PALABRAS CLAVE

Análisis, Esfuerzos, Flexibilidad, Cañerías,

Diseño, Tensiones, Teoría de falla, Soportes,
Casos de carga.
 Kurdish civilization at time of Medes and sassanids impires in the form of water
and sewage piping. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in an area
known as Media (northwestern Iran). Their arrival in the region is associated with
the first wave of migrating Iranian peoples into Iran from the Late Bronze Age
collapse from around 1000 BC to around 900 BC.


 du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct that crosses the Gardon River in southern
France. Located near the town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard, the bridge is part of the
Nîmes aqueduct, a 50-kilometre (31 mi) system built in the first century AD to carry
water from a spring at Uzès to the Roman colony of Nemausus (Nîmes). The
construction of the aqueduct has long been credited to Augustus' son-in-law and


aide, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, around the year 19 BC.

The Pont
 Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in
order to win his patronage. Maps were extremely rare at the time and it would have
seemed like a new concept. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief
military engineer and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map
for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better
overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in


conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in
order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons.
 Shishi-odoshi (鹿威し lit. "scaredeer" or "scareboar"?), in a wide sense, refers to
Japanese devices made to frighten away animals which pose a threat to agriculture,
such as the kakashi (scarecrow), naruko (clappers) and sōzu (see below). In a
narrower sense, it is synonymous with sōzu.


 In 1896 during the European Industrial Revolution, the city of Vienna built four
large gasometers. The containers were used to help supply Vienna with coal gas
and each had a storage capacity of 90,000 m³. At the time, the design was the largest
in all of Europe that laid more than 500 km (300 miles) of gas lines. The structures
have found a new use in modern times.


Implantación de equipos
preliminar

Identificación de áreas

Disposición general

 Offshore 3D Laser Scanning
Most engineering firms have had significant problems working in these
environments due to the tight spaces densely packed equipment and tight time
frames. If an error is made it can have extremely costly consequences!


Línea de tiempo para el costo

Ruta Crítica por Avance

Ruta Crítica por Especialidad

Ingeniería

Engineering Work Flow Process

Impacto por Especialidad

Costo y Operaciones

Análisis de Cañerías

Decisions on design alternatives must be made quickly and they must be done right
the first time out. Concurrent and collaborative engineering (CCE) is a business
strategy which replaces the traditional product development process with one in
which tasks are done in parallel by collaborating engineering teams. This strategy
enables an early consideration for every aspect of a product’s development process


increasing product quality while reducing work time.
Integración

Riesgo Civil

Prácticas Constructivas

Cargas de Sismo

Cargas de Viento

Soportes

Verificación

 Flexibility calculation
/stress analysis

The pipe line geometry is feed
into system along with the
parameter such as the
minimum operating
temperatures, pipe sizes, bend
radii type of branch
connections, locations and
type of supports. The analysis
is done by Finite Element
Method. Interpretation of the
results to ensure economy,
safety etc are the job by a real
Piping Engineer.
 AutoPipe

 www.bentley.com
Bentley AutoPIPE es una solución integrada de diseño y
análisis de sistemas de tuberías que incluye el código de
diseño internacional.
Permite a los usuarios crear, modificar y revisar
modelos de tuberías y estructuras con capacidad de
análisis lineal y no-lineal en condiciones estáticas y
dinámicas como temperatura, viento, olas, boyas,
sísmico, y cargas variables.
AutoPIPE reúne las necesidades de las empresas de la
industria nuclear, energía fósil, procesos y plantas
químicas, plataformas en alta mar (FPSO), sistemas de
protección de incendios, refinerías petrolíferas,
conducciones de gas y petróleo, FRP piping, y sistemas
de tuberías en edificios. AutoPIPE incorpora ahora las
indicaciones de normas ASME, británicas, europeas,
alemanas, japonesas, chinas, API, NEMA, ANSI, ASCE,
AISC, UBC y WRC.
AutoPIPE ofrece una integración con los principales
sistemas de CAD 3D como AutoPLANT, PlantSpace,
Intergraphics PDS y Aveva PDMS. Análisis isométricos
de tensión pueden ser fácilmente generados y
personalizados de forma automática e inteligente. Es
posible detectar automáticamente interferencias tanto
en AutoPIPE como modelos CAD con ProjectWise
Navigator XM.
 CAESAR II
 www.coade.com
CAESAR II es un programa para análisis
de tensión de tuberías que incluye los
últimos códigos internacionales de

tuberías.
Proporciona análisis estático y dinámico
de tuberías y sistemas y evalúa FRP
(plásticos reforzados de fibras); tuberías
enterradas; cargas por viento, olas y
terremotos; juntas de expansión,
válvulas, bridas y recipientes
agujereados; componentes de tuberías; y
agujeros flexibles. El programa modeliza
automáticamente tuberías de acero
estructuradas o enterradas y proporciona
el espectro y un historial de análisis y
dimensionado de muelles automático.
CAESAR II incluye una base de datos
con componentes y una extensa lista de
materiales con la tensión admisible.
También incluye un enlace bidireccional
para poder ejecutar el paquete de dibujo
COADE`s CADWorx Plant.
 PSA5 Pipe Stress Analysis
 www.wcompsys.co.uk
PSA5
Computing
de 
Whessoe
Systems
permite a los ingenieros de
piping calcular la tensión
de forma precisa y efectiva
en diseños con cargas tanto
estáticas como dinámicas, y
compara estos con los
valores admisibles según
los standards de la
industria, incluida ASME
III Class 1, 2 y 3, B31.1,
B31.3, BS EN 13480 y BS
806.
 FDA5 diseño de Bridas
 www.wcompsys.co.uk
diseños de Bridas según ASME VIII
Div.1 Appendix 2; o PD5500 3.5.8. El
usuario puede especificar 3 métodos de

