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2.1
d (ρV )
= w1 + w2 − w3 (1)
dt
Energy balance:
w3 = w1 + w2 (3)
d (T3 − Tref )
1CV = 1CV = w1C 2T1 − Tref 3 + w2C 2T2 − Tref 3
dT3
dt dt (4)
− ( w1 + w2 ) C (T3 − Tref )
dT3
ρV = w1T1 + w2T2 − ( w1 + w2 )T3 (5)
dt
Parameters : ρ, V
2-1
Variables : w1, w2, T1, T2, T3
NE = 1
NV = 5
Thus, NF = 5 – 1 = 4
w1 = w1(t)
w2 = w2 (t)
T1 = T1(t)
T2 = T2(t)
Thus, NF is reduced to 0.
2.2
Energy balance:
d 1V 2T − Tref 3
Cp = wC p (Ti − Tref ) − wC p (T − Tref ) − UAs (T − Ta ) + Q
dt
Simplifying
1VC p = wC p Ti − wC p T − UAs 2T − Ta 3 + Q
dT
dt
1VC p = wC p 2Ti − T 3 − UAs 2T − Ta 3 + Q
dT
dt
2.3
a) Mass Balances:
2-2
dh1
ρA1 = w1 − w2 − w3 (1)
dt
dh2
ρA2 = w2 (2)
dt
Flow relations:
P1 − P2 ρg
Then w2 = = (h1 − h2 ) (3)
R2 g c R2
P1 − Pa ρg
w3 = = h1 (4)
R3 g c R3
Four equations
Thus NF = 5 – 4 = 1
2.4
Assume constant liquid density, ρ . The mass balance for the tank is
d (ρAh + m g )
= ρ( q i − q )
dt
2-3
dh
A = qi − q (1)
dt
1/ 2
ρgh
q = C v Pg + − Pa (2)
gc
(m g / M ) RT
Pg = (3)
A( H − h)
Equation 1 gives the unsteady-state model upon substitution of q from Eq. 2 and
of Pg from Eq. 3:
1/ 2
dh (mg / M ) RT ρ gh
A = qi − Cv + − Pa (4)
dt A( H − h) gc
Because the model contains Pa, operation of the system is not independent of Pa.
For an open system Pg = Pa and Eq. 2 shows that the system is independent of Pa.
2.5
Pd − P1 P − P2 P2 − Pf
wa = , wb = 1 , wc = (1)
Ra Rb Rc
Mass balances for the surge tanks
dm1 dm2
= wa − wb , = wb − wc (2)
dt dt
2-4
m1 m2
P1V1 = RT1 , P2V2 = RT2 (3)
M M
Substituting for m1 and m2 from Eq. 3 into Eq. 2, and noticing that V1, T1,
V2, and T2 are constant,
γ γ
V V
P1 1 = P2 2 = C , a constant (5)
m1 m2
1/ γ 1/ γ
PV γ PV γ
or m1 = 1 1
and m2 = 2 2
(6)
C C
1/ γ
1 V1 γ dP1
P1
(1− γ ) / γ
= wa − wb
γ C dt
1/ γ
1 V2 γ dP2
P2
(1− γ ) / γ
= wb − wc
γ C dt
as the new dynamic model. If the ideal gas law were not valid, one would
use an appropriate equation of state instead of Eq. 3.
2.6
a) Assumptions:
Compartment 1:
2-5
Overall balance (No accumulation of mass):
Compartment 2:
Overall balance:
Energy balance:
Thus NF = 5 – 2 = 3
2 outputs = T1, T2
3 inputs = Ti, Tc, q (specify as functions of t)
2.7
Let the volume of the top tank be γV, and assume that γ is constant.
Then, an overall mass balance for either of the two tanks indicates that the
flow rate of the stream from the top tank to the bottom tank is equal to
q +qR. Because the two tanks are perfectly stirred, cT2 = cT.
2-6
Component balance for chemical tracer over top tank:
4V = qcTi + qR cT − 2 q + qR 3cT 1
dcT 1
(1)
dt
(1 − 43V = 2 q + qR 32cT 1 − cT 3
dcT
(2)
dt
Eqs. 1 and 2 constitute the model relating the outflow concentration, cT, to
inflow concentration, cTi. Describing the full-scale reactor in the form of
two separate tanks has introduced two new parameters into the analysis, qR
and γ. Hence, these parameters will have to be obtained from physical
experiments.
