Hybrid Proper Names

Wolfgang Kunne

Mind, New Series, Vol. 101, No. 404. (Oct., 1992), pp. 721-731.

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 Hybrid Proper Names
WOLFGANG KUNNE

Can Frege possibly mean what he says? In his essay "The Thought" we read:'
[A] ... [Olften... the mere wording, which can be made permanent by writing
or the gramophone, does not suffice for the expression of the thought...
If a time-indication is conveyed by the present tense one must know
when the sentence was uttered in order to grasp the thought correctly.
Therefore the time of utterance is part of the expression of the thought.
[B] If someone wants to say today what he expressed yesterday by using the
word "today", he will replace this word with "yesterday". Although the
thought is the same its verbal expression must be different in order that
the change of sense which would otherwise be effected by the different
times of utterance may be cancelled out. The case is the same with
words like "here" and "there".
[C] In all such cases the mere wording, as it can be preserved in writing, is
not the complete expression of the thought; the knowledge of certain cir-
cumstances accompanying the utterance, which are used as means of ex-
pressing the thought, is needed for us to grasp the thought correctly.
Pointing the finger, hand gestures, glances may belong here too.
[Dl The same verbal expression.containing the word "I" in the mouths of dif-
ferent men will express different thoughts of which some may be true,
others false.
If we take literally what Frege says in parts [A] and [C] of this text then the following
claims are made: If someone expresses a thought (Gedanke)through the use of a
sentence S , the means for expressing the thought often is not sentence S by itself,
but S together with the circumstances of its utterance. In such cases the complete
thought-expression is an admixture consisting of a linguistic entity and a slice of
non-linguistic real it^.^ That situation occurs whenever the sentence used is index-
ical, i.e. contains an indicator like "I", "today", "here", or like the tense-modifiers.
Already two decades earlier this rather unusual claim about the composition
of certain thought-expressions is foreshadowed in one of Frege's manuscript^:^

(1918-19, p. 64). In [C] the Geach translation reads "conditions" for "circumstances".
I prefer the more literal rendering of Frege's "Urnstande". In [Dl th,e translations has "ut-
terance" instead of "verbal expression". (Frege wrote "Wortlaut".) How could there be
one utterance "in the mouths of different men"?
Means of expressing a thought are not thoughts, I assume. Thus Frege can hardly use
the term "circumstances" to refer to facts; for he takes facts to be true thoughts (cf. 1918,
p 74).
Frege, (1969, p. 146). Unfortunately Frege here goes on to suggest that for "I" one
could substitute salvo sensu the name of the speaker. His criterion of difference in sense
reveals this to be mistaken: If NN suffers from amnesia she might very well refuse to ac-
cept the thought which she could express by "I am NN". Cf. Dummett, (1981, p.121).

Mind, Vol. 101 . 4 0 4 . October 1992 O Oxford University Press 1992

 722 Wolfgang Kiinne

[El The mere words [sc. "I am cold"] do not contain the whole sense, but
it is also a matter of who utters them ... Words like "here" and "now"
only obtain their full sense from the circumstances in which they are
used.
In this paper I would like tovshow that Frege's remarks on the composition of
indexical thought-expressions, if taken far more literally than is usually done,
suggest a rather non-standard conception of the make-up of certain proper
names. I shall outline some of the consequences of this view and try to make it
look less bizarre than it looks at first sight by comparing what I call "hybrid
proper names with quotation-names. As an aside, there are also a few observa-
tions concerning similar (and similarly neglected) ideas in Wittgenstein and
Schlick.

As a preliminary, let us first remind ourselves of certain features of the Fregean

view of sense (Sinn) which stand out in parts [B] and [Dl of the passage quoted
above. Suppose we hear a voice on a tape saying things like
(S 1) I have bloodtype A
(S2) Today is a religious holiday in many countries
(S3) The weather here is sometimes dreadful
and we neither know whose voice has been recorded nor when and where the tape
recording was made. Under these circumstances we understand what we hear and
then again we don't understand it.4
We understand it insofar as we have a certain lexical and grammatical compe-
tence: we know which meaning those sentences as type-sentences have in the
English language. Let us call this type of understanding: grasping the linguistic
meaning of S. This conception of meaning enters into many (folk) semantical cat-
egories. If we classify ( S l ) and "Ich habe Blutgruppe A" as synonymous, we
ascribe to these sentences the same linguistic meaning. If we call a sentence like
"This is a bank" equivocal, we ascribe more than one linguistic meaning to it. An
expression is linguistically meaningless in a language L if it is judged ungram-
matical by competent L-speakers or if it is or contains at least one pseudo-word
for which no L-speaker could provide what would be accepted as a correct
(ostensive or verbal) explanation.
In another respect we do not understand those utterances of (Sl), (S2) and (S3):
we do not grasp what Frege calls the thoughts expressed. Knowledge of the lin-
guistic meaning of a sentence can only coincide with knowledge of the thought
expressed if the sentence does not contain any component which can change its