diseño los cuales se van completando
mediante la introducción de diferentes
datos:
• diseño abierto - Mínima información
requerida
• Fijando los Tornillos - como en el caso
anterior, pero el programa mantiene el
tamaño de tornillos especificados
• Fijando la Geometría - toda la
información excepto el grosor de las
tubería es especificado
También, los siguientes tipos de cálculo
son accesibles para completar la
especificación de la brida
• MAWP - Presión máxima de trabajo
admisible
• STRESS - cálculo de tensiones
 TRIFLEX® Pipe Stress Software


http://www.pipingsolutions.com/triflex/
TRIFLEX® Windows is a Piping System Stress

Analysis Software & Design Program that provides
user-friendly data entry, an extremely flexible
output report generator and superior input &
output graphics.
 TRIFLEX® Windows Pipe Stress Analysis Software
considers the effect of: Temperature, Pressure,
Weight of the Piping system, Anchor and/or
Restraint movements, Support friction, Ice/snow,
Wind, Seismic events and transient loadings.
 Then TRIFLEX® Windows calculates: Deflections
& Rotations, Forces & Moments, Piping Code
Compliance Report(s), Piping Loads acting on
Rotating Equipment comparing them with
allowables in published standards, Sizes
Engineered Spring Hangers, Performs Flange
Loading checks to determine leakage possibilities.
TRIFLEX® Windows offers Engineers an
Expandable Network Wide solution to meet
today's Piping requirements for the Chemical,
Petro-Chemical, Refining, Power, Pipeline, Pulp &
Paper, Food Processing and Shipbuilding
industries.
 WERCO 107/297™




http://www.pipingsolutions.com/werco/
Analysis of Stresses in Pressure Vessels and Tank Shells at
Nozzle and Clip Connections Resulting from External Loads
WERCO 107/297™ is a comprehensive software package for
calculating stresses in shells in accordance with the guidelines

set forth in the Welding Research Council Bulletins 107 & 297.
The program eliminates the need for hours of tedious hand
calculations and manual cross referencing and dramatically
reduces the possibility of errors.
 WERCO 107/297™ CAPABILITIES
 Calculates stresses at eight points on the shell at the
nozzle, clip or lug intersection
 Automatically compares calculated maximum
combined stress intensity with the allowable stress value –
automatically increases reinforcing pad thickness until the
calculated stress value is found to be less than the allowed
stress
 WERCO 107/297™ APPLICATIONS
 Provides an effective tool for evaluating the ability
of a nozzle to withstand the forces and moments applied by
piping
 Provides an effective tool for evaluating the ability
of a clip to withstand the force and moment loads applied by
piping, structural members and equipment
 Provides an effective tool for evaluating the ability
of a lifting lug to withstand the forces and moments applied
to it at lift
 Enables an engineer/designer to determine the
reinforcement required in spherical and cylindrical shell at
the intersection of a nozzle, a clip or a lifting lug.
 TRI*HANGER™




http://www.pipingsolutions.com/TriHanger/index.ht
m
Pipe Hanger Design Software
Applicationdownload button

Brochure
trihanger brochure
 TRI*HANGER™ provides the user with a tool that:
 Designs the pipe supports the user wants with a
minimum of effort when you enter:
 Operating Load or Installed Load
 Pipe Displacement at the Pipe Support
 Installed Height (Support) or Length (Hanger)
 Pipe Diameter
 Temperature of the Pipe
 Pipe Support Assembly or Sequence of
Components Desired
 Automatically adds hardware weight to design loads
to ensure more accurate support sizing.
 Design categories include:
 Rigid hangers, variable spring hangers, constants,
sway struts, braces, hydraulic snubbers, pipe shoes,
slide bearings, hold down clamps, and dynamic
restraints.
 Insure that installed height (support) or installed
length (hanger) can be met for each assembly.
 Generate professional looking drawing for each
hanger assembly including components, dimensions,
and design characteristics.
 STRESS TYPE &
CLASSIFICATION

 Stress

 Types of stress

 Classes of stress

 Basis for establishing allowable stress

 Code allowable stress

 RELATIONSHIP

 STRESS:

Stress of a material is the
internal resistance per unit
area to deformation caused
by applied load.
 STRAIN:
Strain is unit deformation
under applied load
 Type of stress

1. Tensile
2. Compressive
3. Shear
4. Bending
5. Bearing
6. Axial
7. Discontinuity
8. Membrane
9. Principal
 Type of stress

10. Thermal
11. Tangential
12. Torsional
13. Load Induced
14. Strain Induced
15. Circumferential
16. Longitudinal
17. Radial
18. Normal
Type of stress

 Principal Stress

 Stresses in principal plane is called principal stress
 Principal Stress

 Stresses in principal plane is called principal stress
 Principal Stress

 Stresses in principal plane is called principal stress
 Principal Stress

 Stresses in principal plane is called principal stress
 Principal Stress

 Stresses in principal plane is called principal stress
Non Principal Stress

Stress Categories

 CLASSES OF STRESS

Primary Secondary Peak

1) Unrelenting load 1) Relenting loads (Self limiting) - the additional stresses due to
2) General loading (Pm + Pb ) - Local yielding and minor to stress intensification in
3) Local loads (PL + Pb ) distortion can satisfy the highly localised areas.
conditions which caused
Not self limiting the stress to occur. - both sustained and self limiting
Internal loads.
Pressure - Can not cause structural
External failure due to restraints offered - Significant in fatigue condition.
Sustained External forces by the body to which the part
& moments is attached. - additive to part section.