2.8
Additional assumptions:
(i) Density of the liquid, ρ, and density of the coolant, ρJ, are constant.
(ii) Specific heat of the liquid, C, and of the coolant, CJ, are constant.
dV
ρ = q F − q = 0 ; thus q = qF
dt
dT
ρVC = q F ρC (TF − T ) − Kq J A(T − TJ )
0.8
(1)
dt
dTJ
ρ J VJ C J = q J ρ J C J (Ti − TJ ) + Kq J A(T − TJ )
0.8
(2)
dt
2-7
where A is the heat transfer area (in ft2) between the process liquid and the
coolant.
2.9
Additional assumptions:
i. The density ρ and the specific heat C of the process liquid are
constant.
ii. The temperature of steam Ts is uniform over the entire heat
transfer area
iii. Ts is a function of Ps , Ts = f(Ps)
dV
= qF − q (1)
dt
Energy balance for the tank:
d V (T − Tref )
1C = qF 1C 2TF − Tref 3 − q1C 2T − Tref 3 (2)
dt
+UA(Ts − T )
= q F ρC (TF − T ) + UA[ f ( Ps ) − T ]
dT
ρVC (3)
dt
Then, Eqs. 1 and 3 constitute the dynamic model for the system.
2-8
2.10
dc A
V = qi c Ai − qc A − Vk1e− E1 / RT c A (1)
dt
dcB
V = qi cBi − qcB + V (k1e − E1 / RT c A − k2e− E2 / RT cB ) (2)
dt
dcC
V = − qcC + Vk2e − E2 / RT cB (3)
dt
An overall mass balance over the jacket indicates that qc = qci because the
volume of coolant in jacket and the density of coolant are constant.
where:
2-9
2.11
Model (i) :
d ( ρV ) dh
= Aρ = w1 + w2 − w (1)
dt dt
A component balance:
d (ρVx)
= w1 − wx
dt
d (hx)
or Aρ = w1 − wx (2)
dt
Model (ii) :
Mass balance:
d (1V 3 dh
= Aρ = w1 + w2 − w (3)
dt dt
d (ρVx)
= w1 − wx
dt
d (hx)
or Aρ = w1 − wx (4)
dt
2-10
2.12
a)
dm d (ρAh) dh (1)
= = ρA = w1 + w2 − w
dt dt dt
ρg
Valve equation: w = C v′ h = Cv h (2)
gc
ρg
where C v = C v′ (3)
gc
dh 1
= ( w1 + w2 − C v h ) (4)
dt ρA
Steady-state model :
0 = w1 + w2 − C v h (5)
c) Feedforward control
2-11
Rearrange Eq. 5 to get the feedforward (FF) controller relation,
w2 = C v hR − w1 where hR = 2.25 m
3
or h= = 1.408 and h = 1.983 m (instead of 2.25 m)
2.13
2.25 − 1.983
Error in desired level = ×100% = 11.9%
2.25
The sensitivity does not look too bad in the sense that a 10% error in flow
measurement gives ~12% error in desired level. Before making this
2-12
conclusion, however, one should check how well the operating FF
controller works for a change in w1 (e.g., ∆w1 = 0.4 kg/s).
2.13
dh
ρA = w1 + w2 − w3 (Below the leak point)
dt
π (2) 2
A= = π = 3.14 m 2
4
dh
(800)(3.14) = 120 + 100 − 200 = 20
dt
dh 20
= = 0.007962 m/min
dt (800)(3.14)
1A = 56 − δ q4 = 56 − 12676583 h − 9 = 20 − 20 h − 1 , h ≥ 1
dh
dt
To check for overflow, one can simply find the level hm at which dh/dt =
0. That is the maximum value of level when no overflow occurs.
0 = 20 − 20 hm − 1 or hm = 2 m
Thus, overflow does not occur for a leak occurring because hm < 2.25 m.
