C 10

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10.3
10.4
Problem
10.5

10.6:
New Problem 10.7
An ammonia vapor compression system works within the temperature limits of 24 C

and 10 C . At the end of compression gas exits as saturated vapors. Liquid ammonia
exits the condenser as saturated liquid at 24 C . Determine the coefficient of
performance of the cycle for the given temperature limits. Assume the cycle to be an
ideal vapor compression cycle.
Solution:
The given cycle is shown in the following T-s diagram:
Determine the properties at different states.
State 2: Refer the following values for Ammonia at T2  24 C from table A-13:
s2  sg  5.0394 kJ / kg  K
h2  hg  1462.61 kJ / kg
State 1: The compression process through compressor is isentropic that is

s1  s2  5.0394 kJ / kg  K .
Refer the following values from table A-13 corresponding to T1  10 C :

sg  5.4662 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5389 kJ / kg  K
hg  1430.55 kJ / kg
h f  133.94 kJ / kg
Calculate the quality of mixture at state 1.

s1  s f 5.0394  0.5389
x1    0.913
sg  s f 5.4662  0.5389
Calculate the enthalpy at state 1.

h1  h f  x1  hg  h f 
 133.94 kJ / kg   0.9131430.55 kJ / kg  133.94 kJ / kg 
 1317.74 kJ / kg
State 3: Refer the following values for Saturated liquid at T3  24 C from table A-13:
h3  h f T3   293.45 kJ / kg
State 4: Throttling occurs as the refrigerant flows through the expansion valve.
Therefore,
h4  h3  293.45 kJ / kg
Calculate the coefficient of performance from the following relation:

h h
 1 4
h2  h1
1317.74 kJ / kg  293.45 kJ / kg

1462.61 kJ / kg  1317.74 kJ / kg
 7.07
Thus, the coefficient of performance is 7.07 .

10.7
Revalued data:
Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapor compression refrigeration

cycle operating at steady state. Refrigerant enters the compressor at 1 bar, 15 C and
the
condenser pressure is 8 bar. Liquid exits the condenser at 30 C The mass flow rate of
refrigerant is 8 kg/min.
Solution:
Schematic and given data:
State 1: Refer the following values for Refrigerant 134a at p1  1 bar and T1  15 C
from table A-12:
s1  0.976 kJ / kg  K
h1  240.62 kJ / kg
State 2: The compression process through compressor is isentropic that is

s1  s2  0.976 kJ / kg  K .

Use data in table A-12 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to to p2  8 bar and s2  0.976 kJ / kg  K .
h2  286 kJ / kg
State 3: At p3  8 bar and T3  30 C , refrigerant is in sub cooled state. Therefore,

from table A-10,
h3  h f T3   91.49 kJ / kg
Therefore,
h4  h3  91.49 kJ / kg
(a) Use the following expression to determine the compressor power:

W  m  h  h 
C 2 1
1 min 1 kW
  8 kg / min  286  240.62  kJ / kg
60 s 1 kJ / s
 6.05 kW
Thus, the compressor power is 6.05 kW .
(b) Use the following expression to determine the refrigeration capacity:

Q in  m  h1  h4 
  8 kg / min  240.62 kJ / kg  91.49 kJ / kg 
1 ton
 1193.04 kJ / min
211 kJ / min
 5.65 tons
Thus, the refrigeration capacity is 5.65 tons
(c) Calculate the coefficient of performance from the following relation:

 Q in 
  
m  h1  h4 240.62  91.49
    3.29
 WC  h2  h1 286  240.62
  
 m 
10.8
Problem
10.9
Problem
10.10

10.11:
New Problem 10.13
In a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerant 22 is used as the working

fluid. The cycle operates at steady state. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 1
bar, and saturated liquid exits the condenser at 5 bar. The isentropic compressor
efficiency is 75%. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.2 kg/s. Determine
(a) The refrigeration capacity, in kW.
(b) The compressor power in kW.
(c) The coefficient of performance.
Solution:
State 1: Refer the following values for saturated vapors at p1  1 bar from table A-8:
s1  sg  1.0031 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  232.77 kJ / kg
State 2: When the compression process through compressor is isentropic that is

s1  s2 s  1.0031 kJ / kg  K .
Use data in table A-9 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2s
corresponding to to p2  5 bar and s2 s  1.0031 kJ / kg  K .
h2 s  271.92 kJ / kg
Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific entropy at state 2:

h2 s  h1
C 
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
271.92 kJ / kg  232.77 kJ / kg
 232.77 kJ / kg 
0.75
 284.97 kJ / kg
State 3: Refer the following value for saturated liquid at p3  5 bar from table A-8:
h3  h f  45.25 kJ / kg
Therefore,
h4  h3  45.25 kJ / kg
(a) Use the following expression to determine the refrigeration capacity:

Q in  m  h1  h4 
1 kW
  0.2 kg / s  232.77  45.25  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 37.5 kW
Thus, the refrigeration capacity is 37.5 kW .
(b) Use the following expression to determine the compressor power:

W  m  h  h 
C 2 1
1 kW
  0.2 kg / s  284.97  232.77  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 10.44 kW

Q 37.5 kW
  in   3.59
WC 10.44 kW

10.12:
New Problem 10.14
In a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerant 22 is used as the working

fluid. The cycle operates at steady state. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 1
bar, and saturated liquid exits the condenser at pc . The isentropic compressor
efficiency is 75%. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.2 kg/s. Plot the coefficient
of performance and refrigeration capacity, in kW versus the condenser pressure
ranging from 4 bar to 10 bar.
Solution:
For sample calculations, take pc  5 bar .
State 1: Refer the following values for saturated vapors at p1  1 bar from table A-8:
s1  sg  1.0031 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  232.77 kJ / kg

s1  s2 s  1.0031 kJ / kg  K .
h2 s  271.92 kJ / kg


h2 s  h1
C 
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
271.92 kJ / kg  232.77 kJ / kg
 232.77 kJ / kg 
0.75
 284.97 kJ / kg
h3  h f  45.25 kJ / kg
Therefore,
h4  h3  45.25 kJ / kg
Use the following expression to determine the refrigeration capacity:

Q in  m  h1  h4 
1 kW
  0.2 kg / s  232.77  45.25  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 37.5 kW
Thus, the refrigeration capacity is 37.5 kW.
Use the following expression to determine the compressor power:

WC  m  h2  h1 
1 kW
  0.2 kg / s  284.97  232.77  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 10.44 kW
Calculate the coefficient of performance from the following relation:

Q 37.5 kW
  in   3.59
WC 10.44 kW
Thus, the coefficient of performance is 3.59.
Use IT software to obtain the required plot:

IT code:
Click explore icon and sweep condenser pressure  p2  p3  pc  ranging from 4 bar
to 10 bar.
The results obtained from above IT code at p2  5 bar :
Plot of the coefficient of performance versus condenser pressure over the range is
shown below:

Plot of the refrigerating capacity versus condenser pressure over the range is shown
below:

10.13
Revalued data:
A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle operates at steady state with Refrigerant

134a as the working fluid. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 1 bar, and
saturated liquid exits the condenser at 9 bar. The isentropic compressor efficiency is
78%. The mass flow rate of refrigerant is 6 kg/min.
Solution:
State 1: Refer the following values for saturated vapors at p1  1 bar from table A-
11:
s1  sg  0.9395 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  231.35 kJ / kg

s1  s2 s  0.9395 kJ / kg  K .

h2 s  276.9 kJ / kg

h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
276.9 kJ / kg  231.35 kJ / kg
 231.35 kJ / kg 
0.78
 289.6 kJ / kg
h3  h f  99.56 kJ / kg
Therefore,
h4  h3  99.56 kJ / kg

WC  m  h2  h1 
1 min 1 kW
  6 kg / min  289.6  231.35  kJ / kg
60 s 1 kJ / s
 5.825 kW

Q in  m  h1  h4 
  6 kg / min  231.35 kJ / kg  99.56 kJ / kg 
1 ton
 790.74 kJ / min
211 kJ / min
 3.748 tons
Thus, the refrigeration capacity is 3.748 tons .