- Thermal stress 1) Stress at the corner of a

discontinuity.
- Gross structural discontinuity.
2) Thermal stresses in a wall in
the surface temperature.

3) Stress due to notch effect

(Stress concentration)
 Pm --> Primary Membrane:

 Circumferential and Longitudinal stress due to
pressure.
 Axial stress.
 Bending of horizontal vessels over the saddles due
to Longitudinal Stress.
 Membrane stress in the centre of the flat head.
 Axial compression due to weight.
 Membrane stress in the nozzle wall within the area
of reinforcement due to pressure σ external loads.
 Pb--> Primary Bending:

 Bending stress in the centre of a flat head or crown
of a dished head.
 Bending stress in a shallow conical head.
 Bending stress in the ligament of closely spaced
openings.
PL--> PM + Membrane stress at
local discontinuities.

 Head - shell juncture.
 Cone - cylinder juncture.
 Nozzle - shell juncture.
 Shell - flange juncture.
 Head - skirt juncture.
 Shell - stiffening ring juncture.
 Secondary Stresses:



Self limiting.

Local yielding and minor distortions can satisfy the conditions
which caused the stress to occur.
 Can not cause structural failure.
 Radial loads on nozzles produce secondary means stresses in
the shell at the junction of the nozzle.
 Discontinuity stresses.
 Thermal expansion (start up - shut down) loads.
 Loads caused by vibration.
 The non-uniform portion of the stress distribution in a thick
walled vessel due to internal pressure.
 Bending stress at a gross structural discontinuity.
 Peak Stresses

 Both sustained loads and self limiting loads.
 Significant in fatigue calculations.
 Stress due to notch effect.
 Stress at the corner of a discontinuity.
 Thermal stresses in a wall caused by a sudden
change in the surface temperature.
 CATEGORIES OF STRESS

Stress Classification/Category Allowable Stress

General primary membrane Pm < Sm

General primary bending Pb < 1.5 Sm < 0.9 Sy

Pm + Pb < 1.5 Sm
Pm + Pb + Q (Secondary) < 3 Sm

Pm + Pb + Q + F (Fatigue) < 2 Sa
Flange Ratings
Carbon Steel

 Flange Ratings
Materials @ 300#

 CREEP Below about 750°F for a given stress the strain in most materials remains
constant in time. Above this temperatura, even with constant stress, the strain in the
materila will increase with time. This behavior in known as creep.


 Thermal Stress Analysis

The design temperature should be used only for the pressure thickness
calculation.

For the thermal stress analysis the operating temperature (or the
maximum operating) should be used. Which ever is the temperature
that the system will experience for most of the time of its service life
cycles.

If the connected equipment for which the thermal displacement is to

be computed is modeled, then that thermal displacement is computed
from the ambient to the temperature input in the spreadsheet.

However if input is made as a displacement then the calculated figure

from the ambient to temperature is to be entered.
 Thermal Expansion Data

ASME B31.3 Clause 319.3.1 says:

(a) Values of Stress Range.

Values of thermal displacements to be used in determining Total displacement
Strains for computing the Stress Range shall be determined from Appendix C
as the
ALGEBRAIC DIFFERENCE between the Value at Maximum Metal Temperature and
that at the Minimum Metal Temperature for the thermal Cycle under analysis.

(b) Values for Reactions

Values of Thermal displacements to be used in determining the Total
displacement Strains for computation of Reactions on Supports and Connected
Equipment shall be determined as the
ALGEBRAIC DIFFERENCE between the Value at Maximum (or Minimum)
Temperature for the thermal Cycle under analysis and the Value at the Temperature
expected during installation."
Temperatures for Stress Analysis

It's important to stablish the Installation Temperature.
This is the ambient tempeture during the installation of
the piping at the particular geographic location. In
other words, is the temp. at the original (as-installed)
condition or zero expansion strain state. It should be
indicated in your Stress Specification document.
 FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

 Expansion and Flexibility:

 In addition to the design requirments for pressure, weight and other loadings. Piping
systems subjected to thermal expansion or construction or to similar movements imposed
by other sources shall be designed in accordance with requirements for the evaluation and
analysis of flexibility and stresses specified herein:-

 Flexibility:

 - to prevent pipe movements from causing failure from over stress of

pipe material or anchors, leakage at joints or detrimental distortion of connected
equipment resulting from excessive thrusts and moments.

