species, though only 1.
75 million have
STS FINALS
REVIEWER
BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY – refers to the variety of living
species on Earth, including plants, animals,
bacteria, and fungi.
3 COMPONENTS OF BIODIVERSITY
 GENETIC DIVERSITY
- It is all the different genes contained in
all individual plants, animals, fungi and
microorganisms. It occurs within a
species as well as between species.
- Every species on Earth is related to
every other species through genetic
connections. The more closely related
any two species are, the more genetic
information they will share, and the
more similar they appear.
- An organism’s closest relatives are
members of its own species or
organisms with which it has the
potential to mate and produce
offspring’s. Members of a species share
genes, the bits of biochemical
information that determine. In part how
the animals look, behave and live.
 SPECIES DIVERSITY
- Is all the differences between
populations of species, as well as
between different species.
- Variety of species within a habitat of a
region. Species are the basic units of
biological classification and thus the
normal measure of biological diversity.
Species richness is in term that
describes the number of different
species in the given area. The world
total is estimated at 5 to 10 million
been named scientifically so far.
 ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
- Is all the habitats, biological,
communities and ecological processes,
as well as variation within individual
ecosystems.
- Ecological diversity is the intricate
network of different species present in
local ecosystems and the dynamic
interplay between them. An ecosystem
consists of an organism from many
different species living together in a
region and their connections through
the flow of energy, nutrients and
matter.
- Those connections occur as the
organisms from many different species
interact with one another. The ultimate
source of energy is almost every
ecosystem in the sun. The sun’s radiant
energy is converted to chemical energy
by plants. That energy flows through
the systems when animals eat the
plants and then are eaten, in turn, by
other animals.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
 HABITAT LOSS AND DESTRUCTION
- Usually as a direct result of human
activity and population growth, is a
major force in the loss of species,
populations and ecosystems.
 ALTERATIONS IN ECOSYSTEM
COMPOSITION
- Such as the loss or decline of a species,
which can lead to a loss of biodiversity.
For example, efforts to eliminate
coyotes of southern California are
linked to decrease in song bird
population in the area.
 INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC (NON
NATIVE) SPECIES
- Disrupt entire ecosystems and impact
populations of native plants or animals.
These invaders can adversely affect
native species by eating them, infecting
them, competing with tem or mating
with them.
 OVER EXPOILATION
- Overhunting, over-fishing or over-
collecting of a species or population can
lead to its demise.
 POLLUTION AND CONTAMINATION
- Human-generated pollution and
contamination can affect all levels of
biodiversity.
 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
- Species and populations may be lost if
they are unable to adopt to new
conditions or relocate.
LAW AND ORDERS TO SAVE BIODIVERSITY
 REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN
WATER ACT OF 2004
- The law aims to protect the country’s
water bodies from pollution from land-
based sources (industries and
commercial advertisements, agriculture
and community/households activities).
It provides for comprehensive and
integrated strategy to prevent and
minimize pollution through a multi-
sectoral and participatory approach
involving all the stakeholders.
 REPUBLIC ACT 8784 PHILIPPINE CLEAN
AIR ACT OF 1999
- The law aims to achieve and maintain
clean air that meets the National Air
Quality guidelines values for criteria
pollutants throughout the Philippines,
while minimizing the possible
associated impacts to the economy.
 REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC
SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND
NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF
1990
- The law aims to regulate restrict or
prohibit the information, manufacture,
processing, sale, distribution, use and
disposal of chemical substances and
mixture the present unreasonable risk
to human health. It likewise prohibits
the entry, even in transit, in hazardous
and nuclear wastes and their disposal
into the Philippine territorial limits for
whatever purpose; and to provide
advancement and facilitate research
and studies on toxic chemicals.
 REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
- In partnership with stakeholders, the
law aims to adopt systematic,
comprehensive and ecological solid
waste management program that shall
ensure the protection of public health
and environment. The law ensures
proper segregation, collection, storage,
treatment and disposal of solid waste
through formulation and adoption
through the formulation and adaption
of best eco-waste products.