2.14
Model of process
2-13
dh
ρAT = w1 + w2 − w3 = w1 + w2 − C v h (1)
dt
Component:
d (hx3 )
ρAT = w1 x1 + w2 x2 − w3 x3
dt
dx3 dh
ρAT h + ρAT x3 = w1 x1 + w2 x2 − w3 x3
dt dt
dx3
ρAT h + x3 ( w1 + w2 − w3 ) = w1 x1 + w2 x2 − w3 x3
dt
dx3
ρAT h = w1 ( x1 − x3 ) + w2 ( x 2 − x3 ) (2)
dt
or
dx3
=
1
[w1 ( x1 − x3 ) + w2 ( x2 − x3 )] (3)
dt ρAT h
dx3 1
= [120(0.6 − x3 ) + 100(0.5 − x3 )]
dt (800)(1.75)π
1
= [ (72 + 50) − 220 x3 )]
(800)(1.75)π
= 0.027738 − 0.050020x3
Integrating,
2-14
x3 f t
dx3
∫
x3 o
0.027738 − 0.050020 x3 ∫0
= dt
Solving,
t = 47.42 min
dh
800π = 100 + 100 − Cv h
dt
dh 1
= 200 − 166.3 h
dt 800π
= 0.079577 − 0.066169 h
t = 122.79 min
1.7
h(m)
1.6
1.5
1.4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
time (min)
Figure S2.14. Numerical solution of the ode for part c)
2-15
d) In this case, both h and x3 will be changing functions of time. Therefore,
both Eqs. 1 and 3 will have to be solved simultaneously. Since
concentration does not appear in Eq. 1, we would anticipate no effect on
the h response.
2.15
dX dX F
Cells: V = Vrg − FX or = rg − X (1)
dt dt V
dP dP F
Product: V = Vrp − FP or = rp − P (2)
dt dt V
dS 1 1
Substrate: V = F (S f − S ) − Vrg − VrP
dt YX / S YP / S
or
dS F 1 1
= ( S f − S ) − rg − rP (3)
dt V YX / S YP / S
b) At steady state,
dX
=0 ∴ rg = DX
dt
then,
µX = DX ∴ µ=D (4)
rg − DX < 0 or µ<D
2-16
0 = rg − DX (5)
0 = rp − DP (6)
1 1
0 = D(S f − S ) − rg − rP (7)
YX / S YP / S
From Eq. 5,
DX = rg (8)
From Eq. 7
YX / S
rg = Y X / S ( S f − S ) D + rP (9)
YP / S
Substituting Eq. 9 into Eq. 8,
YX / S
DX = Y X / S ( S f − S ) D + rp (10)
YP / S
From Eq. 6 and the definition of YP/S in (2-92),
rp = DP = DYP / S ( S f − S )
From Eq. 4
DK S
S=
µ max − D
DK S
DX = 2Y X / S S f − D
µ max − D
2-17
1
0.8
DX (g/L.h)
0.6
MAXIMUM
PRODUCTION
0.4
0.2
WASHOUT
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
D (1/h)
From Figure S2.15, washout occurs at D = 0.18 h-1 while the maximum
production occurs at D = 0.14 h-1. Notice that maximum and washout points
are dangerously close to each other, so special care must be taken when
increasing cell productivity by increasing the dilution rate.
2.16
dM
rd = − = kAc s (1)
dt
Notice that:
dM dV
M = ρV ∴ =ρ (2)
dt dt
dV dr dr
V = πr 2 h ∴ = (2πrh) =A (3)
dt dt dt
2-18
Substituting (3) into (2) and then into (1),
dr dr
− ρA = kAc s ∴ −ρ = kc s
dt dt
Integrating,
r kcs t kc s
∫ r dr = −
o 1 ∫0
dt ∴ r (t ) = ro −
ρ
t (4)
Finally,
M = ρV = ρπhr 2
then
2
kc
M (t ) = ρπh ro − s t
ρ
b) The time required for the pill radius r to be reduced by 90% is given by
Eq. 4:
kc s 0.9ro ρ (0.9)(0.4)(1.2)
0.1ro = ro − t ∴ t= = = 54 min
ρ kc s (0.016)(0.5)
Therefore, t = 54 min .
2.17
dP S
= rp = YP / X µ max X
dt Ks + S
dS 1 1
=− rg − rP
dt YX / S YP / X
dX SX
= 0 .2
dt 1+ S
2-19
dP SX
= (0.2)(0.2)
dt 1+ S
dS SX 1 0 .2
= 0 .2 − 0 .5 − 0 .1
dt 1+ S
By using MATLAB, this system of differential equations can be solved.
The time to achieve a 90% conversion of S is t = 22.15 h.
2-20