Welcome to the World

of Heavy Transport
 Heavy Transport
Objective:
The ultimate objective of every transport is to execute it in a safe manner.

Axle vs. Axle Line

A hydraulic plateform transporter consists of “ Axle lines”. Each “axle lines” consists of 2 axles or wheel set.

Types of Axles:
- Fuse Axle
- Pendulum Axle A = Knee
B = Hydraulic Cylinder
C = Turn Table
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Capacity vs. Payload
- The maximum load the transporter can carry before a safety feacture is activeted. The load and the self
weight of the transporter contribute to the activation of such feacture.
- The payload is the maximum external load the transporter can carry before a sefety feacture is acivated.

Pascal's Law:
Pascal's law states that when there is an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an
equal increase at every other point in the container.
 Heavy Transport
Types of Trailer in our fleet:
1). Goldhofer THP-SL
2). Goldhofer PST-SL/E
3). Scheuerle SPMT

GOLDHOFER TRAILER SCHEUERLE TRAILER

Heavy Transport

Naming of the suspension group

starts opposite to the operator
and follows a clockwise direction.
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DL - Direct line (Blue & Red)

IL - Indirect Line (Green & Orange)
AV - Axle Valve
SV - Split Valve
LV - Line Valve
CV - Cross over Valve
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Types of Suspension:
1). 4-Point Suspension System
2). 3-Point Suspension System

A trailer in a 4-Point suspension configuration uses 4-Hydraulic fields,

When we connect the support points, we
where the pressure in each field will be equal for each axle in this field.
will find the tipping lines indicated by the
The combination of axles in these fields will produce a combined
black lines.
pressure point as indicated by the black dots.

4-Point Suspension 3-Point Suspension

 Heavy Transport
Choosing the most appropriate hydraulic setup depends on various circumstaintial issues. There are some rules of
thumb to make these decisions.
These rules are numbered by their initial priority, however, depending upon the the situation, you may need to
deviate or change their priorities.

Ø Rules of Thumb & Terminology:

1. Always choose a hydraulic setup that provides sufficient stability.
2. Try to match the number of cylinders in each field. (Lifting & lowering remain reasonaly level)
(If it is not possible to match the number of cylinders in the fields, put the excess axles in the fields that
provide the side ways stability.)
3. In case of 3-Point suspension, the base of the triangle towards the position of the Power Pack.
4. Deciding on a 3 or 4-Point System.
 Heavy Transport
Deciding on a 3 or 4-Point System
i. Trailer manufacturers always presume the utilization of a 3-Point suspension system.
ii. A 3-Point suspension system with a centrally positioned load results in equal axle loading on the trailer.
iii. Disadvantage of 3-Point system is the reduced transverse stability arm in tipping triange. This also reduces
the allowable tilt angle of the trailer. (Stability on tilt angle)
iv. The 4-Point system provides a larger transverse stability arm and has a better degree of stability on
tipping. However, due to diagonal load transfer on an uneven road surface, the operator needs to monitor
and adjust the axle pressure continuously in order to avoid overload on any field.
5. Always start with a 3-Point system, when the stability is critical, or when a stability critical exercise needs to be
performed, always resort to a 4-Point system.
 Heavy Transport
Stability Calculation :

What is Stability Arm ?

The perpendicular distance running from the COG (Combined COG) towards the border line of the stability
area is called the “Stability Arm”.

What is Stability Angle ?

The stability angle is defined as the maximum angle, measured from horizontal, a transporter deck with load
can safely tilt.
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1st type of Stability :
Mechanical Stability / Tipping Stability

Formula 1:
Height of CoG= (Height of Trailer) + (Height of Saddle) + (CoG Height of Cargo) - (Trailre Axle Height)

Formula 2:

TipArm
Tan 
CoGHeight
 Heavy Transport
Example-1
SPMT Trailer Height = 1500mm
SPMT axle spacing = 1400mm
SPMT Track Width = 1450mm
SPMT axle Height = 300mm
Trailer Weight = 33 T (6 Axle lines + PPU)
Trailer CoG Height = 750mm above ground level
Reactor Weight = 120 T
Diameter of Reactor = 4000mm
Saddle Height = 675mm
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Example-1 (3-Point System)

A = 3 axles = 3 x 1400 = 4200mm

B = Half Track = 1450/2 = 725mm
X = 2 axles = 2x1400 = 2800mm
C = √(4200² + 725²) = 4262mm
a = (725*2800)/(4262) = 476mm

What is Combined Height of COG ?

= ((750x33)+(4175x120) )/(33+120)
= 3436mm
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Example-1 (3-Point System)

Height of CoG = 3436 - 300mm

= 3136mm

Tanα = 476/3136 = 0.152 = 15.2%

α = 8.6 ͦ
 Heavy Transport
Example-1 (4-Point System)

= ((750x33)+(4175x120) )/(33+120)
= 3436mm

Height of CoG = 3436 - 300mm

= 3136mm

Tanα = 725/3136 = 0.231 = 23.1%

α = 13.01 ͦ
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Summary:
When neglecting the any lashing arangement, the mechanical stability of a trailer is only dependant of:
1. Hydraulc setup of trailer (Tipping arm)
2. Height of CoG, above Tipping plane.
3. Weight of Cargo

When sufficient lashing is provided so we can use the combined CoG of trailer and Cargo, the mechanical stability of a trailer
also depends on:
4. Weight of Trailer

Standard limits the mechanical stability angle to 7 degree.

This means that any transport with a mechanical stability angle below 7 degree is considered as a critical.
 Heavy Transport
2nd type of Stability :
Structural Stability / Hydraulic Stability
When we are checking the structural stability, we actually check at which angle the axles of the
plateform/trailers will start to get overloaded due to the displacement of the CoG by the trailer angle.

The maximum structural stability angle will be found when the maximum axle load is achived.
 Heavy Transport
Example-1
SPMT Trailer Height = 1500mm
SPMT axle spacing = 1400mm
SPMT Track Width = 1450mm
SPMT axle Height = 300mm
Trailer Weight = 33 T (6 Axle lines + PPU)
Trailer CoG Height = 750mm above ground level
Reactor Weight = 120 T
Diameter of Reactor = 4000mm
Saddle Height = 675mm

Calculation of the axle loads

Total Weight = 120 + 33 = 153 T

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Example-1
Calculation of the axle loads

Calculation of the Structural Stability.

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Example-1
Calculation of the Structural Stability.
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Example-1
Calculation of the Structural Stability.
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Summary:
The structural stability angle mainly depends on ratio between the axle load and the axle capacity and the height of the center of
gravity.

An offset of the cargo' s CoG from the center of the trailer will reduce the structural stability.

We need to look at the structural stability in every tipping direction of the trailer.

Standard limits the structural stability angle to 4 degree.

This means that any transport with a structural stability angle below 4 degree is considered as a critical.
Heavy Transport