Cardinal signs of Inflammation
the cell to the internal environment
Inflammation- body’s reaction to process, to adjust sa
pagbabago
Tumor- increasing the size, swelling
Rubor- redness brought by blood,
Why there is blood? Blood brings nutrients,
For fast healing
Dolor- pain
Calor (calories)- heat, presence of blood
*if inflamed mahirap igalaw because of loss of function
*Fever is not a disease but a systemic reaction in the
body, that is why the temperature increases to process
for fast healing. Adaptation to changes, reaction to
foreign bodies.
*not all infection is brought by bacteria, it could be viral
brought by virus
The Cellular Level of Organization
Cell- basic living unit of all organisms
200 different types of cell made up of C,H,O,N
Basic composition of the cell
1. Protoplasm (Nucleus and cytoplasm)
Of carbo, proteins, lipid, nucleic acid
Two types of Protoplasm
Cytoplasm- inside the cell membrane
 Cytosol- fluid portion of the cell
 Organelles- specialized structure within
the cell,
Nucleoplasm-protoplasm inside nucleus,
surrounded by nuclear membrane which
doesn’t includes nucleolus
2. Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
Forms the cells flexible outer layer of the cell
Turdy barrier, separates the external environment of
Functions:
 Selective Barrier – regulates the flow of material
into and out of the cell
 Maintains appropriate environment for the
normal cellular activities
 Communication between internal and external
environment
Fluid Mosaic Model
molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane, with
irregular pattern and shape due to the presence of
protein. Looks like a moving sea.
Lipid bilayer
Basic structure of the plasma membrane, that allows
the passage of the molecules. Hinders the passage of
charge and polar molecules
Phospholipids- 75% of lipid molecules,
phosphorus, have head part (phosphate
molecule, hydrophilic or water loving) and two
tails (made up of fatty acids, hydrophobic,
points at the interior surface of the cell,
opposite to head)
Cholesterol- 20% of lipid bilayer, steroids with
carboxyl group, they amphipathic
Glycolipid- 5% with attached carbohydrate
group, appear only on the membrane layer that
faces the ECF which makes the membrane
asymmetric, which makes it look a like flowing
Membrane Proteins
Integral proteins- embedded in the membranes
(transmembrane protein- deep on both layers of the
bilipid) they are amphipathic, most are glycoproteins.
Glycocalyx- sugary coat, acts like molecular
signature that enables the cell to recognize one
another. Identify what is normal cell.
 Molecular signature- protects the
molecule from being digested
 Avoid dryness of the gastrointestinal
tract.
Peripheral Proteins- not embedded in the membrane,