1   0.00101 m3/kg 10,000  10 kPa  
1 kPa  m3 
 10.09 kJ/kg 
h2  h1  w pI ,in  191.81  10.09  201.90 kJ/kg

P3  0.8 MPa  h3  h f @ 0.8 MPa  720.87 kJ/kg


 v 3  v f @ 0.8 MPa  0.001115 m /kg
3
sat.liquid

   1 kJ 
w pII ,in  v 3 P4  P3   0.001115 m3/kg 10,000  800 kPa 


3
 10.26 kJ/kg  1 kPa m 
h4  h3  w pII ,in  720.87  10.26  731.13 kJ/kg

Also, h4 = h9 = h10 = 731.12 kJ/kg since the two fluid streams that are being mixed have the same enthalpy.
P5  10 MPa  h5  3502.0 kJ/kg

T5  550C  s5  6.7585 kJ/kg  K
P6  0.8 MPa 
 h6  2812.7 kJ/kg
s6  s5 
P7  0.8 MPa  h7  3481.3 kJ/kg

T7  500C  s7  7.8692 kJ/kg  K
s8  s f 7.8692  0.6492
P8  10 kPa  x8    0.9627
 s fg 7.4996
s8  s7 
h8  h f  x8h fg  191.81  0.9627 2392.1  2494.7 kJ/kg

The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the feedwater
heaters. Noting that Q  W  ke  Δpe  0 ,

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 10-54

E in  E out  E system0 (steady) 0

E in  E out

 m h   m h
i i e e  m 2 h9  h2   m 3 h6  h3  
  1  y h9  h2   y h6  h3 

where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine (  m

3 / m
 4 ). Solving for y,

h9  h2 731.13  201.90
y   0.2019
h6  h3   h9  h2  2812.7  720.87  731.13  201.90

Then,
q in  h5  h4   1  y h7  h6   3502.0  731.13  1  0.20193481.3  2812.7   3304.5 kJ/kg
q out  1  y h8  h1   1  0.20192494.7  191.81  1837.9 kJ/kg
wnet  q in  q out  3304.5  1837.8  1466.6 kJ/kg
and
W net 80,000 kJ/s
m    54.5 kg/s
wnet 1467.1 kJ/kg

q out 1837.8 kJ/kg

(b)  th  1   1  44.4%
q in 3304.5 kJ/kg

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you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 10-36
10-47 A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with two open feedwater heaters. The net
power output of the power plant and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis

7 T
Turbine 7
Boiler
8 6 8 MPa
10 5 0.6 MPa 8
6 4
9 y 1-y
3 0.2 MPa
fwh II fwh I Condenser 2 9
1-y-z
4 2 10 kPa
1 1 10
5 3
P III P II PI
s

(a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1  h f @ 10 kPa  191.81 kJ/kg
v 1  v f @ 10 kPa  0.001010 m 3 /kg
   1 kJ
w pI ,in  v 1 P2  P1   0.001010 m 3 /kg 200  10 kPa 
 1 kPa  m 3

  0.192 kJ/kg

h h w  191.81  0.192  192.00 kJ/kg  
2 1 pI ,in

P3  0.2 MPa  h3  h f @ 0.2 MPa  504.71 kJ/kg


 v 3  v f @ 0.2 MPa  0.001061 m /kg
3
sat.liquid

   1 kJ
w pII ,in  v 3 P4  P3   0.001061 m 3 /kg 600  200 kPa 
 1 kPa  m 3



 0.42 kJ/kg  
h4  h3  w pII ,in  504.71  0.42  505.13 kJ/kg

P5  0.6 MPa  h5  h f @ 0.6 MPa  670.38 kJ/kg


 v 5  v f @ 0.6 MPa  0.001101 m /kg
3
sat.liquid

   1 kJ
w pIII ,in  v 5 P6  P5   0.001101 m 3 /kg 8000  600 kPa 
 1 kPa  m 3



 8.144 kJ/kg  

h6  h5  w pIII ,in  670.38  8.144  678.52 kJ/kg

P7  8 MPa  h7  3521.8 kJ/kg


T7  550C  s 7  6.8800 kJ/kg  K
P8  0.6 MPa 
 h8  2809.6 kJ/kg
s8  s 7 
s9  s f 6.8800  1.5302
P9  0.2 MPa  x9    0.9559
 s fg 5.5968
s9  s 7 
h9  h f  x9 h fg  504.71  0.95592201.6  2609.1 kJ/kg

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If
you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 10-37
s10  s f 6.8800  0.6492
P10  10 kPa  x10    0.8308
 s fg 7.4996
s10  s 7 
h10  h f  x10 h fg  191.81  0.83082392.1  2179.2 kJ/kg

The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the feedwater
heaters. Noting that Q  W  Δke  Δpe  0 ,

FWH-2:

E in  E out  E system0 (steady)  0

E in  E out

 m h   m h
i i e e   yh8  1  y h4  1h5 
 m 8 h8  m 4 h4  m 5 h5 

where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine (  m

8 / m
 5 ). Solving for y,

h5  h4 670.38  505.13
y   0.07171
h8  h4 2809.6  505.13

FWH-1:

 m h   m h
i i e e 
 m
 9 h9  m
 2 h2  m  zh9  1  y  z h2  1  y h3
 3 h3 

where z is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine (  m

9 / m
 5 ) at the second stage. Solving for z,

h3  h2
z 1  y   504.71  192.00 1  0.07171  0.1201
h9  h2 2609.1  192.00

Then,
qin  h7  h6  3521.8  678.52  2843.3 kJ/kg
q out  1  y  z h10  h1   1  0.07171  0.12012179.2  191.81  1606.2 kJ/kg
wnet  qin  q out  2843.3  1606.2  1237.2 kJ/kg
and
 wnet  16 kg/s1237.2 kJ/kg  19,795 kW  19.8 MW
W net  m

(b) The thermal efficiency is

qout 1606.2 kJ/kg
 th  1  1  0.4351  43.5%
qin 2843.3 kJ/kg

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If
you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.