What follows in this section is presented on a larger canvas in my (1983, pp. 196-
221,254-273).
 Hybrid Proper Names 723

denotation in our world while its linguistic meaning remains constant. Indexical
singular terms5 are such sentence-components.
Plainly the linguistic meaning of sentence (S2) does not change every day at
midnight. Equally clearly, the sentences (S2) and
(S2*) Yesterday was a religious holiday in many countries
do not have the same linguistic meaning: they are not synonymous. Frege, how-
ever, claims in [B]: The sense changes if (S2) is uttered on successive days. And
Frege would also claim: The sense can be the same if we first utter (S2) and on
the following day (S2*).Or consider spatial indicators. The linguistic meaning of
sentence (S3) does not change just because the speaker takes a journey, and the
sentences (S3) and
(S3*) The weather there is sometimes dreadful
do not have the same linguistic meaning. And yet Frege suggests in [B]: The
sense changes if (S3) is uttered at distant places, and it can be the same if the
speaker utters (S3) here and (S3*) there. Obviously the notion of sense in
Frege's theory cannot be equated with our intuitive conception of linguistic
meaning. The Fregean sense expressed by means of a declarative sentence is a
thought, and when Frege talks about the sense of a part of a thought-expres-
sion, he always means the contribution of this part to the thought expressed.
Frege's theory provides no technical term for what we have called linguistic
meaning6

According to Frege's compositional view of thoughts the sense of the proper

name "2" and the sense of the concept-expression (Begriffswort) "( ) is a
prime number" combine to form the thought that 2 is a prime number. The
sentence "2 is a prime number" is a complete expression of that thought. Now,
as Perry pointed out several years ago, we run into trouble if we try to apply
this compositional view to indexical thought-expressions (1977, pp. 479ff).
Consider example (Sl). Knowing the linguistic meaning of the word "I" we
know that it (standardly) denotes its respective speaker or writer. When both
Paul and Mary utter sentence (Sl), the first word of their respective utter-
As to my terminology, the following hints might suffice: A linguistic expression (be
it sentential or subsentential) is indexical iff it either is an indicator or contains at least one
indicator. I shall concentrate on those indexical expressions which give you a sentence
when you insert them into the n open places of an n-place predicate. Since I take singular
terms to be such sentence-forming operators on predicates, I do not hesitate, pace Ans-
combe, to classify "I" as a singular term. A singular term is an indicator only if it is seman-
tically unbreakable and its denotation varies systematically with certain features of the
circumstances under which it is uttered while its linguistic meaning remains constant. We
shall soon see that denotation even in the case of singular terms is not to be equated with
Fregean reference (Bedeutung).
Cp. Burge (1979, pp. 398-432).
724 Wolfgang Kiinne