 Q in 
  
 m  h1  h4 231.35  99.56
    2.262
 WC  h2  h1 289.6  231.35
  
 m 

10.14
Continued on next slide
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
Problem 10-17
10.14 continued
(continued)
10.15

10.16:
New Problem 10.20
In a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerant 134a is used as the working

fluid. The cycle operates at steady state. Refrigerant enters the condenser at 60 C and
exits as saturated liquid. The condenser pressure is 1.2 MPa and the evaporator
temperature is 8 C . The refrigeration capacity of the cycle is 6 tons. Determine
(a) The mass flow rate of the refrigerant in kg/s
(b) The compressor isentropic efficiency.
(c) The compressor power in kW.
(d) The coefficient of performance.
Solution:
State 1: Refer the following values for saturated vapors at T1  8 C from table A-10:
s1  sg  0.9150 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  251.80 kJ / kg

s1  s2 s  0.9150 kJ / kg  K .
corresponding to p2  1.2 MPa and s2 s  0.9150 kJ / kg  K .
h2 s  275.07 kJ / kg
Refer the following value of specific enthalpy at state 2 corresponding to

p2  1.2 MPa and T2  60 C from table A-12:
h2  287.44 kJ / kg

State 3: Refer the following value for saturated liquid at p3  1.2 MPa from table A-
11:
h3  h f  115.76 kJ / kg
Therefore,
h4  h3  115.76 kJ / kg
(a) Use the following expression of refrigeration capacity to determine the mass
flow rate of refrigerant:
Q in  m  h1  h4 
Q in
m 
h1  h4
6 tons 3.52 kJ / s

 251.80  115.76  kJ / kg 1 ton
 0.155 kg / s
Thus, the refrigerant mass flow rate is 0.155 kg / s .
(b) Calculate the compressor isentropic efficiency from the following expression:
h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1

 275.07  251.80  kJ / kg
 287.44  251.80  kJ / kg
 0.653 or 65.3%
Thus, the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 65.3% .
(c) Use the following expression to determine the compressor power:

WC  m  h2  h1 
1 kW
  0.155 kg / s  287.44  251.80  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 5.52 kW
(d) Calculate the coefficient of performance from the following relation:

Q 6 tons 3.52 kW
  in   3.826
WC 5.52 kW 1 ton

Problem
10.17
10.18

10.19
Revalued data:
A window-mounted air conditioner supplies 20 m3 / min of air at 16 C , 1 bar to a

room. Air returns from the room to the evaporator of the unit at 25 C . The air
conditioner operates at steady state on a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with
Refrigerant-22 entering the compressor at 3 bar, 10 C . Saturated liquid refrigerant at
8 bar leaves the condenser. The compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 75%, and
refrigerant exits the compressor at 8 bar.
Solution:
State 1: Refer the following values for Refrigerant-22 at p1  3 bar and T1  10 C

from table A-9:
s1  1.012 kJ / kg  K
h1  261.04 kJ / kg


s1  s2 s  1.012 kJ / kg  K .
h2 s  287.9 kJ / kg

h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
287.9 kJ / kg  261.04 kJ / kg
 261.04 kJ / kg 
0.75
 296.8 kJ / kg
h3  h f  63.53 kJ / kg
Therefore,
h4  h3  63.53 kJ / kg
Use the following expression to determine the mass flow rate of air:
 AV air p
m air 
RTout

 20 m 3
/ min  1 bar  105 N / m 2 1 kJ
 8.314  10 N  m
3
kJ / kg  K  16  273 K
1 bar

 28.97 
 24.11 kg / min
For the control volume enclosing the evaporator,

0  m R  h4  h1   m air  hin  hout 
0  m R  h4  h1   m air c p Tin  Tout 
m air c p Tin  Tout 
m R 
h1  h4

Substitute 24.11 kg / min for m air , 1.005 kJ / kg  K for c p ,  25  273 K for Tin ,
16  273 K for Tout , 63.53 kJ / kg for h4 and 261.04 kJ / kg for h1 in above
expression of m R .
 24.11 kg / min 1.005 kJ / kg  K   25  273 K  16  273 K 
m R 
261.04 kJ / kg  63.53 kJ / kg
 1.104 kg / min

W  m  h  h 
C R 2 1
1 min 1 kW
 1.104 kg / min  296.8  261.04  kJ / kg
60 s 1 kJ / s
 0.658 kW

Q in  m R  h1  h4 
 1.104 kg / min  261.04 kJ / kg  63.53 kJ / kg 
1 ton
 218.05 kJ / min
211 kJ / min
 1.033 tons
Thus, the refrigeration capacity is 1.033 tons .

