Reviewer for sts chapter 9 Ecology – is derived form the Greek word

“oikos” which means house. means study of

Biodiversity – encompasses the variety of all life
organisms in their or the place they live in. It is a
on earth. It forms the web of life in which we
study of living things, their interaction with one
greatly depend. It encompasses a lot of things:
another, and their environment. It is a discipline
living organisms are numerous and interacts with
which attempts to understand the complex web of
one another and with non-living things.
linkages, relationships and interdepended in the
3 billion years – evolutionary history that makes ecosystem or environment.
up the Earth today. It is continuously shaped by
Ecosystem - refers to life forms of plants,
natural processes and greatly by the influence of
animals, and non-living things that belong in an
humans
organized unit. It encompasses the biotic and
The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity – abiotic component in an environment, as well as
defined biodiversity as the “variability among their relationship and interactions. It provides
living organisms from all sources including, inter habitat to various organisms.
alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic
Fauna - refers to all of the animal life within a
ecosystems and the ecological complexes of
specified region, time period, or both
which they are part: this includes diversity within
species, between species, and of ecosystems. Flora - refers to groups of indigenous plants in an
ecosystem of a geographical region; Derived
Species Richness – measured by counting all
from the word “floral” which means relating to
species in an area.
flower
Species count – is not the sole measure of
Relative Abundance - refers to the relative
biodiversity and is weighted differently for eash
proportions of different species in an ecosystem.
species.
Trophic Structure - basically, answers the
Crown-of-thorns Starfish - is an important
question of who eats who? The feeding relations
species when it comes to the assessment of coral
of the species in a community or an ecosystem
reefs because it is a significant coral predator
determines the flow of energy and nutrient cycles.
Number of Golden Snails- is a useful It determines the biological organization of a
determinant of the production in rice harvest. community
High number of it can help in the prediction of a
9.2 Types of Biodiversity
low turnout in rice harvest, the eggs of Golden
Snails are considered as pest for rice plant Variety in Biodiversity -identifies how much
resources and species an ecosystem has, not just
Biotic - pertains to all of the living organisms
in terms of raw species count, but also as an
within an ecosystem. (eg plants, animals, fungi
indicator of genetic and resource diversity
and any other living things)
Genetic Diversity - refers to the variation in the
Abiotic - includes all of the non-living things in
genes of a species of individuals as well as how
an ecosystem.
they are closely related to the members of a
species in an environment.

Genes – are part of the DNA which dictate the

traits or characteristics of an organism.

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Species Diversity - is the variability of different
species represented in a community. This level of
biodiversity involves species richness, or the
number of species in a region, and their
abundance relative in that area.
Community or Ecosystem Diversity - refers to
the variety of ecosystems in a given region. A
region with several ecosystems may be able to
provide more resources to help native species
survive, especially when one ecosystem is
threatened by drought or disease.
Functional Diversity - refers to the range of
things an organism does in communities and
ecosystems. It relates to the manner by which
species behave, obtain food, and use the natural
resources in an ecosystem.
9.3 Importance of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is important to human beings
because it is the source of our food, shelter,
medicine, and clothes. It is where we derive raw
materials for various activities that sustain us,
such as in industrial and commercial activities.
A. supports food security, dietary health and
livelihood sustainability
B. provides important resources for medical
research
C. plays a role in the regulation and control
of infectious diseases
D. essential for climate change adaptation
E. has social, cultural and spiritual
importance with communities
Medicines - originated from and are largely
sourced from ecosystems.
Traditional Health Program - has endorsed 10
medicinal plants to be used as herbal medicines.
These include among others: Sambong (Blumea
balsamifera), Akapulko (Cassia alata),
Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), and Lagundi
(Vitex negundo).
Stephen Kent A. Malagday BSCS 1-1 Pasko sa Pamantasan date pls
Natural products – raw materials used for for
houses, furniture, and clothes.
Ecosystem Services – are also vital to the
existence of life. These services are the result of
the functions and processes of ecological system.
Forests - are also indispensable as habitat for
various wildlife.
Decomposition - caused by microorganisms is
responsible for the sustainability of various
processes
9.4 Threats to Biodiversity
Habitat Destruction/ Habitat Loss - is one of the
biggest threats to biodiversity. It is one of the
biggest threats to biodiversity
Over-exploitation - means harvesting species
from the wild at rates faster than natural
populations can recover. Overfishing and
Overhunting are types of over-exploitation.
Overpopulation – Human overpopulation poses a
threat to biodiversity if it is coupled with
unsustainable pattern of consumption and poor
government policies as regard food security and
conservation.
Invasive Alien Species – species that are
introduced accidentally or deliberately in that
habit or not in the normal distributional range
could threaten other organisms especially if the
species introduced have the same ecological
niche as those naturally existing in that
ecosystem. Are the second largest threat to
biodiversity after habitat loss
Global Climate Change - increase in global
temperature could be detrimental to some species.
9.5 Interrelatedness of Society, Environment
and Health
Living Organism - are dependent on their
environment in terms of living and reproduction.
Healthy Environment – means a robust and There are also 984 species of wild flora that are
well-preserved biodiversity. An ecosystem with a threatened for possible extinction, 179 of which
healthy and diverse species consequently results are critically endangered, 254 are endangered,
to a healthy diet of the population 406 are vulnerable and 145 are threatened.