ances has the same linguistic meaning. Nevertheless, according to [Dl, the
thoughts expressed by Paul and Mary are different. Thus in understanding the
word "I" as an element of the English language one does not thereby grasp
the Fregean sense which combines with the sense of the concept-expression
"( ) has bloodtype A" to yield the thought which only Paul kxpresses when he
utters ( S l ) . Since Paul utters a quantifier-free sentence the completing sense
can only be the sense of a proper name (Eigenname), in Frege's admittedly
rather broad use of this term. The proper name in Paul's utterance of ( S l ) is
therefore not the indicator "I", but ...
But what? Perry somewhat hesitantly ascribes to Frege the answer that the
completing sense is provided by an indicator-free definite description which
denotes Paul and which, at the moment of his utterance of (S I ) , is taken by him
to do so.* Perry then goes on to subject this answer to devastating criticism. But
there is no hint whatsoever in Frege's essay that this really is his view; on the con-
trary, his rather startling remarks on the incommunicability of the thoughts
expressed by solitary users of "I" cannot consistently be combined with a "dis-
guised description" view.9
Passages [A], [C] and [El suggest a rather different answer. Let us take the
"circumstances" of an utterance of sentences like (S I ) , (S2) and (S3) to consist
of all and only those non-linguistic entities which have to be identified if an eval-
uation of the utterance in terms of truth and falsity is to be possible. Then Frege's
answer to the above question would be this: In an utterance of ( S l ) the proper
name consists not only of a token of the indicator "I" but also of the speaker. It is
the sense of this proper name which combines with the sense of the predicate in
( S l ) to yield the thought expressed by Paul.
Let us call a proper name hybrid if and only if it consists of more than just a
verbal expression. What refers to (bedeutet) the speaker is not the indicator "I"
but a hybrid proper name which contains an occurrence of this indicator. The
indicator by itself does not refer to any object (Gegenstand) whatsoever, and
thus a fortiori it does not refer sometimes to this and sometimes to that object.
So even in the face of indexicality the semantical predicate "x refers to y" can
remain a two-place predicate: we do not have to take it as a fragment of a longer
predicate with further places for constituents of the occasion of the utterance
("in the mouth of speaker s at time t"). The hybrid proper name which is used in
Mary's utterance of ( S l ) has a different reference (Bedeutung),and as for every
sense there is at most one referencelo it has not the same sense as the one used in
Paul's utterance. Notice that a hybrid proper name which contains a token of "I"

Perry ( 1977, p. 485): "This is, I think, as near as we are likely to come to what Frege
had in mind." Kaplan once wrote: "Frege ... seems... to believe that all names, even such
demonstratives as "I", are to be analyzed as disguised definite descriptions" (1975, p. 725,
cf. p. 717).
So much the worse for these remarks, Perry would answer. But his objections against
the very idea of incommunicable Fregean thoughts have been defused by Gareth Evans in
5 5 of his (1981).
, ' O (1892, pp. 27-28).
 Hybrid Proper Names 725

always refers to a part of itself, to its non-linguistic component. We shall come

back to this remarkable feature of some hybrid proper names in the last section
of this paper.
The proper name used in an utterance of (S2) is hybrid as well. It consists of a
token of the indicator "today" and the time of its utterance. It refers to the day to
which the time of the utterance of this word belongs. And the hybrid proper name
used in an utterance of (S3) consists of a token of the indexical description "the
weather here" and the place of its utterance.''
In all these cases it is the thought-expression, not the thought expressed, which
contains a person, a time, or a place: Frege never dreamt of identifying thoughts
with Russellian singular propositions.
The fact that persons, times and places themselves have neither Fregean sense
nor linguistic meaning is no obstacle to the view that they are (sometimes) parts
of significant expressions. After all, the proper name "Phosphorus", too, has sev-
eral parts which have no kind of meaning.
Suppose a sentence containing just one indicator is uttered twice. Then the two
utterances make use of one and the same hybrid proper name if and only if they
contain the same non-linguistic object and tokens of the same indexical expres-
sion.12 Hence only utterances of "I" by the same person, and only simultaneous
utterances of "the present moment" are occurrences of the same hybrid proper
name, and this name-type obeys the ancient principle unum nomen, unum nomi-
natum which is notoriously offended against even by "Aristotle".
Was Frege himself prepared to accept the idea of hybrid proper names as a
consequence of the incompleteness of indexical thought-expressions? He was
indeed. In one of his posthumous writings he remarks on the demonstrative
description "this person":13
[F] A concept-word combined with the demonstrative pronoun or definite
article often has ... the logical status of a proper name in that it serves to
designate a single determinate object. But then it is not the concept-
word alone, but the whole consisting of the concept word together with
the demonstrative pronoun and accompanying circumstances which has
to be understood as a proper name.
The proper name in question is hybrid: it consists of more than just a verbal
expression. And what is the remaining part? Again Frege, somewhat vaguely,
speaks of "accompanying circumstances", and [C] suggests that he might be
thinking of pointing gestures and glances.14 But they matter only to the inter-
preter of the utterance, and even the interpreter does not always need such clues:
just imagine a motionless speaker, saying with closed eyes "This is a horrible
noise (desperate smell)". I propose that we assimilate the demonstrative case to

' I take the place of an (oral) utterance to be the region of space which is occupied by
the utterer while she is making the utterance.
l 2 Ben Hoefer made me reflect on this.
l 3 (1914; cf 1969, p. 230)
l 4 Cp. Peirce: "The pointing arm is an essential part of the symbol without which the
latter would convey no information" (1932, 2: 293).
 726 Wolfgang Kunne

that of "I"-utterances and take the object demonstrated to be the essential non-
linguistic part of a hybrid proper name containing a demonstrative. Thus under-
stood a hybrid proper name containing a "this" also conforms to the principle
unum nomen, unum nominatum, Before reflecting on further consequences of this
option let us look at two philosophers who clearly took it.