Q m  h  h  h  h 261.04  63.53
  in  R 1 4  1 4   5.52
WC m R  h2  h1  h2  h1 296.8  261.04

10.20
10.20 (continued)
10.21
10.21 (continued)

10.22
Revalued data:
A vapor-compression refrigeration system uses the arrangement shown in Fig. 10.8

for two-stage compression with intercooling between the stages. Refrigerant 134a is
the
working fluid. Saturated vapor at 32 C enters the first compressor stage. The flash
chamber and direct contact heat exchanger operate at 5 bar, and the condenser
pressure is 14 bar. Saturated liquid streams at 14 and 5 bar enter the high and low-
pressure expansion valves, respectively. If each compressor operates isentropically
and the refrigerating capacity of the system is 12 tons, determine
(a) the power input to each compressor, in kW.
(b) the coefficient of performance.
Solution:

State 1: Refer the following value for saturated vapour of Refrigerant 134a at
T1  32 C from table A-10:
s1  sg  0.9456 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  227.9 kJ / kg
State 2: The compression process through compressor 1 is isentropic that is

s1  s2  0.9456 kJ / kg  K .
h2  266 kJ / kg
h5  h f  125.26 kJ / kg
Therefore,
h6  h5  125.26 kJ / kg
Refer the following values from table A-11 corresponding to p6  5 bar pressure:

hg  256.07 kJ / kg
h f  71.33 kJ / kg
Calculate the quality of mixture at state 2.

h  h f 125.26  71.33
x6  6   0.292
hg  h f 256.07  71.33
h7  h f  71.33 kJ / kg
Therefore,
h8  h7  71.33 kJ / kg
State 9: Refer the following value for saturated vapor at p9  5 bar from table A-11:
h9  hg  256.07 kJ / kg
State 3: The fraction of the flow into the flash chamber at state 6 that exits as
saturated vapor at state 9 is equal to the quality at state 6  x6  . The liquid leaving the
flash chamber at state 7 is the fraction 1  x6  . With these flow rates ratio,
0  1  x6  h2  x6 h9  1h3
h3  1  x6  h2  x6 h9
 1  0.292  266 kJ / kg    0.292  256.07 kJ / kg 
 263.1 kJ / kg
Use table A-12 to obtain the value of specific entropy corresponding to p9  5 bar
and h3  263.1 kJ / kg :
s3  0.9356 kJ / kg  K
State 4: The compression process through compressor 2 is isentropic that is

s3  s4  0.9356 kJ / kg  K .
h4  285.1 kJ / kg
Initially determine the mass flow rates to determine the compressor power.
For the evaporator,

Q in  m 1  h1  h8 
Q in
m 1 
h1  h8
12 tons 211 kJ / min 1 min

 227.9  71.33 kJ / kg 1 ton 60 s
 0.269 kg / s
Also, since 1  x6  is the fraction of the total flow passing through the evaporator,
m 1
 1  x6
m 3
m 1 0.269 kg / s
m 3    0.38 kg / s
1  x6 1  0.292
(a) Calculate the power input for compressor 1.

WC1  m 1  h2  h1 
1 kW
  0.269 kg / s  266  227.9  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 10.25 kW
Calculate the power input for compressor 2.

WC 2  m 3  h4  h3 
1 kW
  0.38 kg / s  285.1  263.1 kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 8.36 kW
Thus, power input for compressor 1 is 10.25 kW and the power input for compressor
2 is 8.36 kW .
(b) Calculate the coefficient of performance from the following expression:

Q
   in 
WC1  WC 2
12 tons 211 kJ / min 1 min 1 kW

10.25  8.36  kW 1 ton 60 s 1 kJ / s
 2.268

10.23
10.23 (continued) Page 2
10.23 (continued) Page 3
10.24
10.24 continued
Problem 10-32
Problem
10.25
10.26

New Problem 10.35

10.27:
In a vapor compression heat pump, Refrigerant 22 is compressed adiabatically from

0.15 MPa, 20 C to 1 MPa, 80 C . Refrigerant enters the expansion valve at 1 MPa,
32 C in liquid state. At the exit of expansion valve pressure becomes 0.15 MPa.
Determine
(a) The isentropic compressor efficiency
(b) The coefficient of performance.
Solution:
State 1: Refer the following values for Refrigerant 22 at p1  0.15 MPa and
T1  20 C from table A-9:
s1  1.0137 kJ / kg  K
h1  244.45 kJ / kg
State 2: Refer the following value for Refrigerant 22 at p2  1 MPa and T2  80 C

from table A-9:
h2  302.88 kJ / kg
When the compression process through compressor is isentropic that is

s1  s2 s  1.0137 kJ / kg  K .
corresponding to p2  1 MPa and s2 s  1.0137 kJ / kg  K .
h2 s  295.1 kJ / kg