 PRESEDINTIAL DECREE 1586
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
(EIS) STATEMENT OF 1978
- The Environment Assessment System
was formally established in 1978 with
the enactment of Presidential Decree
No. 1586 to facilitate the attainment
and maintenance of a rational and
orderly balance between socio-
economic development and
environmental protection. EIA is a
planning management tool that will
help the government, decision makers,
the proponents and the affected
community address the negative
consequences or risks on the
environment, the process assures the
implementation of environment
friendly projects.
 Technology can help us conserve at-
risk species by identifying threatened
habitats, monitoring wildlife status at global
and hyper-local levels, and beginning to
rehabilitate damaged ecosystems.
Technology can help biodiversity
preservation in ways that humans can’t:
1. A slow-moving, solar-powered
robot can monitor environmental
data over months or years without
disturbing wildlife.
2. A microelectronic prosthesis can
turn jellyfish into living sensors to
collect real-time data on ocean
health.
Microscopic radio transmitters and radar-
reflecting tags track invasive insects to their
nests and destroy their colonies.
3. An “Internet of wild things” that
uses Internet of Things (IoT) technologies
can monitor habitat changes and stop
animal poaching.
Technology can accelerate the healing of
harmed ecosystem:
1. Phytoextraction uses trees to
absorb metals in sewage,
transforming contaminated sludge
into fertilizer while creating a forest
that can be harvested to recover the
metals.
2. Sensors, drones, and repurposed
smartphones create early warning
systems to detect signs of unwanted
human presence in protected areas.
3. Autonomous robots could patrol
and block access to areas that
humans cannot or should not enter.
We have the opportunity to apply
technological innovation to conserving and
restoring biodiversity for the benefit of the
whole planet.
GMO – GENITICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISM
An organisms are genetically modified using the
genetic engineering process.
Also known as “TRANSGENIC ORGANISM”. It
allows selected individual genes to be
transferred from one organism into another,
also between nonrelated species.
Combined DNA from different species of plants,
animal, bacteria and virus gene. GMOs may be
plants, animals or micro-organisms, such as
bacteria, parasites and fungi.
HOW IT IS DONE
1. First, find an organism that naturally
contains the desired trait.
2. The DNA is extracted from that
organism.
3. The one desired gene (recipe) must be
located and copied from thousands of
genes that were extracted. This is
called gene cloning.
4. The scientist transfers the desired genes
to the plant's own genes (using a piece
of plant tissue). The methods of gene
insertion are called 'transformation'.
5. The scientist creates a new plant from
the genetically modified plant tissue.
6. The scientist checks that the inserted
genes function as expected.
 7. Verification of transformation and
characterization of the inserted DNA
fragment(gene).
CATEGORIES AND USES OF GMO
 MICROBES (GM ACTERIA)
- These organisms are now used for
several purposes, and are particularly
important in producing large amounts
of pure human protein for use in
medicine.
Ex.
Insulin
Enzymes
Food flavoring
Drugs
“My Wish” by Rascal Flatts
When it comes to wishes, I know that each of
us has our own, but I believe that one of our
common desires is to live a happy and
prosperous life, right? Wishes are made as an
expression of our desire for something. I feel
ecstatic after listening to the song; it made me
think of someone wishing me the best in life.
To keep going even when things get tough, and
for all of their dreams to come true. I chose
"My Wish" because it is a song written by a
parent for their children. We believe that our
family is unique, but that we are adored. In
line with the song, the narrator expresses his
undying love for his children. A parent's
greatest treasure is their children, for whom
they only wish the best. They always find a
way to assist their children in achieving their
goals. We all have parents who love and
support us.
1. Keep walkin’ - Even if many trials come
your way, don't give up; instead, use
them as motivation.
2. never look back, but you never forget -
Don't look back unless you can smile;
don't look ahead unless you can
dream.
3. you always forgive, and you never
regret - Always forgive but never
forget, learn from your mistakes but
never regret, people change, things go
wrong, but remember that life goes on.
4. May all your dreams stay big - is a wish
for someone's dreams to be fulfilled,
without any intervention by the
listener.
5. God's Grace - God's life, power, and
righteousness are freely given to
us. God works effective change in our
hearts and lives through grace. Grace
provides us with a new life that is not
condemned by God.