Engineering thermodynamics

Unit : I
Closed System Open system
 Temperature
Temperature is a thermal state of a body which distinguishes
a hot body from cold body.

The temperature of the body is proportional to the stored

molecular energy.

Instruments for measuring ordinary temperature are known

as thermometers.

For Measuring Higher temperature, the instrument used is

the Pyrometers.
 Types of thermometer
Constant volume gas Pressure (P)

Constant Pressure gas Volume (V)

Alcohol or mercury –in-glass Length (L)

Electric resistance Resistance (R)

Thermocouple Electromotive force.

Radiation (Pyrometer) Intensity of radiation.

PRESSURE
U – tube manometer
 U tube Manometer
Advantages Disadvantages
 Relatively Inexpensive  Unsuitable for recording
 Easy to fabricate.  Generally Large and bulky.
 Requires very little  The calibration is affected
maintenance. by the gravity, density of the
 Good Accuracy and fluid, Altitude and
sensitivity. temperatures.
 Suitable to low pressures
and low differential
pressures.
 Problem 1
A vessel of cylindrical in shape is 50 cm in diameter and 75 cm
high. It contains 4 kg of gas . The pressure measured with
manometer indicates 620 mm of Hg above the atmosphere
where barometer reads 760 mm of Hg. Determine :
(a) The absolute pressure of the gas in the vessel
(b) The specific volume and density of the gas.
 Problem 2
A U- tube manometer is connected to the gas pipe . The level of the
liquid in the manometer arm open to the atmosphere is 170 mm
lower than the level of the liquid in the arm connected to the gas
pipe. The liquid in the manometer has the specific gravity of 0.8.
Find the absolute pressure of the gas if the manometer reads 760
mm of Hg.

….(1)
Thermodynamic Process
Reversible Process:
A reversible process is one which
can be stopped at any stage and
reversed so that the system and
the surroundings are exactly
restored to their initial states.

Irreversible process.
 EXAMPLES OF REVERSIBLE PROCESS

 Frictionless relative motion.

 Expansion and compression of spring.
 Frictionless adiabatic expansion or compression of fluid.
 Polytropic expansion or compression of fluid.
 Isothermal expansion or compression.
 Electrolysis.
 Examples of irreversible process
 Relative motion with friction
 Combustion
 Diffusion
 Free Expansion
 Throttling
 Electricity flow through a resistance.
 Heat Transfer
 Plastic Deformation.
 Work and Heat

(a)

(b)
 Problem 3
A fluid at a pressure of 3 bar, and with the specific volume of
0.18 m3 /kg contained in the cylinder behind the piston expands
reversibly to a pressure of 0.6 bar according to the law, P = C/V 2
where ‘C’ is a constant. Calculate the work done by the fluid on the
piston.
…(i)
 (Practice)Problem 1
To a closed system 150 kJ of work is supplied. If the initial
volume is 0.16 m3 and a pressure of the system changes as
p = 8 – 4V, ‘P’ is the bar, V is in ‘m3’ Determine the final
pressure and volume of the system.

SOLUTION
Quasi – Static process
 First law of thermodynamics
When a system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle
then the net heat supplied to the system from the
surroundings is equal to net work done by the system
on its surroundings.
 First law of thermodynamics
• When a process is executed by the system, the change in
stored energy of the system is numerically equal to the net
heat interactions minus the net work interaction during the
process.
Joule’s Experiment
 Ideal Gas Equation
and

P = Pressure (N/m2)
V = Volume of the system ( m3)
m = Mass of the system (kg)
R = Gas Constant ( kJ/kg. K)
T = Temperature (K)
n = moles and M = Molecular Weight. (kg/kg-mol)
R = Cp - Cv
CP = Specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg K)

CV = Specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg K)

 Energy – A property of System

Heat added to the system ( +ve)

Heat rejected from the system

(- ve)
 Similarly,

Therefore,

The Energy has a definite value for every state of the

system. Hence, it is a point function and a property of the
system
 Problem 4
When a system is taken from the state “l” to state “ m” as shown in the diagram,
along the path “l-q-m”, 168 kJ of heat flows into the system and the system does 64
kJ of work:
(a) How much will be the heat that flows into the system along the path “l-n-m” if
the work done is 21 kJ?
(b) When the system returned from “ m” to “l” along the curved path, the work
done on the system is 42 kJ. Does the system absorb or liberate heat, and how
much of the heat is absorbed or liberated?
(c) If U1 = 0 and Un = 84 kJ, Find the heat absorbed in the processes “l-n” and “n-
m”?
 Problem 5
A fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, passes through a
complete cycle of four processes. The sum of all heat transferred during a cycle
is -340 kJ. The system completes 200 cycles per min.
Compute the following table showing the method of each item, and compute
the net rate of work output in kW.