State 3: At this stage Refrigerant is sub cooled. Refer the following value at
p3  1 MPa and T3  32 C from table A-7:
h3  h f T3   84.14 kJ / kg
Therefore,
h4  h3  84.14 kJ / kg
(a) Calculate the isentropic compressor efficiency as follows:

h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
295.1 kJ / kg  244.45 kJ / kg

302.88 kJ / kg  244.45 kJ / kg
 0.8668 or 86.68%
Thus, the isentropic compressor efficiency is 86.68% .
(b) Calculate the coefficient of performance of heat pump from the following
relation:
Q
  out
WC
m  h2  h3 

m  h2  h1 
302.88 kJ / kg  84.14 kJ / kg

302.88 kJ / kg  244.45 kJ / kg
 3.74
Thus, the coefficient of performance of the heat pump is 3.74 .

Problem
10.28
10.29
10.30
10.31
10.32
10.32 (continued) - Page 2
10.32 (continued) - Page 3
10.33
10.34
10.33 continued
Problem 10-44 (continued)
10.35

10.36
Revalued data:
An ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle has a compressor pressure ratio of 5. At the

compressor inlet, the pressure and temperature of the entering air are 0.1 MPa and
260 K. The temperature at the inlet of the turbine is 330 K. For a refrigerating
capacity of 14 tons, determine
(a) the mass flow rate, in kg/min.
(b) the net power input, in kJ/min.
(c) the coefficient of performance.
Solution:
Schematic diagram and given data:
State 1: Refer the following values for air at T1  260 K from table A-22:

h1  260.09 kJ / kg
pr1  0.8405
State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 from the following relation:

p 
pr 2  pr1  2 
 p1 
p 
Compressor pressure ratio  2  is 5. Therefore,
 p1 
pr 2   0.8405  5   4.2025
corresponding to pr 2  4.2025 .
h2  412.48 kJ / kg
h3  330.34 kJ / kg
pr 3  1.9352

p 
pr 4  pr 3  4 
 p3 
p 
 p4 
1
pr 4  1.9352     0.387
5
h4  208.1 kJ / kg

(a) Use the following expression for Q in to determine the mass flow rate of air:
Q  m  h  h 
in 1 4
Q in
m 
h1  h4
14 tons 211 kg / min

 260.09  208.1 kJ / kg 1 ton
 56.82 kg/ min
Thus, the mass flow rate of air is 56.82 kg/ min .
(b) Calculate the net power input from the following expression:
Wcycle  m  h2  h1    h3  h4  
  56.82 kg / min   412.48  260.09    330.34  208.1  kJ / kg
=1713.12 kJ / min
Thus, the net power input is 1713.12 kJ / min .
(c) Use the following expression to determine the coefficient of performance of

the cycle:
Q 14 tons 211 kg / min
   in   1.72
Wcycle 1713.12 kJ / min 1 ton
Thus, the coefficient of performance of the cycle is 1.72 .

10.37

10.38:
New Problem 10.49
An ideal Brayton cycle refrigeration system has air as its working fluid. has a
compressor pressure ratio of 4. The temperature and pressure of air entering at the
compressor inlet are 265 K and 0.1 MPa . The temperature of air at the inlet of the
turbine is 325 K. For a refrigerating capacity of 12 tons, determine
(b) the net power input, in kW.
Solution:
h1  265.1 kJ / kg
pr1  0.8997

p 
pr 2  pr1  2 
 p1 
p 
 p1 

pr 2   0.8997  4   3.5988
h2  394.54 kJ / kg
h3  325.31 kJ / kg
pr 3  1.8345

p 
pr 4  pr 3  4 
 p3 
p 
 p4 
1
pr 4  1.8345     0.4586
4
h4  218.49 kJ / kg
Q  m  h  h 
in 1 4
Q in
m 
h1  h4

 265.1  218.49  kJ / kg 1 ton
 54.32 kg/ min

Wcycle  m  h2  h1    h3  h4  
  54.32 kg / min   394.54  265.1   325.31  218.49   kJ / kg
1 min 1 kW
=1228.718 kJ / min
60 s 1 kJ / s
 20.48 kW
Thus, the net power input is 20.48 kW .

