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Castelbaum 2009
Castelbaum 2009
Abstract: The hydraulic conductivity 共k兲 of specimens from columns containing initially dry sands mixed with bentonite slurries was
measured. The mixed specimens represented a range in void ratios 共0.672ⱕ e ⱕ 3.94兲 and bentonite contents 共0.61% ⱕ BCⱕ 7.65%, by dry
weight兲. The measured k values, which ranged from 2.4⫻ 10−7 cm/ s to 6.8⫻ 10−4 cm/ s, correlated poorly with the total void ratio 共e兲 of
the specimens, due to the complicating effect of the bentonite in the sand-bentonite slurry mixtures. However, the measured k values
correlated better with the void ratio of the bentonite 共eb兲, which is consistent with the results of previous studies involving permeation of
compacted bentonite and sand-bentonite specimens, even though the range in values of eb in this study 共42.5ⱕ eb ⱕ 127兲 was much higher
than that previously reported. The relatively large range in eb values for the sand-bentonite slurry mixtures was also consistent with the
relatively large range in measured k values, which are about one to seven orders of magnitude higher than values of k commonly reported
for compacted sand-bentonite mixtures, despite similar bentonite contents. In terms of bentonite content, addition of more than 3%
bentonite via slurry injection and mixing with the sands was successful in reducing the k of the unmixed sands 共9.4⫻ 10−3 cm/ s ⱕ k
ⱕ 5.4⫻ 10−2 cm/ s兲 by as much as four orders of magnitude to values less than 1.0⫻ 10−6 cm/ s.
DOI: 10.1061/共ASCE兲GT.1943-5606.0000169
CE Database subject headings: Bentonite; Hydraulic conductivity; Sand, soil type; Slurries; Soil mixing.
Coarse
Högsta 2002;. Ebina et al. 2004; Kaoser et al. 2006; Teachavora- Medium Fine Fines (Silt & Clay)
sinskun and Visethrattana 2006兲, the focus of virtually all of these 100 0
studies has been on compacted S-B mixtures being considered for 90 10
use as liners for waste containment applications as opposed to
0.075 mm
0.425 mm
Fine Sand
4.75 mm
formed on specimens from columns mixed with bentonite slurry 20 80
2.00 mm
Coarse Sand
containing ZVI, generation of hydrogen gas resulting from chemi- 10 Sand Blend
Bentonite
90
cal reaction between the ZVI and the bentonite 共e.g., Reardon 0 100
1995,2005兲 confounded the measurement of hydraulic conductiv- 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
Particle Size (mm)
ity, such that this study involved measurement of hydraulic con-
ductivity on specimens from columns mixed with only bentonite Fig. 1. Particle-size distributions for sands and bentonite used in the
slurry 共i.e., without ZVI兲. In addition, no contamination was used study
in the study both for safety reasons and because the lack of ZVI
obviated the need to consider mixing involving contaminated
media. Although the lack of ZVI and contaminated media may
limit the direct application of the results to the typical scenarios were 1.2⫻ 10−2 cm/ s, 5.4⫻ 10−2 cm/ s, and 9.4⫻ 10−3 cm/ s at
involving implementation of the ZVI-clay technology, the results void ratios, e, of 0.627, 0.700, and 0.406, respectively.
of the study provide insight into the expected hydraulic behavior
of S-B mixtures at relatively high void ratios, and may be useful
in other applications involving similar materials and conditions, Bentonite Slurry Preparation
such as disposal of dredged materials 共e.g., Lacasse et al. 1977兲
and slurried mineral wastes 共e.g., Carrier et al. 1983兲. Bentonite in slurry form was injected and mixed into columns of
dry sand. The bentonite slurries were prepared by mixing bento-
nite and tap water in varying proportions by weight. The bento-
nite content of the slurry, BCs, was defined as the mass of
Materials and Methods bentonite divided by the total mass of the slurry 共i.e., bentonite
plus water兲. The amount of water used to prepare the bentonite
Constituent Materials slurry was adjusted to account for the air-dried 共hygroscopic兲
gravimetric water content of the bentonite, which ranged from 8.5
The constituent materials for the S-B mixtures evaluated in this to 12.5%. The bulk bentonite was stored in sealed 19-L 共5 gal兲
study included two sands and a processed sodium bentonite. The plastic buckets provided by the supplier. The desired values of
two sands included fine-grained Ottawa sand 共Grade F-58 BCs for this study were 5, 6, and 7%.