Process Q (kJ/min) W (kJ/min) ΔE (kJ/min)

1-2 0 4340 --------------

2-3 42000 0 ---------------

3-4 - 4200 ------------- - 73200

4–1 -------------- -------------- ---------------

+
Relations in Ist law of Thermodynamics
For 1 kg
For air CP = 1.005 kJ/kg K

CV = 0.718 kJ/kg K

R = 0.287 kJ/kg K

γ = 1.4.
Application of Ist law of Thermodynamics to
closed system

 Constant pressure process

 Constant Volume Process
 Isentropic Process (Reversible Adiabatic)
 Isothermal Process (Constant Temperature)
 Polytropic Process
 Free Expansion Process.
Constant Volume (Isochoric) Process
Constant Pressure (Isobaric) process
Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Process

PV = Constant
Problem 6
 Reversible Adiabatic Process
• An adiabatic process is one in which no heat is
transferred to or from the fluid during the
process. Such process can be reversible or
irreversible.
Expression for Work Transfer
Relationship between “T”, “P”, “v”
 Problem 7
Air enters a compressor at 105 Pa and 25o C having volume of 1.8 m3 /kg and is
compressed to 5 x 105 Pa isothermally.
Determine : (a) Work done , (b) change in internal Energy (C) Heat transferred.
 Problem 8
90 kJ of heat are supplied to a system at a constant volume. The
system rejects 95 kJ of heat at constant pressure and 18 kJ of work on
it. The system is brought to original state by adiabatic process.
Determine : (a) The adiabatic work (b) The value of internal energy at
all end states if the initial value is 105 kJ.
 Problem 9
0.1 m3 of an ideal gas at 300 K and 1 bar is compressed adiabatically to
8 bar. It is cooled at constant volume and further expanded
isothermally so as to reach the condition from where it started.
Calculate:
(a) The pressure ate the end of constant volume cooling.
(b) Change in the internal energy during constant volume process.
(c) Network done and heat transferred during the cycle. Assume.
Cp = 14.3 kJ/kg and Cv = 10.2 kJ/kg K.
Reversible Polytropic process
Free Expansion Process
 Problem 10

0.2 m3 of air at 4 bar and 130 o C is contained in a system. A reversible

adiabatic expansion takes place till the pressure falls to 1.02 bar. The gas is
then heated at constant pressure till the enthalpy increases by 72.5 kJ.
Calculate :

(a) The Work done : (b) The index of expansion , if the above processes are
replaced by a single Polytropic process giving the same work between the
same initial and final states.
Take Cp = 1 kJ/kg and Cv = 0.714 kJ/kg K.
 Practice Problem 2
0.15 m3 of an ideal gas at a pressure of 15 bar and 550 K is expanded isothermally
to 4 times the initial volume. It is then cooled to 290 K at constant volume and then
compressed back polytropically to its initial state.
Calculate the net work done and the heat transferred during the cycle.
0.44 kg of air at 180o C expands adiabatically to three times its
original volume and during the process, there is a fall in temperature
to 15o C. The work done during the process is 52.5 kJ. Calculate CP
and CV .
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Perpetual Motion Machine of the first Kind – PMM 1

 Problem 12

3 kg of air 1.5 bar, 87o C at state “1” is compressed polytropically to state

“2” at which the pressure is 7.5 bar and the index of compression being 1.2.
It is then cooled at constant pressure to the state “3” and the finally heated
at constant temperature to its original position . Find the net work done and
heat transferred.

Solution is given in the Video Lecture

Application of Ist law of thermodynamics to
open system
Open System
Problem 13
Problem 14
Problem 15
Water Turbine
Centrifugal Pump
Air compressor
Reciprocating Compressor
Problem 16
Problem 17
Problem 18