the cycle:
Q 12 tons 3.52 kW
  in   2.06
WC 20.48 kW 1 ton

10.39
10.40

10.41
Revalued data:
Consider a Brayton refrigeration cycle with a regenerative heat exchanger. Air enters
the compressor at 0.1 MPa, 270 K and is compressed isentropically to 0.25 MPa.
Compressed air enters the regenerative heat exchanger at 300 K and is cooled to 270
K before entering the turbine.
The expansion through the turbine is isentropic. If the refrigeration capacity is 16
tons, calculate
(a) the volumetric flow rate at the compressor inlet, in m3 / min
(b) the coefficient of performance.
Solution:
h1  270.11 kJ / kg
pr1  0.9590

p 
pr 2  pr1  2 
 p1 
 0.25 MPa 
pr 2   0.9590     2.3975
 0.1 MPa 
h2  351.2 kJ / kg
State a: Refer the following values for air at Ta  300 K from table A-22:
ha  300.19 kJ / kg
h3  270.11 kJ / kg
pr 3  0.9590

p 
pr 4  pr 3  4 
 p3 
 0.1 MPa 
pr 4   0.9590     0.3836
 0.25 MPa 
h4  207.55 kJ / kg
State b: Write energy balance equation for heat exchanger,

0   hb  h1    ha  h3 
hb  h1  ha  h3
 270.11 kJ / kg  300.19 kJ / kg  270.11 kJ / kg
 240.03 kJ / kg
Calculate the mass flow rate by using the following expression of refrigeration
capacity:
Q in  m  hb  h4 
Q in
m 
hb  h4
16 tons 3.52 kg / s

 240.03  207.55 kJ / kg 1 ton
 1.734 kg/ s

(a) Calculate the volumetric flow rate at the compressor inlet as follows:
 1
mRT
 AV 1 
p1

1.734 kg / s  286.9 N  m / kg  K  270 K 
0.1106 N / m 2
60 s
 1.343 m3 / s
1 min
 80.58 m3 / min
Thus, the volumetric flow rate at the compressor inlet is 80.58 m3 / min .
(b) Calculate the coefficient of performance as follows:

hb  h4

 h2  h1    h3  h4 

 240.03  207.55 kJ / kg
 351.2  270.11   270.11  207.55   kJ / kg
 1.75

10.42:
New Problem 10.54
A Brayton cycle refrigeration system has air as its working fluid. has a compressor
pressure ratio of 4. The temperature and pressure of air entering at the compressor
inlet are 265 K and 0.1 MPa . The temperature of air at the inlet of the turbine is 325
K. The efficiency of the turbine and compressors are 96% and 95%, respectively. For
a refrigerating capacity of 12 tons, determine
(b) the net power input, in kW.
Solution:
h1  265.1 kJ / kg
pr1  0.8997
State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 2 s  pr1  2 s 
 p1 
p 
Compressor pressure ratio  2 s  is 4. Therefore,
 p1 

pr 2 s   0.8997  4   3.5988
corresponding to pr 2 s  3.5988 .
h2 s  394.54 kJ / kg

h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
394.54 kJ / kg  265.1 kJ / kg
 265.1 kJ / kg 
0.95
 401.32 kJ / kg
h3  325.31 kJ / kg
pr 3  1.8345
State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 4 s  pr 3  4 s 
 p3 
 p 
 p4 s 
1
pr 4 s  1.8345     0.4586
4
h4 s  218.49 kJ / kg
Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific entropy at state 4:

h3  h4
t 
h3  h4 s
h4  h3   t  h3  h4 s 
 325.31 kJ / kg   0.96  325.31  218.49  kJ / kg
 222.76 kJ / kg
Q  m  h  h 
in 1 4
Q in
m 
h1  h4

 265.1  222.76  kJ / kg 1 ton
 59.8 kg/ min
Wcycle  m  h2  h1    h3  h4  
  59.8 kg/ min   401.32  265.1   325.31  222.76   kJ / kg
1 min 1 kW
 2013.466 kJ / min
60 s 1 kJ / s
 33.56 kW
Thus, the net power input is 33.56 kW .