111

Moore reports of a lecture by Wittgenstein given in the early thirties:15

He made a distinction ... between what he called "the sign" and what he
called "the symbol", saying that whatever was necessary to give a
"sign" significance was part of the "symbol", so where, for instance, the
"sign" is a sentence, the "symbol" is something which contains both the
sign and also everything which is necessary to give that sentence sense. ..
He illustrated this by saying that if a man says "I am t i r e d his mouth is
part of the symbol.
Desmond Lee, after a discussion with Wittgenstein in 1930-31, made the follow-
ing note:
If we say of an object, "This is 3 ft. high", then the object is part of the
symbo1.(1980, p. 115); (cf. pp. 7,26 f)
Using this terminology we can say that incomplete thought-expressions like (Sl)
to (S3) are signs. These signs are components of symbols (complete thought-
expressions), the other components of which are the (relevant constituents of the)
circumstances of the sign's utterance. Evidence for the affinity of Frege's and
Wittgenstein's views in this regard is not limited to indirect sources like those
quoted above. In the Philosophical Remarks which Wittgenstein wrote in 1929-
30, he says:I7
What characterizes propositions of the form "This is ..." is only the fact
that the reality outside the so called system of signs somehow enters into
the symbol.
And in the Brown Book which Wittgenstein dictated in 1934-35, one finds the fol-
lowing reflection:
Nothing is more unlike than the use of the word "this" and the use of a
proper name-I mean the games played with these words, not the phras-
es in which they are used. For we do say "This is short" and "Jack is
short"; but remember that "This is short" without the pointing gesture
and without the thing we are pointing to would be meaningless. What
can be compared with a name is not the word "this" but, if you like, the
symbol consisting of this word, the gesture and the sample.

l 5 Moore (1959 p. 262). In the Tractatus Wittgenstein had used the distinction sign/
symbol quite differently (cp. 3.32. ff).
, l 7 (1975, p. 120).

l 8 (1964, p. 109).
 Hybrid Proper Names 727

What Wittgenstein in all these passages calls a symbol is a hybrid proper name in
the sense of this paper which, for expository reasons, conforms to Frege's idio-
syncratic use of the term "Eigenname" . I 9 And what Wittgenstein in the first and
the last of those passages variously calls "significance", "sense" or "meaning"
shares with Fregean sense thk property of not being identical with linguistic
meaning, for obviously "I am tired" and "This is short" are immaculate as Eng-
lish type-sentences.
The idea of a symbol containing a non-verbal element is also present in the
Philosophical Investigations, namely in Wittgenstein's remarks on ostensive def-
initions. I will touch upon that topic in the last section of this paper, when I talk
about samples. (Incidentally, Wittgenstein's use of the term "sample" at the very
end of the last quotation is misleading. The context shows that here he is not con-
cerned with the use of "This is short" for the purpose of an ostensive definition
of "short". So long as one uses such sentences to formulate a statement rather
than a rule it hardly makes sense to call the object pointed to a sample.)
Moritz Schlick also made use of the idea of symbols (hybrid proper names) in
his 1932 London lectures on "Form and Content"; perhaps in this as in so many
other respects he was inspired by his many discussions with Wittgenstein in
Vienna:
If one morning the mail should bring you a letter containing nothing but
a green leaf, you would not be able to make anything of it; you could
record it as a simple fact, but it would not "mean" anything to you. On
the other hand, the curious occurrence would have the character of a
communication, it would be an actual message, if the leaf were accom-
panied by some explanation or if you had received some instruction con-
cerning it. It might be a leaf someone promised to send to you from his
garden, or there might be a note saying "I found this on my desk" or
"Please observe the colour of the leaf' or "This is the colour I spoke of
yesterday", etc. In all these cases the object itself enters into the lan-
guage as part of it, it has exactly the same function that a picture or de-
scription or other sign would have: it is itself a symbol in the symbolism
called "language". The only peculiarity of this case is that the symbol
has the greatest possible similarity to the signified object. (1979, vol. 11,
p. 303)

