WORK DONE

NUMERICALS
To a closed system 150 kJ of work is supplied. If the
initial volume is 0.6 m3 and pressure of the system
changes as p = 8 – 4V, where p is in bar and V is in m3,
determine the final volume and pressure of the system
Ans:Final volume, V2 = 0.354 m3.
final pressure, p2 == 6.584 bar = 6.584 × 105 N/m2 or Pa.
 JOULE’S EXPERIMENT- FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYUNAMICS

W/ Q= J=4.18=Joules/ Calories
WORK AND HEAT
 NUMERICALS
A cylinder contains 1 kg of a certain fluid at an initial pressure of 20 bar.
The fluid is allowed to expand reversibly behind a piston according to a
law pV2 = constant until the volume is doubled. The fluid is then cooled
reversibly at constant pressure until the piston regains its original
position ; heat is then supplied reversibly with the piston firmly locked in
position until the pressure rises to the original value of 20 bar. Calculate
the net work done by the fluid, for an initial volume of 0.05 m3.
Ans:25000 Nm.
 FLTD FOR PROCESS
dQ= dE+ dW
dQ= dU+ d(KE)+d(PE) + d(Rotational Energy)+ d(Spin energy) +---- dW
But neglecting the d(KE)+d(PE) + d(Rotational Energy)+ d(Spin energy)
+----
We have
dQ= dU+ dW for closed system
dQ= dH+ dW for open system
 NUMERICALS
A cylinder contains 0.45 m3 of a gas at 1 × 105 N/m2 and 80°C. The gas
is compressed to a volume of 0.13 m3, the final pressure being 5 × 105
N/m2. Determine :
(i) The mass of gas ;
(ii) The value of index ‘n’ for compression ;
(iii) The increase in internal energy of the gas ;
(iv) The heat received or rejected by the gas during compression.
Take γ = 1.4, R = 294.2 J/kg°C.
[Ans:dU=49.9 kJ., W=– 67.44 kJ, Q=– 17.54 kJ
2) Air at 1.02 bar, 22°C, initially occupying a cylinder volume of 0.015
m3, is compressed reversibly and adiabatically by a piston to a pressure
of 6.8 bar. Calculate :
(i) The final temperature ;
(ii) The final volume
(iii) The work done.

3) 0.44 kg of air at 180°C expands adiabatically to three times its

original volume and during the process, there is a fall in temperature to
15°C. The work done during the process is 52.5 kJ. Calculate cp and cv.
4)A fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, passes
through a complete cycle of four processes. The sum of all heat
transferred during a cycle is – 340 kJ. The system completes 200 cycles
per min. Complete the following table showing the method for each
item, and compute the net rate of work output in kW.
5) A closed system of constant volume experiences a temperature rise of
25°C when a certain process occurs. The heat transferred in the
process is 30 kJ. The specific heat at constant volume for the pure
substance comprising the system is 1.2 kJ/kg°C, and the system
contains 2.5 kg of this substance. Determine :
(i) The change in internal energy ;
(ii) The work done

6) A fluid system undergoes a non-flow frictionless process following

the pressure-volume relation as p =5/V + 1.5 where p is in bar and V is
in m . During the process the volume changes from 0.15 m3 to 0.05 m3
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and the system rejects 45 kJ of heat. Determine :

(i) Change in internal energy ;
(ii) Change in enthalpy.
7) The properties of a system, during a reversible constant pressure nonflow
process at p = 1.6 bar, changed from v1 = 0.3 m3/kg, T1 = 20°C to v2 = 0.55
m3/kg, T2 = 260°C. The specific heat of the fluid is given by
cp = 1.5+ 75/ T+ 45 kJ/kg°C, where T is in °C.
Determine : (i) Heat added/kg ; (ii) Work done/kg ;
(iii) Change in internal energy/kg ; (iv) Change in enthalpy/kg.

8) 0.2 m of air at 4 bar and 130°C is contained in a system. A reversible

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adiabatic expansion takes place till the pressure falls to 1.02 bar. The gas is
then heated at constant pressure till enthalpy increases by 72.5 kJ.
Calculate :(i) The work done ; (ii) The index of expansion, if the above
processes are replaced by a single reversible polytropic process giving the
same work between the same initial and final states. Take cp = 1 kJ/kg K, cv =
0.714 kJ/kg
9) 10 kg of fluid per minute goes through a reversible steady flow
process. The properties of fluid at the inlet are : p1 = 1.5 bar, 1 = 26
kg/m , C1 = 110 m/s and u1 = 910 kJ/kg and at the exit are p2 = 5.5 bar,
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2 = 5.5 kg/m3, C2 = 190 m/s and u2 = 710 kJ/kg. During the passage,
the fluid rejects 55 kJ/s and rises through 55 metres. Determine :
(i) The change in enthalpy ( h) ;(ii) Work done during the process (W).

10) In a gas turbine unit, the gases flow through the turbine is 15 kg/s
and the power developed by the turbine is 12000 kW. The enthalpies of
gases at the inlet and outlet are 1260 kJ/kg and 400 kJ/kg respectively,
and the velocity of gases at the inlet and outlet are 50 m/s and 110 m/s
respectively. Calculate : (i) The rate at which heat is rejected to the
turbine, and (ii) The area of the inlet pipe given that the specific volume
of the gases at the inlet is 0.45 m /kg.
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