BIOLOGY

BIODIVERSITY,
CLASSIFICATION AND
CONSERVATION
Anggraeni Kusuma
You should be able to:
Student are able to explain the importance of biodiversity in terms of ecosystems, habitats and species.

Student are able to investigate ecosystems using techniques for assessing the
occurance, abundance, and distribution of species.
Student are able to use the statistical methodsto analyse the relationships
between the distribution and abundance of speciesand abiotic and biotic factors.
Student are able to describe and explain how species are classified through the discussion.

Student are able to outline the characteristicfeatures of three domains and of the
four kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms.
Student are able to discuss the threats to the biodiversity of aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems and the reasons for the need to maintain biodiversity.
Student are able to discuss some of the methods used to protect endangered
species including the control of invasive or alien species.
Student are able to discuss the roles of non-govermental organisations in local
and global conservation.
 When a new species is discovered, it is given a scientific
name using the binomial system that was developed by
the swedish scientist Linnaeus. Each species is given two
names: the first is its genus and the two names together
indicate its species.

Species: is a group of organism with similar

morphology and physiology, which can
breed together to produce fertile offspring
and are reproductively isolated from other
species.
 A niche is the role of an organism in an ecosystem.

Ecosystems is a relatively self-

contained, interacting community of
organisms, and the environment in
which they live and with which they
interact.
 Biodiversity can be
Biodiversity defined as the degree of
variation of life forms in
an ecosystem.
This is usually taken to include
diversity at three levels:
the variation in ecosystems or
habitats
the number of different
species in the ecosystem and
their relative abundance
the genetic variation within
each species
 Congo basin in Africa
Presentations are communication
tools that can be demonstrations.

Amazonia
Presentations are communication
tools that can be demonstrations.

Sout-East Asia, the Caribbean

and Central America and Sout
west Australia.
 Species Tropican rainforest

Diversity
The number of species in a community is known
as species richness. Species diversity takes
species richness into account, but also includes a
measure of the evennes of the abundance of the
different species.
Species diversity is considered important because
ecosystems with high species diversity tend to be
more stable.
Coral Reefs
 Genetic Diversity
Genetic diversity is the diversity of
alleles within the genes in the genome
of a single species.

This diversity is important in providing

populations with the ability to adapt to
changes in biotic and abiotic factors,
such as competition with other species,
evading new predators, resisting new
strains of disease and changes in
temperature, salinity, humidity and
rainfall.
Assessing
species diversity

Collecting organisms
and making species lists
The first task when assessing
How would you start to investigate and
species diversity is to identify and
catalogue the biodiversity of an area
catalogue the types of organism
like this?
amd build a species list.
Biologists use identification keys to name the organims that they find.
The most common of these is a dichotomous key.
Sampling

To find out which species are present

in an ecosystem, and the size of the
population of each of them, the ideal
method would be to find, identify and
count every single organism that lives
there.
Classification

With such a huge number of different kinds of organisms living

on earth, biologists have always wanted to arrange them into
groups, a process called classification.

Taxonomy is the study and practice of classification, which

involves placing organisms in a series of taxonomy units.
 THREE DOMAINS

DOMAIN BACTERIA DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA

Breakoutroom

Let's discuss each characteristic and

classification in each kingdom along with
examples of species.
Kingdom Protoctista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Viruses
Dichotomous Key
LET'S TRY
IT!!!
 There are five major threats to
Threats to biodiversity
biodiversity habitat loss and the degradation of the
environment
climate change
excessive use of fertilisers and industrial and
domestic forms of pollution
the overexploitation and unsustainable use
of resources
the effects of invasive alien species on
native species, especially endemics
Habitat HABITAT LOSS

Fragmentation
Destruction of the natural environment
The clearing of land for agriculture,
housing, transport, leisure, facilities and
industry removes vegetation.

Many species of plant and animal either lose

their habitats completely or their habitats
become divided into small areas.
Pollution

In many countries,
industrial and domestic
waste is processed to
reduce its impact on the
environment.
(PCBs) Polychlorinated
biphenyls were used in various
manufacturing processes.

PCBs were one of the factors

contributing to the deaths of
selas in the North Sea from a
viral infection.

Among it's effect are weakening

of immune systems and
reduction in fertility in birds and
and mammals.
Non-biodegradable
Non-biodegradable plastic is a
plastic major marine poluttant. Animals,
such as dolphins and turtles, get
caught in discarded fishing nets
and die. Turtles eat plastic bags
mistaking them for jelly fish.
Fertilisers

The extra nutrients that become available to

river and marine ecosystems cause growth of
producers, such as algae. Many of these algae
produce toxic substances and their growth
often unbalances food webs.
Global Warming
and Climate
Change

Industrilisation and the extraction and combustion of

fossil fuels have also led to an increase in the
concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane in the
atmosphere. These are both greenhouse gases. .
The build-up of greenhouse gases is leading to climate
change.
 WHY DOES BIODIVERSITY
MATTER?
Moral and ethical reasons Aesthetic reasons

we share our planet with a huge Wildlife is a source of income for

range of other organisms and we many countries as ecotourim has
have no right to drive them to increased in popularity.
extinction.
Social and commercial reasons
Ecological reasons
Our crop plants do not have as
The higher the diversity of an
much genetic diversity as their
ecosystem, the less likely it is to be
wild relatives, because it has been
unbalanced by changes in
lost by selective breeding for
conditions or threaths such as
uniform, high-yielding crops.
pollution.
 PROTECTING ENDANGERED
SPECIES

Botanic gardens
Zoos
National Parks play similar roles to zoos for endagered
provide protection for plants.
are areas of land that are
endangered and Seeds or cuttings are collected from
controlled by the
vulnereble species, and species in the wild and the used to
goverment of a country and build up the population and will
have succes with captive
protected by legistatiion. reintroduced to their natural habitats.
breeding programmes.
Controlling
threat of extinction
alien species
Red lionfish, Pterois volitans, an alien
species that escaped into the Caribbean
and is causing havoc on coral reefs as it
eats many reef animals and has no
natural predator.
Protecting species under the
Alien or invasive species are those that
have moved from one ecosystem to
another where they were previously
unknown.
Invasive species have a variety of effects
on their new environments. As wll as
being successful predators with few
controls, they may compete effectively
with native organisms that occupy the
same niche, pushing them to extinction.
INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION
ORGANISATIONS

FFI IUCN
CITES WWF
(FFI) is an international
The International
conservation charity and
The World Wide Fund Union for Conservation
non-governmental
In 1973, 145 countries for Nature is one of the of Nature (IUCN) Red
organization dedicated
signed an agreement to best known List of Threatened
to protecting the planet's
control the trade in campaigning groups for Species , founded in
threatened wildlife and
endagered species and wildlife. Established in 1964, is the world's
habitats. Founded in
any products from them, 1961, WWF is the largest most comprehensive
1903, it is the world's
such as furs, skins and NGO specialising in inventory of the global
oldest international
ivory. conservation. conservation status of
conservation
biological species.
organisation.