foundry sand, U.S. Silica Company, Ottawa, Ill.兲 with a measured The dry mass of sand in the column was used as the basis for
specific gravity of solids 共ASTM D 854兲, Gs, of 2.67, and determining the minimum required amount of bentonite in the
medium-to-coarse-grained quartz sand 共Filpro #3 well gravel, slurry to be injected. The required mass of hydrated bentonite
U.S. Silica Company, Mauricetown, N.J.兲 with a Gs of 2.65. A slurry was determined from the percentage of bentonite in the
mixture of the two sands in equal proportions by dry weight slurry and the target bentonite content of the postmixed column.
共Gs = 2.66兲 also was used in the study. Based on the particle-size For example, for 1,000 g of dry sand in the column, a target
distributions of the two sands and the sand mixture shown in Fig. bentonite content of 3% in the postmixed column, and a 5% ben-
1, the Ottawa sand and the quartz sand were referred to as “fine tonite slurry, the relevant weights are 30 g of bentonite 共i.e.,
sand” and “coarse sand,” respectively, whereas the mixture of the 1 , 000 g ⫻ 0.03兲 in 600 g of total bentonite slurry 共i.e., 30 g/0.05兲.
two sands was referred to as the “sand blend.” Both fine and The total amount of slurry prepared in this manner was increased
coarse sands and the sand blend classified as poorly graded sands by approximately 20% to account for the capacity of the injection
共SP兲 according to the Unified Soil Classification System 共USCS兲 system 共e.g., hosing, fittings, etc.兲 and the samples required for
共ASTM D 2487兲. testing of the slurry.
The bentonite was a powdered, polymer modified, air-float High-speed colloidal mixers were used to produce the bento-
bentonite 共Hydrogel, WYO-BEN, Inc., Grey Bull, Wyo.兲. The nite slurries. Due to the volume of bentonite slurry typically pre-
physical and chemical properties and mineralogical composition pared 共approximately 3–4 L兲, smaller 1-L batches of a bentonite
of the bentonite are summarized Table 1. The bentonite classified slurry were initially mixed in a 1.5-L Cuisinart blender for 2 min
as high plasticity clay 共CH兲 according to the USCS. 共Yeo 2003兲. The smaller batches were combined in a 4.5-L War-
Tap water was used both as the mixing liquid and the permeant ing industrial blender and mixed for another 2 min. The viscosity,
liquid in this study. The measured chemical properties of the tap specific gravity, electrical conductivity 共EC兲, bentonite content,
water are shown in Table 2. The measured hydraulic conductivity, and temperature of the composite batch of bentonite slurry then
k, values based on permeation with the tap water in accordance were measured to verify and/or compare consistency in these
with ASTM D 2434 for the fine sand, coarse sand, and sand blend properties between each batch of prepared slurry used for the
column mixing tests. Viscosity and specific gravity were deter- ties of the bentonite slurry determined after initial preparation. A
mined using a Marsh Funnel and mud balance, respectively, fol- comparison of the results of the tests performed on batches of
lowing procedures in the American Petroleum Institute both the initially prepared slurries and the hydrated slurries indi-
Recommended Practice 13B-1 共RP 13B-1兲. The EC was deter- cated little change in slurry properties 共see Table 3兲. The prepared
mined using an EC probe and meter 共Model #150 Aplus, Orion bentonite slurries then were used immediately thereafter in prepa-
Research, Inc., Beverly, Mass.兲, and the bentonite content was ration of the mixed specimens 共i.e., without additional storage兲.
