Science, Technology, and Society
speech on the idea of manipulating
Chapter 11: The Nano World
Background of Nanotechnology
Nano​- originated from the Greek word
nanos ​ meaning dwarf
1 nm/nanometer​- measures a billionth
of a meter or 10 raised to negative 9
meter.
Nanoscience​- deals with the study of
phenomena and manipulation of
material at the nanoscale.
Nanotechnology- ​understanding and
control of matter at the atomic and
molecular levels in the range of
1-100nm.
Richard Feynman- ​ presented a
was the first federal agency that efforts
small particles titled “There’s Plenty of
Room at the Bottom” in December 29,
1959 during an American Physical
Society meeting in California Institute
of Technology which later on published
the same speech in February 1960 in
Caltech’s Engineering and Science
Magazine.
Norio Taniguchi- ​from Tokyo
University of Science, coined the
termed “nanotechnology”(1974). It was
initially description on semiconductor
processors such as a thin film
deposition and ion beam milling that
involves characteristic control in the
order of a nanometer.
National Nanotechnology Institute-
in nanotechnology.
Microscopy Tools in Nanotechnology
Electron Microscope- ​sample is
bombarded by electrons and monitoring
either scattering or transmission effects.
● Scanning Electron
Microscopy- ​3D images of
particles
● Transmission Electron
Microscopy- ​2D images of
particles but more rendered and
creates greater resolution.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope-
applying voltage bias between an
electrical probe tip over the surface of a
sample. Gerd Binnig and Heinrich
Rohrer developed the first STM at IBM
Zurich in 1981.
Atomic Force Microscope- ​pitched by
Binnig and Calvin Quate, AFM can
render image of different surfaces with
a similar mechanism of STM.
Carbon Nanomaterials
Classes of Nanomaterials
● Carbons Based
● Inorganic Based
● Organic Based
● Composite Based
Fullerenes- ​spherical carbon-caged
molecules with 60 or more carbon
atoms. Heat resistant and
superconductive. Discovered by Harold
Kroto, Sean O’Brien, Robert Curl, and
Richard Smalley first known as
Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball.
Fullerenes are widely used as
antioxidants that responds to free
radicals.
Carbon Nanotubes-​ cylindrical in
shape and linked in hexagonal shapes.
Sumio Iijima is credited to the
discovery. Nanotubes can be
cylindrical and open ends or closed
ends formed by pentagons in the ends.
Nanotubes are ideal for spacecraft
materials due to its strength-weight
ratio.
Graphene- ​a one atom thick sheet
tightly bound in a hexagonal lattice. It
is the thinnest and lightest compound
ever discovered. Discovered by Sir
Andre Geim and Sir Kostya Novoselov.
Graphene has a wide potential due to
its characteristics, most recently it is
being used in Lithium Based Batteries.
Issues and Concerns in
Nanotechnology
● Lower recovery and recycling
rates
● Lack of trained engineers and
workers
● Environmental Implications
● Dissemination of Toxic
persistent nano substance
● High-energy requirements for
nanoparticle synthesis
● Behavioral and Physiological
changes in water.
● Toxic in algae and water fleas
● Exposure causes growth delay
in crops.
● Can enter and damage the
bloodstream
 ● Increase of antibiotic resistant
superbugs
● Can damage DNA
● Toxic when ingested
● Nanotechnology can be
pervasive
● May introduce new efficiencies
and paradigms
● Difficult to detect in the body
Nanotechnology in The Philippines
Dr. Fabian Dayrit- ​chairman of the
Nanotechnology Technical Panel of
DOST.
Nanostructured Solar Device- ​UP,
Ateneo, and La Salle focused on the
development of solar cells based on
solid state nanomaterials and dye
synthesize materials.
Nanocomposite Materials-​ Led by Dr.
Blessie A. Basilia has come up with a
biodegradable, environment-friendly
food packaging materials that protects
food and extends its shelf life using
organoclay from local bentonite that is
blended with thermoplastic starch made
from cornstarch.
Nanoparticle TiO2 in Commercial
Paint- ​titanium dioxide is a
photocatalytic ultrafine TiO2
developed by Cristal Global was
incorporated in Boysen Knoxout. Paint
transforms airborne toxins into safe
residues. If exposed to UV light,
reduction and oxidation reactions leads
to formation of adsorbed Free radicals.
Climate Change and The Energy
Crisis
Climate Change and Global
Warming
Climate Change- ​any significant
long-term change in the expected
patterns of average weather of a region
over a significant period of time.
Impacts of Climate Change
● Direct Impact (natural
phenomenons)
● Impact on ecosystems and
environmental relationships.