If, in the case of demonstratives, Frege's view about incomplete thought-expres-

sions is spelled out along Viennese lines then Frege cannot treat Macbeth's mid-
night utterance of
(S4) This is a blood-stained dagger

l 9 Perhaps Wittgenstein was led to his conception by Frege's "The Thought". We know
that he was familiar with the essay, as he wrote a letter (unfortunately not preserved) dated
September 16, 1919, to Frege in which he thanked him for sending a copy of the essay and
made "critical comments" about it. Cf. Gabriel (1979).
 728 Wolfgang Kiinne

as he treats utterances with vacuous proper names like "the prime number
between 20 and 22" or "the inventor of the Perpetuum mobile ". Whereas in the
latter cases it is only a lack of reference (and not one of sense) which has to be
complained of, in the case of an utterance of (S4) by a speaker who is hallucinat-
ing like Macbeth a more radical'failure would have to be lamented: no thought is
expressed at all.
If we take this option the claim which Gareth Evans (unjustifiably, I think)
made on behalf of Frege for all vacuous proper names can be justified for the case
of vacuous demonstratives: The speaker does not succeed in expressing a thought
(Evans 1982, esp Ch. 1). This verdict is not concerned with the speaker's psycho-
logical state at the moment of making his utterance; it does not exclude that our
speaker is thinking a thought at the moment of his utterance-he might be con-
vinced, for example, that there is a dagger before him.22The verdict is based on
a damage of the symbols the speaker uses. This damage resembles the one we
find in the following inscription presumably produced by a desperate printer:
(S5) " " is a letter with which many Greek words begin.
In both cases there is only a fragment of a proper name.
Let me insert a note of caution here before making a final point. The concep-
tion of hybrid proper names as sketched above should not be expected to help us
with the often discussed identity problems surrounding the notion of Fregean
thoughts. Consider the following hypothesis: For two hybrid proper names to
have the same Fregean sense it is a necessary as well as sufficient condition that
they contain the same non-linguistic entity and indicator-tokens which have the
same linguistic meaning (two now"^, for example, or a "jetzt" and a "now").
Frege could not accept this hypothesis. That he does not hold the condition to be
necessary can be seen from passage [B] above. And if we apply the test for dif-
ference in sense which is so memorably used on the first pages of ~ b e Sinn
r und
Bedeutung we soon recognize that it is not sufficient either. Consider this exam-
ple. Mary is talking to a man on the phone. Simultaneously she looks out of her
window and sees a man in a phone box. In this situation it might come as a great
surprise to her to be told:
That man [visually presented] = that man [auditorily presented].
Hence the hybrid proper name-tokens occurring in this informative utterance
have different senses, and yet they contain the same man and tokens of the same
indicator.

A hybrid proper name containing a token of "I", of "the present moment", of "the
place which is occupied by me now"23or of "this", refers to a part of itself. This
22 Cp. my (1987, pp. 175-187); and my (1990, pp. 117-126).

23 Please recall footnote 11.

 Hybrid Proper Names 729

feature is perhaps less bizarre than it appears at first sight. After all, there are
many expression-tokens which undeniably refer to parts of themselves. The def-
inite description in the next line, for example,
(S6) The third word in line,(S6) is a noun
refers to a part of itself. More interesting for our purposes is a certain kind of quo-
tation-name. Of course, the quotation-name (the expression consisting of quota-
tion-marks and the sign enclosed) in the next line:
(S7) "E" is a letter with which many Greek words begin
should not be taken to refer to that which is surrounded by quotation-marks,
because that token, that inscription certainly does not have the property of occur-
ring in many words.24What is said in (S7) is true only if the quotation-name does
not refer to a concrete inscription but to what concrete inscriptions are tokens of.
Under this reading the quotation-marks there are type-quotes. But we sometimes
use quotation-names which do refer to one of those parts of which they consist,
and we could introduce a special sort of quotation-marks for this sort of quota-
tion, e.g. Reichenbach's token-quotes:25
(S8) 'E' is an occurrence of a Greek letter.
The quotation-name in line (S8) does not refer to (numerically) the same object
as the next one: 'E'. And both names refer to what is literally one of their parts.
In this respect they resemble those hybrid proper names which were mentioned
at the beginning of this section.
And there is another remarkable property shared by quotation-names and these
hybrid proper-names: They cannot lack a reference.
In the light of Frege's view as spelled out in this paper it is as incorrect to clas-
sify an indicator (or an indexical definite description) by itself as a proper name,
as it would be incorrect to classify quotation-marks by themselves as proper
names. Both indicators and quotation-marks are expressions which can be used
to generate proper names. How do quotation-marks perform this role?26 In