determined by drying a small specimen of the bentonite slurry in Overall, excellent control between desired and measured val-
an oven at 110⫾ 5 ° C. The bentonite slurry then was stored in a ues of BCs was achieved for all prepared batches. For example,
sealed 4-L plastic container and allowed to hydrate for a mini- for the desired values of BCs of 5%, 6%, and 7%, the ranges in
mum period ranging from 16 to 20 h. Following hydration, the measured values of BCs were 4.95% ⱕ BCs ⱕ 5.04%, 5.98%
bentonite slurry was mixed again in the 4.5-L Waring industrial ⱕ BCs ⱕ 6.02%, and 6.96% ⱕ BCs ⱕ 7.01%, respectively. This
blender for 2 min and the previously indicated properties were slight variability in measured BCs was not expected to have an
measured again to provide a check of the values of these proper- appreciable effect on the test results.
Table 3. Average Values of Measured Properties of Bentonite Slurries Used in the Study
Viscosity Specific gravity EC @25° C Temperature, Bentonite content of
共s兲 of slurry 共mS/m兲 T 共°C兲 the slurry, BCs 共%兲
Column Initial Hydrated Initial Hydrated Initial Hydrated Initial Hydrated Initial Hydrated
1 56 50 1.030 1.030 114.6 118.7 31.3 28.1 4.99 4.97
2 57 50 1.030 1.030 115.9 120.1 30.9 28.2 4.98 4.99
3 56 51 1.030 1.030 116.9 120.8 30.5 28.5 4.96 4.98
4 55 48 1.030 1.030 118.2 121.6 31.2 28.4 4.97 4.96
5 54 50 1.030 1.030 119.3 122.4 31.0 27.7 4.99 4.99
6 127 96 1.035 1.035 139.2 144.1 30.6 28.6 6.01 6.01
7 808 314 1.040 1.040 156.0 157.6 32.0 28.6 6.97 6.98
ered to the mixing zone during the downward pass共es兲 of the elevation as the top of the mixing zone. This procedure was re-
auger. Several combinations of test conditions resulted in required peated for the second downward and upward passes. However,
injection rates that exceeded the ability to deliver the minimum the slurry injection rate for the second downward pass was re-
volume of slurry in a single downward pass. Therefore, two duced to account for the increased height 共i.e., expansion兲 of the
downward passes with injection and two upward passes without mixing zone due to the volume of slurry injected during the first
injection 共i.e., four passes兲 were performed for each test column. downward pass. The auger was retracted completely from the
Once the slurry injection rate was determined and set, the ro- assembled column at the end of the second upward pass through
tating auger was advanced down through the inside of the as- the mixing zone.
sembled column until the auger injection ports were at the same
elevation as the top of the mixing zone 共i.e., top of the sand
Column Disassembly and Testing Procedures
column兲. The injection slurry was poured into the injector reser-
voir, all injector system connections were secured, the injector After mixing was complete, the assembled, mixed test column
motor was turned on, and the injection system fittings, hose and was removed from the mixing platform and the postmixed height
auger were filled with slurry. Advancement of the auger down of the test column was determined. The top plate, spacer sections,
through the mixing zone commenced when the injection slurry and any empty and/or 134-mm-thick column sections partially
was flowing out of the injection ports. The auger was advanced filled with sand-slurry mixture were removed. The sand-slurry
until the visible injection/mixing front 关see Fig. 4共a兲兴 passed com- mixture in partially filled sections and the base section was dis-
pletely through the mixing zone and approximately 20 to 40 mm carded. The 134-mm-thick sections completely filled with sand-
into the base section. At this point, slurry injection and auger slurry mixture then were removed one section at a time by sliding
advancement were stopped, auger rotation was reversed, and the a thin metal plate between two adjacent sections. The removed
auger was retracted upward through the mixing zone. The auger section then was fitted with filter papers, porous stones, end caps
was retracted until the injection ports again were at the same 共i.e., assembled into the rigid-wall permeameters兲 and weighed
Mixed Soil
Auger Blades
travel of auger
Direction of
Injection Port
Injection/Mixing
Front
Unmixed Soil
(a)
(b) (c)
Fig. 4. 共Color兲 Illustrations of 共a兲 column mixing scenario; 共b兲 slurry injection and mixing blades of auger; and 共c兲 mixed specimen within
permeameter segment of column prior to permeation
关see Fig. 4共c兲兴. The assembled permeameters were connected to a the ratio of the volumetric outflow to inflow rates, Qout / Qin, was
controlled source of compressed air for hydraulic conductivity 1.0⫾ 0.1, which are more stringent termination criteria than indi-
testing via panel pressure boards 共models M100000 and cated in ASTM D 5084 共i.e., k within ⫾25% of the mean value,
M116000, Trautwein, Houston兲. and Qout / Qin = 1.0⫾ 0.25兲.