 - shall be provided by changes of direction in the piping through the

use of bends, loops or offsets or provision shall be made to absorb thermal
movements by utilising expansion, swivel or ball joints.
Parameters to be considered for
flexibility analysis

 The appropriate code that applies to the system.
 The design pressure and temperature.
 The type of material.
 The pipe size and wall thickness of each pipe component.
 The piping geometry including movements of anchors and restraints.
 The allowable stresses for the design conditions set by appropriate code.
 Limitations of forces and moments on equipment nozzles set by API,
NEMA or the equipment manufacturers.
 Metallurgical considerations.
 For any system, these criteria must be considered and satisfied.
Empirical formula for finding flexibility of the system having only
two terminal points and pipe of uniform size.


D∆
-------- ≤ 208.3
(L – U)2

l
D = Outside dia of pipe
U  = Resultant expansion in mm
L = Developed length of line
axis between anchors (m)
U = Anchor distance (m).
 PIPING DESIGN CRITERIA

P (D – t)
 Allowable internal Pressure stress = ----------- < Sa (1)
2t

 Allowable sustained local stress

AF Q
SL = P x ----- + ----- (2)
Am Am

 Allowable occasional load stress:

The sum of longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight and those produced
by occasional loads (such as wind, earthquake) may exceed the basic material
allowable stress.
 PIPING DESIGN CRITERIA

 Allowable test load stress:
The maximum stress during pressure tests shall not exceed 90% of the yield at
test temperature.
 Allowable stress – range for expansion stresses:
Sa = f (1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh)
Sc = Cold allowable stress.
Sh = Hot allowable stress.
f = Stress range reduction factor for cyclic condition.
Cycles f
7000 and less 1.0
7000 to 14000 0.9
14000 to 22000 0.8
22000 to 45000 0.7
45000 to 100000 0.6
100000 and over 0.5
 Theory of failure

 Failure theory is the science of predicting the
conditions under which solid materials fail under the
action of external loads.
 The failure of a material is usually classified into
brittle failure (fracture) or ductile failure (yield)
 Depending on the conditions (such as temperature,
state of stress, loading rate) most materials can fail in
a brittle or ductile manner or both
Theory of failure

Code Equations

 
Conocer las similitudes y diferencias entre las versiones
del código ASME para cañerías a presión.

71
 Objectives of Pipe Stress
Analysis:

 Structural Integrity:
Design adequacy for the pressure of the carrying fluid.
Failure against various loading in the life cycle . Limiting stresses
below code allowable.
 Operational Integrity:
Limiting nozzle loads of the connected equipment within
allowable values.
Avoiding leakage at joints.
Limiting sagging & displacement within allowable values.
 Optimal Design:
Avoiding excessive flexibility and also high loads on supporting
structures. Aim towards an optimal design for both piping and
structure.
Governing Codes and Standards:

Codes and Standards specify minimum requirements for safe design and construction (i.
e. provides material, design, fabrication, installation and inspection requirements.)
Following are the codes and standards used for Refinery Piping:

1. ASME B31.3: Process piping Code

2. ASME B31.1: Power Piping Code
3. Centrifugal Pumps: API 610
4. Positive Displacement Pumps: API 676
5. Centrifugal Compressors: API 617
6. Reciprocating Compressors: API 618
7. Steam Turbines: NEMA SM23/ API 612
8. Air Cooled Heat Exchanger: API 661
9. Fired Heaters: API 560
10. Flat Bottom Welded Storage Tanks: API 650
11. Heat Exchangers: TEMA/ Vendor Specific.
12. Vessel/Column: Vendor Specific
Códigos ASME para la industria Oil & Gas


ESTA PRESENTACION DEBE CONSIDERARSE
COMO UNA REFERENCIA QUE NO SUSTITUYE A
LAS VERSIONES ORIGINALES Y VIGENTES DE LAS
NORMAS INDICADAS.
SU PROPÓSITO ES EXPONER ALGUNOS DE LOS
ASPECTOS QUE SE CONSIDERAN RELEVANTES
PERO NO CONTIENE NECESARIAMENTE TODA
LA INFORMACIÓN PARA ATENDER
NECESIDADES ESPECÍFICAS.

74
Intro
1.- Introducción
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
 Diferenciar fecha de publicación de fecha efectiva.
 Respuestas a interpretaciones.
 Erratas efectivas desde su publicación.

75
Intro
1.- Introducción
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing

76
Sistemas de PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Cañerías N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
Definitions
1.- Introducción
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing

78
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Definitions N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido • Chapter I Scope and
4.- Definitions Definitions • General Provisions
5.- Design and Definitions
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing

 Chapter I Scope and

Definitions
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Definitions N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing PROCESS PIPING
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Definitions N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing PROCESS PIPING
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Definitions N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Definitions N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Definitions N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing

 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing

95
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Design N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing

 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Materials N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Materials N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Components N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Components N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication PROCESS PIPING
9.- Testing
 PROCESS PIPING PIPELINE GAS
TRANSPORTATIO TRANSMISSION
Components N SYSTEMS FOR AND
1.- Introducción LIQUIDS AND DISTRIBUTION
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías SLURRIES PIPING SYSTEMS
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
Bibliografía.
1.- Introducción
2.- Sistemas de Cañerías
3.- Contenido
4.- Definitions
5.- Design
6.- Materials
7.- Components
8.- Fabrication
9.- Testing
 Types of Loads Considered for
Piping Stress Analysis