● Indirect Impact(poverty,
conflicts, etc.)
Global Warming- ​is the slow increase
in the average temperature of the
earth’s atmosphere because an
increased amount of heat striking the
earth from the sun is being trapped in
the atmosphere and not radiated out in
space. Rising concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the earth’s
atmosphere has caused global warming.
Natural Causes of Climate Changes
● Volcanic Eruptions- ​discharge
of Carbon Dioxide, aerosols
(such as volcanic ash or dust)
and Sulfur Dioxide.
● Ocean Currents- ​distributes
heat around the globe. When
water molecules are heated,
they exchange freely with the
air in a process called
evaporation. Constant
evaporation increasing the
storms.
● Orbital Changes-
Precession(orientation if earth’s
axis of rotation),
Eccentricity(​deviation of a curve
or orbit from circularity.​), and
Obliquity(​angle of tilt of the
Earth's axis of rotation.​)
● Variation in Solar Radiation​-
changes of radiation depends on
the number of sunspots(darker
areas on the surface of the sun)
Anthropogenic Causes of Climate
Change
● Greenhouse Gases- ​gases that
traps heat inside the earth's
atmosphere.
- Carbon Dioxide
- Water Vapor
- Methane
- Ozone
- Nitrous Oxide
- Hydrofluorocarbons
● Deforestation​- ​permanent
removal of trees to make
room for something besides
forest.
● Coal Mining- ​invasion and
destroys sizable ranges of
wilderness area, displacing the
native fauna and removing
habitat and food source.
● Burning of Fossil Fuels-
hydrocarbons that produces
harmful greenhouse gases.
 ● Industrial Processes​-
industries and factories give off
various pollutants into the
environment including land, air,
and waters.
● Agriculture​- emission of
methane and nitrous oxide.
Climate Observation- ​sourced from
numerous meteorological and related
observational networks and systems
throughout the world.
Temperature Trends- ​ global average
temperature is one of the most-cited
indicators of global climate change.
Glaciers and the Global Sea Level-
Melting of land-based glaciers and ice
sheets & thermal expansion of the
upper ocean caused by warming
surface waters.
El Nino- ​large scale
oceanographic/meteorological
phenomenon that develops in the
Pacific and is associated with extreme
climatic variability.
Characteristics of El Nino
● Occurs in the pacific every 2-9
years
● Starts in the northern winter
● Once established, it lasts for the
1st half of the incoming year
● Exhibit phase-locking at annual
cycles
● It has a biennial cycle
Climate Indicators of El Nino
● Delayed onset of rainy season
● Early termination of rainy
season
● Weak monsoon activity
● Far Tropical Cyclone Track
● Less number of Tropical
cyclones entering PAR.
Drought- ​3 consecutive months of way
below normal rainfall condition.
Greater than 60% reduction
Dry Spell- ​3 consecutive months of
way below normal rainfall condition.
Greater than 21-60% reduction
La Nina- ​a weather occurrence brought
by the changing temperature over the
Equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Flooding- ​water inundates land that’s Energy Crisis Non-Renewable​- energy resources that
normally dry. Caused by excessive Forms of Energy are available in limited amount in
rain, a ruptured dam, rapid melting of ● Thermal nature.
ice and floodplain. ● Radiant ● Petroleum Products
● Kinetic ● Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids
Deadliest Typhoons in the ● Electrical ● Natural GAs
Philippines ● Chemical ● Coal
● Haiyan (Yolanda) ● Nuclear ● Nuclear Energy
● Thelma (Uring) ● Gravitational
● Ike (Nitang) Energy Crisis- ​the price rise of the
● Fengshen (Frank) Sources of Energy energy resources or a great shortage in
● Washi (Sendong) Renewable- ​energy resources that are the supply of the resources of energy.
● Durian (Reming) available in unlimited amount in nature.
● Bopha (Pablo) ● Solar Energy Causes of Energy Crisis
● Amy ● Geothermal Energy ● Oil Crisis
● Agnes (Undang) ● Wind Energy ● Over-Consumption
● Nina (Sisang) ● Biomass Energy ● Overpopulation
● Hydroelectric Energy ● Infrastructure Damage
● Aging Infrastructure
● Political Events
● Terrorism
Effects of Energy Crisis “May The Sol, Luna, and Stella guide in thy 
lofty quest, 
● Unexpected Power outage
● Oil price increase As We try and bring out our very best 

● Inflation As tears may shed and sacrifices are made, 

● Economic uncertainty May our smiles last longer never to fade” 
● Increase of domestic good price
 
● Rise in unemployment level
● Poverty
● Poor Health
● Low knowledge production
● Depletion on foreign reserve
● Devaluation of currency
● Increase of lending rate
● Slow pace of infrastructural
development.