Permeation was initiated upwards through the specimens. As
Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity such, maintaining the hydraulic gradient, i, at or below unity 共i.e.,
Hydraulic conductivity 共k兲 testing of the sand-slurry mixtures was i ⱕ 1兲 typically was necessary to avoid a quick condition due to
performed with tap water as the permeant liquid using the falling- the relatively low densities 共i.e., low effective stresses兲 of the
headwater/rising tailwater procedure described in ASTM D 5084. specimens tested. After upward permeation was terminated, the
However, permeation was terminated when a minimum of four direction of permeation was reversed 共i.e., downward permeation兲
consecutive values of k were within ⫾10% of the mean value and to assess the possible effects on k due to the direction of perme-
1 Fine Top 1.77 2.53 1.1⫻ 10−3 4.2⫻ 10−4 6.8⫻ 10−4 2.6 1.2
−7 −7
Middle 1.00 2.08 8.3⫻ 10 4.2⫻ 10 5.9⫻ 10−7 2.0 4.3
Bottom 0.924 1.27 7.7⫻ 10−5 6.0⫻ 10−5 6.8⫻ 10−5 1.3 2.2
−6 −7 −6
2 Coarse Top 3.53 5.75 2.6⫻ 10 6.1⫻ 10 1.3⫻ 10 4.3 4.6
Middle 0.847 0.98 2.2⫻ 10−5 2.8⫻ 10−5 2.5⫻ 10−5 0.79 3.3
Bottom 0.796 0.76 1.8⫻ 10−5 2.1⫻ 10−5 1.9⫻ 10−5 0.86 3.4
−6 −7 −7
3 Blend Top 2.77 5.10 1.1⫻ 10 2.9⫻ 10 5.6⫻ 10 3.8 4.2
Middle 0.979 2.21 6.9⫻ 10−7 1.9⫻ 10−7 3.6⫻ 10−7 3.6 4.4
Bottom 0.672 1.23 3.8⫻ 10−7 1.5⫻ 10−7 2.4⫻ 10−7 2.5 4.6
−4 −4 −4
4 Fine Top 0.750 0.61 3.4⫻ 10 2.6⫻ 10 3.0⫻ 10 1.3 1.6
Bottom 0.732 0.75 9.2⫻ 10−6 1.3⫻ 10−5 1.1⫻ 10−5 0.71 3.0
−7 −7 −7
5 Fine Top 3.94 7.65 9.9⫻ 10 3.6⫻ 10 6.0⫻ 10 2.8 4.3
Upper Middle 1.62 4.08 8.4⫻ 10−7 3.0⫻ 10−7 5.0⫻ 10−7 2.8 4.4
Lower Middle 1.26 3.02 8.7⫻ 10−7 2.7⫻ 10−7 4.8⫻ 10−7 3.2 4.4
−7 −7 −7
Bottom 0.850 1.83 7.8⫻ 10 2.1⫻ 10 4.0⫻ 10 3.7 4.5
6 Fine Top 0.883 1.98 4.2⫻ 10−7 2.3⫻ 10−7 3.1⫻ 10−7 1.8 4.6
Bottom 0.968 2.02 7.1⫻ 10−7 1.9⫻ 10−7 3.7⫻ 10−7 3.7 4.5
−7 −7 −7
7 Fine Top 0.957 2.34 1.1⫻ 10 4.2⫻ 10 6.8⫻ 10 2.6 4.2
Bottom 0.951 2.23 6.0⫻ 10−7 2.0⫻ 10−7 3.5⫻ 10−7 3.0 4.5
a
kgm = 共kukd兲0.5.
b
ks = k of sand 共fine sand: ks = 1.2⫻ 10−2 cm/ s; coarse sand: ks = 5.4⫻ 10−2 cm/ s; sand blend: ks = 9.5⫻ 10−3 cm/ s兲.