Every Piping system is subjected to different loads
during its design life which develops stresses in the
system.
Depending on the stress design basis the system is
classified as stress critical or non- stress critical.
All the stress critical system shall be stress analyzed
using software system to keep the stresses within the
allowable limits as per the code/standard.
 Types of Loads Considered for
Piping Stress Analysis

 a) Thermal Loads at Various Operating Conditions
 b) Sustained Loads
 c) Seismic Loads
 d) Wind Loads
 e) PSV Reaction Force
 f) Slug Force
 g) Forces Induced by Surge Pressure
 a) Thermal Loads at Various
Operating Conditions

Analysis Temperature and Pressure to be used shall be as mentioned below.
Analysis Temperature
Normally the Design temperature (Maximum/ Minimum values as per Line
List) shall be used for thermal analysis.
For those lines having Design temperature greater than 80 deg. C and if the
difference between Operating and Design temperature is more than 25 deg. C,
the maximum/minimum Operating temperatures, as obtained from Process
Group, may be used in Stress Analysis in place of the Design temperature.
In addition to the Maximum/Minimum Design/Operating temperatures,
Piping shall also be analyzed for the Normal Operating temperature.
Analysis Pressure
Line Design Pressure specified in the Line List shall be considered as the
analysis pressure.
 b) Sustained Loads

Sustained loads to be considered are as given below:
 Design pressure.
 Weight of Pipe and associated components such as
Flanges, Valves, Strainer,
 Sight glass etc., mounted on the Piping System.
 Weight of Fluid/contents in the piping.
 Insulation and cladding weight.
 Hydro test loads, if applicable for the line.
 Snow load, if applicable.
 c) Seismic Loads

For Projects where Seismic Design is to be carried out, equivalent
Static Seismic Analysis method in Caesar II shall be used to evaluate
the seismic stresses, displacements and loads on the piping system.
If the Seismic coefficient is not provide by the client, then the
calculation of static seismic co-efficient in terms of ‘g’ based on Project
site-specific data shall be calculated as per relevant codes
(UBC/ASCE/SNIP/others as applicable). In that case, the Seismic
factor calculation document shall be enclosed as an Attachment to the
Project Stress Analysis Design basis document.
The normal Operating Temperature shall be used when analyzing for
Occasional loads. Seismic loads shall be considered as acting along the
horizontal axes (both in +ve and in the –ve directions, that is, along
North, South, East and West directions), but not acting
simultaneously.
 d) Wind Loads

Wind loads shall be considered for lines with outside diameter 14”
NB (including insulation) & above and at Elevation 10 meters &
above from ground level. The normal Operating Temperature shall
be used when analyzing for Occasional loads.
Wind shape factor shall be considered as 0.7. Wind loads shall be
considered as acting along the horizontal axes (both in the +ve and
in the –ve directions, that is, along North, South, East and West
directions), but not acting simultaneously.
Wind pressure for the different Elevations shall be specific to the
Project as per the Project Civil/Structural design basis. The same
shall be considered for wind data input in piping analysis.
 e) PSV Reaction Force

If the Piping System being analyzed consists of PSV
(pressure safety valve), the reaction force due to PSV
operation shall be considered as applicable and a static
equivalent method of stress analysis shall be performed
considering the same.
A Dynamic Load Factor equal to 2.0 shall be applied on
the valve reaction force value. However, in the case of
valves of high reaction force values, the DLF value
calculated as per appendix-II of ASME B31.1 may be
used, based on valve data if provided by Vendor.
 f) Slug Force

For lines having slug flow regime, as identified by the Process group on P&ID/line list, slug force shall
be considered in the piping stress analysis. Slug force shall be calculated as below:

Fslug = (ρ) (A) (V2) [2(1 – cos θ)]1/2 DLF

Where,
 Fslug = Force due to slug in Newton.
 ρ = Density of the slug in Kg/m3,
 A = Inside area of pipe cross section in m2,
 V = Velocity of moving slug in m/sec.
 θ = inclusion angle at elbow or change of direction
 DLF = Dynamic Load Factor (DLF) equal to two shall be used, unless more accurate value is
available.

 Faxial = (ρ) (A) (V2) DLF

 Forthogonal = (ρ) (A) (V2) DLF
 Slug properties shall be obtained from Process group.

Equivalent static analysis in Caesar-II shall be performed to simulate slug loading in piping system,
with the slug force calculated as above.
 g) Forces Induced by Surge
Pressure

The effect of surge on any line, as identified by the
Process group or a specialist agency, shall be
considered in piping analysis.
However two concurrent occasional loadings need not
to be considered in piping stress analysis.
 STRESS CATEGORIES

 PRIMARY STRESSES:
These are developed by the imposed loading and are necessary to satisfy the
equilibrium between external and internal forces and moments of the piping
system.
Primary stresses are not self-limiting.

 SECONDARY STRESSES:
These are developed by the constraint of displacements of a structure. These
displacements can be caused either by thermal expansion or by outwardly
imposed restraint and anchor point movements.
Secondary stresses are self-limiting

 PEAK STRESSES:
Unlike loading condition of secondary stress which cause distortion, peak
stresses cause no significant distortion. Peak stresses are the highest stresses in
the region under consideration and are responsible for causing fatigue failure.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS

 Primary loads:
These can be divided into two categories based on the duration of loading.