Climate change – poses a serious threat to human
health and subsistence. Brought about by
anthropological activities causes significant
negative effect on human health and the
environment
Imported Pets - have been source of invasive
alien species. These imported pets can easily
survive and adapt to new environments and may
eventually dominate other native species. (eg
goldfish, turtles, spiders, lizards)

Biodiversity loss - these can be prevented Benguet Province - they launched a project to
through proper legislation, implementation of plant cherry blossoms to boost its tourism in
sound laws and policies, appropriate research 2016. there will be ill-effects of introducing alien
with adequate government support, education and and potentially invasive alien species.
awareness raising, and the sustainable use of
Invasive alien species and effects
biodiversity.
Alien species Effect on the ecosystem
9.6 Biodiversity in the Philippines Forest Mangrove host of unidentified termite
species
Philippines - it is considered a mega-diversity
invaded native communities
country when it comes to variety of ecosystems,
and affected many or all of
species and genetic resources.
Fire Ant the animals and plants in the
- one of the 17 countries in the world can have community; has fiery and
this much biodiversity. painful stings; nests in the
- on a per unit area basis, the Philippines soil.
probably harbors more diversity of life than affected vegetables and
any other country on the planet Sprialing Whitefly ornamentals. Accidentally
- the country host 52, 177 described species, it introduced with the
contains 2/3 of the Earth’s biodiversity and importation of ornamental
70% of worlds plants and animal species due kalanchoe in the 1970s.
to its geographical isolation. accidentally introduced in
the importation of potato
According to the Biodiversity Management
Riceblack bug planting materials. Heavily
Bureau of DENR, the Philippines is also
infesting potato farms in
considered a biodiversity hotspot specifically
Benguet in Northern
refers to 25 biologically rich areas around the
Philippines
world that have lost at least 70% of their original
American cockroach ubiquitous house pest.
habitat.
displaced most invertebrate
There is 1437 terrestrial mammals, birds, reptiles faunas; pest to agriculture as
and amphibians that are listed as threatened under Big headed ant it harbors phytophagous
DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 2004-15. Of insects that reduce crop
these 711 are endemic species or species that can productivity.
only be found in the Philippines.

Stephen Kent A. Malagday BSCS 1-1 Pasko sa Pamantasan date pls

 Invasive alien species and effects
Alien species Effect on the ecosystem
Jumping plant lice introduced by the typhoon in
1980. Has affected almost all
standing L. leucocephala
plantations.

Water hyacinth labeled as the “ecosystem

engineer” or “invasive
habitat modifier” caused
clogging waterways,
impeding boat transport, and
reduction in fisheries
productivity
Golden apple snail originally introduced to
increase the protein source
of Filipino diet, but became
a major pest in the farm rice.
can out compete native
Gold fish species of fish, stir up mud
when they fee, which
increases the cloudiness of
the water and affects the
growth of aquatic plants.

Wildlife Resources Conservation and

Protection Act or Republic Act No. 9147 -
prohibits the introduction of invasive alien
species into the wild because of their potential
adverse impact to the natural ecosystems.

- the act also provides for the conservation,

preservation and protection of wildlife
species and their habitats, in order to preserve
and encourage ecological balance and
biological diversity

Stephen Kent A. Malagday BSCS 1-1 Pasko sa Pamantasan date pls