the cycle:
Q 12 tons 3.52 kW
  in   1.259
WC 33.56 kW 1 ton

10.43
Revalued data:
Air at 2 bar, 375 K is extracted from a main jet engine compressor for cabin cooling.
The extracted air enters a heat exchanger where it is cooled at constant pressure to
315 K
through heat transfer with the ambient. It then expands adiabatically to 0.95 bar
through a turbine and is discharged into the cabin. The turbine has an isentropic
efficiency of
80%. If the mass flow rate of the air is 1.1 kg/s, determine
(a) the power developed by the turbine, in kW.
(b) the rate of heat transfer from the air to the ambient, in kW.
Solution:
h1  375.72 kJ / kg

h2  315.27 kJ / kg
pr 2  1.6442
State 3: Calculate the value of pr 3 s for isentropic expansion from the following
relation:
p 
pr 3 s  pr 2  3 
 p2 
 0.95 
pr 3 s  1.6442     0.781
 2 
h3s  254.54 kJ / kg
Use the following expression of isentropic efficiency of turbine to determine the value
of specific enthalpy at state 3:
h h
t  2 3
h2  h3s
h3  h2  t  h2  h3s 
 315.27 kJ / kg   0.80  315.27 kJ / kg  254.54 kJ / kg 
 266.69 kJ / kg
(a) Calculate the power developed by the turbine from the following expression:
Wt  m  h2  h3 
1 kW
 1.1 kg / s  315.27  266.69  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 53.4 kW
Thus, the power developed by the turbine is 53.4 kW .
(b) Neglect the effect of kinetic and potential energies and write the energy rate
balance equation for the control volume enclosing the heat exchanger.
0  Q cv  m  h1  h2 
Q  m  h  h 
cv 2 1
1 kW
 1.1 kg / s  315.27  375.72  kJ / kg
1 kJ / s
 66.5 kW

The rate of heat transfer from the air to the ambient is equal to Q cv that is 66.5 kW .
10.44
10.45

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An ammonia vapor compression system works within the temperature limits of 24 C

The given cycle is shown in the following T-s diagram:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: The compression process through compressor is isentropic that is

Refer the following values from table A-13 corresponding to T1  10 C :

Calculate the quality of mixture at state 1.

Calculate the enthalpy at state 1.

Calculate the coefficient of performance from the following relation:

Thus, the coefficient of performance is 7.07 .

Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapor compression refrigeration

Schematic and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 2: The compression process through compressor is isentropic that is

State 3: At p3  8 bar and T3  30 C , refrigerant is in sub cooled state. Therefore,

(a) Use the following expression to determine the compressor power:

Thus, the compressor power is 6.05 kW .

(b) Use the following expression to determine the refrigeration capacity:

Thus, the refrigeration capacity is 5.65 tons

(c) Calculate the coefficient of performance from the following relation:

In a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerant 22 is used as the working

Schematic and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 2: When the compression process through compressor is isentropic that is

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

(a) Use the following expression to determine the refrigeration capacity:

Thus, the refrigeration capacity is 37.5 kW .

(b) Use the following expression to determine the compressor power:

Thus, the compressor power is 10.44 kW .

(c) Calculate the coefficient of performance from the following relation:

Thus, the coefficient of performance is 3.59 .

In a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerant 22 is used as the working

For sample calculations, take pc  5 bar .

Schematic and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 2: When the compression process through compressor is isentropic that is

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

Use the following expression to determine the refrigeration capacity:

Thus, the refrigeration capacity is 37.5 kW.

Use the following expression to determine the compressor power:

Calculate the coefficient of performance from the following relation:

Thus, the coefficient of performance is 3.59.

Use IT software to obtain the required plot:

The results obtained from above IT code at p2  5 bar :

A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle operates at steady state with Refrigerant

Schematic and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 2: When the compression process through compressor is isentropic that is

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

(a) Use the following expression to determine the compressor power:

Thus, the compressor power is 5.825 kW .

(b) Use the following expression to determine the refrigeration capacity:

Thus, the refrigeration capacity is 3.748 tons .

(c) Calculate the coefficient of performance from the following relation:

Thus, the coefficient of performance is 2.262 .

Continued on next slide

In a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerant 134a is used as the working

Schematic and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 2: When the compression process through compressor is isentropic that is

Refer the following value of specific enthalpy at state 2 corresponding to

Thus, the refrigerant mass flow rate is 0.155 kg / s .

Thus, the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 65.3% .