 Sustained loads
These loads are expected to be present through out the plant operation. e,g.
pressure and weight.

 Occasional loads
These loads are present at infrequent intervals during plant operation. e,g.
earthquake, wind, etc.

 Expansion loads:
These are loads due to displacements of piping. e,g .thermal expansion,
seismic anchor movements, and building settlement.
 Steps for Piping Stress Analysis

1.

Identify the Critical lines from the P&ID based on the criteria mentioned in the Piping Stress Analysis Design Basis.
2. Prepare a Stress Critical Line list
3. Categorize the lines as Category-1 (Extensive computer analysis required), Category-2 (Visual Analysis or by Nomo graphs,
etc.) and Category-3 (Non-critical lines)
4. Segregate the Category-1 lines and identify Stress systems. Segregation should be made in such a way that proper boundary
conditions can be defined for those lines. Also lines which can affect the behavior of the system significantly should be
selected. Depending on the configurations Category-2 and Category-3 lines may also be included in the Piping system
5. Select a system for the analysis based on the priority or project requirement
6. List down the lines to be included in the system
7. Check if all the parameters of the lines are available,
1. Maximum Design Temperature & Pressure
2. Operating Temperature & Pressure
3. Minimum Design Temperature & Pressure
4. Test Pressure
8. Check if any Occasional loading is applicable for the selected system,
1. Wind Loading
2. Seismic Loading
3. PSV reaction forces
9. Note down environmental Data of the project,
1. Ambient Temperature
10. Once the modeling of the system is done in the Caesar-II using all the above data, next important activity is to formulate the
load cases for which the system is to be analyzed
11. List down all the possible conditions the selected system may experience.
12. Load Cases for a piping system is given below,
CASE: 1 Basic parameters and no
occasional loading

Following parameters will be used for formulating the load
cases,
 WW = Water filled weight
 HP = Hydro test Pressure
W = Dead weight of the Piping system
 P1 = Maximum Design Pressure
 P2 = Operating Pressure
 P3 = Minimum Design Pressure
 T1 = Maximum Design Temperature
 T2 = Operating Temperature
 T3 = Minimum Design Temperature
CASE: 1 Basic parameters and no
occasional loading
Case No.

Load Case Stress Type
L1 WW+HP HYDRO
L2 W+T1+P1 OPE
W+T2+P2 (P1
L3 can be used in OPE
this case)
W+T3+P3 (P1
L4 can be used in OPE
this case)
L5 W+P1 SUS
L6 L2-L5 EXP
L7 L3-L5 EXP
L8 L4-L5 EXP
L9 L2-L4 EXP
 CASE: 2 Basic Parameters with
Wind loading

Following parameters will be used for formulating the load cases,
 WW = Water filled weight
 HP = Hydro test Pressure
 W = Dead weight of the Piping system
 P1 = Maximum Design Pressure
 P2 = Operating Pressure
 P3 = Minimum Design Pressure
 T1 = Maximum Design Temperature
 T2 = Operating Temperature
 T3 = Minimum Design Temperature
 WIN1 = Wind Load in +X direction (direction is just for example user can use this terminology
for any other direction as per his ease)
 WIN2 = Wind Load in –X direction (direction is just for example user can use this terminology
for any other direction as per his ease)
 WIN3 = Wind Load in +Z direction (direction is just for example user can use this terminology
for any other direction as per his ease)
 WIN4 = Wind Load in –Z direction (direction is just for example user can use this terminology
for any other direction as per his ease)
 CASE: 2 Basic Parameters with
Wind loading
Case No. Load Case
 Stress Type Combination Type

L1 WW+HP HYDRO Algebraic

L2 W+T1+P1 OPE Algebraic

L3 W+T2+P2 (P1 can be used in this case) OPE Algebraic

L4 W+T3+P3 (P1 can be used in this case) OPE Algebraic

L5 W+P1 SUS Algebraic

L6 W+T1+P1+WIN1 OPE Algebraic

L7 W+T1+P1+WIN2 OPE Algebraic

L8 W+T1+P1+WIN3 OPE Algebraic

L9 W+T1+P1+WIN4 OPE Algebraic

L10 L6-L2 OCC Algebraic

L11 L7-L2 OCC Algebraic

L12 L8-L2 OCC Algebraic

L13 L9-L2 OCC Algebraic

L14 L5+L10 OCC Scalar

L15 L5+L11 OCC Scalar

L16 L5+L12 OCC Scalar

L17 L5+L13 OCC Scalar

L18 L2-L5 EXP Algebraic

L19 L3-L5 EXP Algebraic

L20 L4-L5 EXP Algebraic

L21 L2-L4 EXP Algebraic

 CASE: 3 Basic Parameters with
Seismic loading

Following parameters will be used for formulating the load cases,
 WW = Water filled weight
 HP = Hydro test Pressure
 W = Dead weight of the Piping system
 P1 = Maximum Design Pressure
 P2 = Operating Pressure
 P3 = Minimum Design Pressure
 T1 = Maximum Design Temperature
 T2 = Operating Temperature
 T3 = Minimum Design Temperature
 U1 = Seismic loads also known as Uniform loads in terms of ‘g’ in North-South Direction
(direction is just for example user can use this terminology for any other direction as per his ease)
 U2 = Seismic loads also known as Uniform loads in terms of ‘g’ in East-West Direction
(direction is just for example user can use this terminology for any other direction as per his ease)
 U3 = Seismic loads also known as Uniform loads in terms of ‘g’ in Vertical Direction
(direction is just for example user can use this terminology for any other direction as per his ease).