2 4 Some letter-tokens do have the property of occurring in several word-tokens: Think

of inscriptions in a crossword puzzle.
25 Reichenbach (1947, p. 284 ff).
2 6 It used to be said that quotation-names are semantically as unstructured as are many
personal names. To be sure, the expression "Epsilon" really is a letter-name of the same
semantic character as the personal name "Tarski". Neither name is semantically struc-
tured: the occurrence of "silo" in "Epsilon" is irrelevant to an understanding of "Epsilon",
just as the occurrence of "ski" in "Tarski" has no bearing on an understanding of the latter.
But is the quotation-name of the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet semantically unstruc-
tured? If it were, one should be able to ask sensibly with regard to it: Which letter has that
name? That very question can be posed as regards the name "Epsilon" and can be an-
swered by pointing to an object: "This letter is called Epsilon". That question, however,
does not make sense if asked of the quotation-name of the same letter. If we know the role
of quotation-marks, we eo ipso know for any quotation-name what it refers to. This would
be a miracle if quotation-names did not have any semantic structure. For further discussion
and references to the literature cp. Kiinne, (1983, pp. 186-196); and Davidson (1984, pp.
79-92).
730 Wolfgang Kiinne

exactly the same way as the indicator "this".27 After all, instead of (S7) we could
write something like:
(S7*) E t This is
an occurrence of a letter with which many Greek words be-
gin.
Here the role of quotation-marks in (S7) is fulfilled by the indicator "this" and the
arrow (used as an inscriptional gesture-substitute). And (S8) is nothing but a nota-
tional variant of
(S8*) E t This is an occurrence of a Greek letter.
Now if indicators are parts of quotation-names it is not really surprising that quo-
tation-names can usefully be compared with hybrid proper names. Since the
entities referred to in our last two numbered lines are themselves linguistic in
nature, we do not hesitate to think of them as part of the thought-expression.
Sometimes we find it almost as easy to characterize a non-linguistic object in the
same way: when the object is used as a sample. "If I want to tell someone what
colour some material is to be, I send him a sample, and obviously [sic] this sam-
ple belongs to language", albeit, as Wittgenstein whom I am quoting adds, not to
the "Wortsprache" (1975, 5 16).Of course, one cannot very well claim that in an
utterance of (Sl), (S2) or (S3) the speaker, the time or the place of her utterance
are used as samples. But in all these cases we can think of those entities, which
have to be identified if an evaluation of the utterance in terms of truth and falsity
is to be possible, as part of the thought-expression, and if I am right this is exactly
what Frege took them to be.

Philosophisches Seminar der WOLFGANG KUNNE

Universitat Hamburg
Von-Melle-Park 6
0-2000 Hamburg 13
Germany
REFERENCES
Burge, Tyler 1979: "Sinning against Frege", Philosophical Review "88,pp. 398-
432.
Davidson, Donald 1984: Truth and Interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Dummett, Michael 1981: The Interpretation of Frege's Philosophy. London:
Duckworth.
Evans, Gareth 1981: "Understanding Demonstratives", in Parret, Bouveresse
(eds.), Meaning and Understanding, Berlin: de Gruyter.
-1982 :The Varieties of Reference. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Frege, Gottlob 1892: " ~ b e Sinn
r und Bedeutung", in Zeitschrift fur Philosophie
undphilosophische Kritik, NF 100 (1892), transl. in Geach, Black (eds.),
Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege. Oxford:
Basil Blackwell, 1952.

27 Cp. Davidson (1984); Kiinne (1983).

 Hybrid Proper Names 731

-1897: "Logik", in Hermes et al. (eds.), Frege, Nachgelassene Schriften,

Meiner: Hamburg, 1969, transl. in Gottlob Frege, Posthumous Writings
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