Generally vertical load due to seismic is negligible and not included in the Load case formation.
 CASE: 3 Basic Parameters with
Seismic loading
Case No. Load Case
 Stress Type Combination Type

L1 WW+HP HYDRO Algebraic

L2 W+T1+P1 OPE Algebraic

L3 W+T2+P2 (P1 can be used in this case) OPE Algebraic

L4 W+T3+P3 (P1 can be used in this case) OPE Algebraic

L5 W+P1 SUS Algebraic

L6 W+T1+P1+U1 OPE Algebraic

L7 W+T1+P1-U1 OPE Algebraic

L8 W+T1+P1+U2 OPE Algebraic

L9 W+T1+P1-U2 OPE Algebraic

L10 L6-L2 OCC Algebraic

L11 L7-L2 OCC Algebraic

L12 L8-L2 OCC Algebraic

L13 L9-L2 OCC Algebraic

L14 L5+L10 OCC Scalar

L15 L5+L11 OCC Scalar

L16 L5+L12 OCC Scalar

L17 L5+L13 OCC Scalar

L18 L2-L5 EXP Algebraic

L19 L3-L5 EXP Algebraic

L20 L4-L5 EXP Algebraic

L21 L2-L4 EXP Algebraic

 Nozzle Loads

This post specifies the criteria to be adopted while defining the allowable
loads acting on the Nozzles of the various Mechanical equipments, due to
the loads imposed by the connected piping system. These loads shall be
included in the Mechanical design of the equipments during procurement.

As a minimum, the Piping Stress Engineer shall ensure that the loads on
the Nozzle of the Mechanical Equipments are within these values. In the
event the loads are exceeding the allowable loads values, prior approval
from the supplier shall be taken.

It is advisable that, the Fabrication / Procurement of these equipments

shall be carried out after the confirmation of the loads on the Nozzle by
both the party (Purchaser and Supplier).
Types of Mechanical Equipments

Mechanical Equipments are classified in two types viz.
Fabricated Equipments& Proprietary Equipments.
Criteria for defining the allowable loads on the Nozzles
of these equipments are given below.
 Fabricated Equipments

Various Mechanical Equipments like Pressure Vessels, Columns, Heat Exchangers (Shell & Tube type
and Plate type), cylindrical storage tanks, etc. are classified under this category.

 Allowable Forces & Moments

The allowable loads for the Fabricated Equipmentsshall be in accordance with Appendix-1. These
values are applicable for equipments, withcarbon steel and stainless steel as material of construction.
For equipments made of other material, the supplier shall provide an appropriate set of calculations for
approval.
The allowable loads for the Cylindrical Storage Tanks shall be in accordance with Appendix-2.

 Statement of Compliance
The Equipment Supplier shall check the stresses in the nozzle/equipment resulting from the allowable
loads as specified above, in accordance with WRC bulletin WRC107/ WRC297 /ASME Section VIII
Division 2.
The Equipment supplier shall provide a statement of compliance with this specification.

 Higher Allowable Loads

This specification gives the maximum allowable loads which the nozzle can withstand without failure.
However, depending on the configuration of the connected Piping system or due to the various design
conditions analyzed, the loads imposed on the Nozzle may exceed these allowable values.
 Fabricated Equipments

In such cases, theactual loads shall be communicated to the
Supplier. The Supplier shall check the integrity of the nozzle
/ equipment. If acceptable, the Supplier shall approve these
loads and incorporate the same in the equipment design.
However, if these loads are not acceptable, the supplier shall
submit the calculations /technical explanation supporting
the same.

Any calculations required to be done and any reinforcement

required to be provided on the equipment shall be part of
Supplier’s scope of work.
 Allowable nozzle loads
Legends:
FL–Longitudinal shear force 
FC –Circumferential shear force
FA–Axial tension or compression
force
ML–Longitudinal bending moment
MC–Circumferential bending moment
MT–Torsional moment
F –Resultant Shear Force
M–Resultant Bending Moment
Allowable nozzle loads

 Allowable nozzle loads

Notes:

The above loads are applicable for following equipment:

 Shell & tube and Plate type heat exchangers

 Pressure vessels
 Columns

Each nozzle shall be capable of withstanding the above forces and moments under the design conditions and are
considered to be acting simultaneously at the intersection of nozzle axis with outer surface of the shell or head plates, in
corroded condition.

All forces and moments in the above tables are positive and sign rotation is as per WRC bulletin 107. The most stringent
case caused by axial load FA acting inward or outward shall be considered.

For dished ends, the resultant shear force and bending moment are calculated as:

 F = SQRT {(FL) 2 + (FC)2}

 M = SQRT {(ML) 2 + (MC)2}

The loads stated above shall be used as the design basis for nozzles. When loadings in excess of above listed standard
allowable nozzle loadings are required, the supplier will be informed. When the information becomes available the
supplier shall check and incorporate these loads in the equipment design.
 Allowable nozzle loads

Wherever necessary, the nozzle/ vessel shall be
reinforced. In case the Supplier finds that the higher
loads cannot be incorporated, he shall submit
calculations/technical explanation to justify the same,
indicating the maximum load that can be incorporated.
Allowable nozzle loads for
storage tank

 Allowable nozzle loads for
storage tank
Notes:

Each nozzle shall be capable of withstanding the above forces and moments under the design conditions in the worst-case
combination of direction of forces & moments and internal pressure, and are considered to be acting simultaneously at the
intersection of nozzle axis with outer surface of the shell or roof plates, in corroded condition. Supplier to provide all the
necessary calculation to demonstrate the compliance to above, in accordance with API 650 Appendix P / BS 2654 or
required FE calculation if any standard method can’t be applied.

Vendor to provide necessary reinforcement to comply with above standard allowable nozzle loadings requirement.

Tabulated loadings also apply to roof nozzles, except that the radial load becomes vertical load, and the allowable
resultant shear force and bending moment should be as follows, rather than individual allowable shear force and bending
moment components:

 F = SQRT {(FV) 2 + (FH) 2}

 M = SQRT {(ML) 2 + (MC) 2}

The loads stated above shall be used as the design basis for nozzles. When loadings in excess of above listed standard
allowable nozzle loadings are required, the supplier will be informed when the information becomes available.

The supplier shall check and incorporate these loads in the equipment design.

Wherever necessary, the nozzle/tank shall be reinforced. In case the Supplier finds that the higher loads cannot be
incorporated, he shall submit calculations/technical explanation to justify the same, indicating the maximum load that
can be incorporated.
 Proprietary Equipments

Various Mechanical equipments like Pumps,
Compressors, Expanders, Plate-fin heat exchanger, Air
cooled Heat Exchanger etc. are classified under this
category. Allowable loads for the nozzles of these
equipments are generally available from equipment
supplier. However, some of the proprietary equipment
are designed and constructed as per International codes
with standard set of allowable loads. In any case, loads
imposed by the connected piping system shall be
confirmed and approved the supplier.
 Pumps

 Centrifugal Pumps
API 610, Table 5 gives the allowable forces and moments on the Pump Nozzles (Suction and
Discharge). However, if the loads acting on the Pump nozzles exceed these values, the
allowable loads can be increased to 2 times, provided the criteria specified in Annex F are
satisfied. This shall be approved and confirmed by the Pump Vendor. As a general practice,
approval shall be taken from the vendor for 2 times API 610 at the initial stage of the project.

However,if one or more components of the forces and moments are still exceeding, same shall
be approved & agreed with the Pump Vendor.

 Metering Pumps/Pumps as per NFPA code

The minimum allowable nozzle loads shall be as provided by the Pump Supplier.

 Pumps (API 676, Rotary Positive Displacement)

The minimum allowable nozzle loads shall be as per API676, Table 2. However, if one or more
components of the forces and moments are still exceeding, same shall be approved & agreed
with the Pump Vendor.
 Compressors

 Centrifugal Compressors & Turbo Expanders
The allowable forces and moments acting on the nozzles of centrifugal compressors shall
be designed in accordance with API 617, the forces and moments shall be 1.85 times the
values based on the load criteria of NEMA SM23. However, if one or more components of
the forces and moments are still exceeding, same shall be approved & agreed with the
Vendor.

 Reciprocating Compressors
The minimum allowable nozzle loads shall be as per API 618 values. However, if one or
more components of the forces and moments are still exceeding, same shall be approved
& agreed with the Vendor.

 Rotary Positive Displacement Compressors (API619)

The minimum allowable nozzle loads for Rotary Positive Displacement Compressors is
generally taken as 1.85 times NEMA SM23 Values. However, if one or more components
of the forces and moments are still exceeding, same shall be approved & agreed with the
Vendor.
 Heat Exchangers

 Brazed Aluminium Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers
The allowable nozzle loads for Brazed Aluminium Plate-Fin HeatExchanger
shall be 3 times the value in ALPEMA (Standards of theBrazed Aluminium
Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger Manufacturer’s Association) Table 5-1. However, it
shall be approved and agreed by the Vendor.

 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers

The minimum allowable nozzle loads on Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers due
topiping reactions shall be as listed below.
Nozzle Rating Allowable Load
150 & 300 # 2 times API 661 Values
600# 4 times API 661 Values
900# 6 times API 661 Values

However, it shall be approved and agreed by the Vendor.

 Turbines

 Gas Turbines
The minimum allowable nozzle loads for Gas Turbines
shall be as provided by Supplier.

 Steam Turbines-NEMA SM 23
The minimum allowable nozzle loads for Steam
Turbine is generally taken as 1.85 times NEMA SM23
Values. However, if one or more components of the
forces and moments are still exceeding, same shall be
approved & agreed with the Vendor.
 Fired Heaters

The minimum allowable nozzle loads for Fired Heaters
shall be THREE times as specified in API-560. In case
the same is procured as a package item, Nozzle loads
shall be as per Cl. 5.2.14 below.
 Other proprietary equipment

 Reforming furnace-Vendor to give

 Large storage tanks-API 650

 Any other proprietary equipment

The minimum allowable nozzle loads for any other
proprietary equipment shall be as provided by
Supplier.