Hydraulic Conductivity magnitude higher than the value of kgm 共Table 5兲. These lower
The results of hydraulic conductivity 共k兲 testing of 19 test sec- measured values of k for all specimens of the sand-bentonite
tions recovered from the seven mixed columns also are summa- slurry mixtures relative to the sands alone are consistent with the
rized in Table 5. The results include the measured k values based addition of high swelling bentonite to the initially dry sands,
on upward permeation, ku, the measured k values based on down- which were free of fines.
ward permeation, kd, and the geometric means, kgm, of ku and kd. Third, the values of kgm for the specimens representing the top
Several observations are apparent from the k results shown in sections of the mixed columns are the highest values measured in
Table 5. five of the seven columns 共Columns 1, 3–5, 7兲, which is consis-
First, the values of the ratio of ku relative to kd, or ku / kd, tent with the highest void ratios in these columns also occurring
ranged from 0.71 to 4.3, although values of ku were greater than for the top section. However, for Column 2, the value of kgm for
values of kd for 16 of the 19 tests 共i.e., 84.2%兲. The tendency for the top section was the lowest value measured, even though the
ku to be greater than kd may be due, in part, to the different stress highest void ratio in Column 2 occurred for the top section. This
conditions imposed during upward permeation relative to down- difference highlights the fact that the measured k values for the
ward permeation. For example, during downward permeation, the specimens are a function not only of the void ratio but also of the
induced seepage forces work in the same direction as gravity such bentonite content within each section 共i.e., 5.75% for the top sec-
that the overall effective stresses in the specimen are expected to tion versus 0.98% and 0.76% for the middle and bottom sections,
be higher, resulting in lower void ratio and a lower k. In contrast, respectively兲.
during upward permeation, the induced seepage forces oppose
Finally, the values of kgm for the S-B slurry mixtures range
gravity, such that the overall effective stresses in the specimen are
from 2.4⫻ 10−7 cm/ s to 6.8⫻ 10−4 cm/ s. These kgm values are
expected to be lower, resulting in a higher void ratio and higher k.
about one to seven orders of magnitude higher than values of k
However, given the relatively low hydraulic gradients imposed
during upward relative to downward permeation, this effect of commonly reported for compacted S-B mixtures, which typically
seepage forces was likely greater during downward permeation. fall within the range 10−10 cm/ s ⱕ k ⱕ 10−7 cm/ s 关e.g., see Ken-
Nonetheless, the overall effect of direction of permeation was less ney et al. 共1992兲, Stern and Shackelford 1998兴, despite similar
than one-half of an order of magnitude. bentonite contents. The difference in results can be attributed pri-
Second, all the measured values of k 共ku , kd , kgm兲 for all speci- marily to the higher void ratios, in general, and the significantly
mens of the S-B slurry mixtures were lower than the measured k higher bentonite void ratios, in particular, of the S-B slurry mix-
of the premixed sand 共i.e., ks兲, as expected. For example, the tures evaluated in this study relative to compacted S-B mixtures,
previously reported values of ks ranged from 1.2 to 4.6 orders of as will be elucidated in the following discussion.
50 Final height, H
f
4 e = 0.125 + 0.429BC (r2 = 0.906)
Column Height (cm)
40
20 2
10
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Column Number
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
2 100
(b) Bentonite Content, BC (%)
Discussion
1.5 50
Fine Sand
Geometric Mean Hydraulic Conductivity, k
S-B Mixtures w/Fine Sand to estimate the minimum k of compacted S-B mixtures. This ideal
Geometric Mean Hydraulic Conductivity, k
Sand Blend
S-B Mixtures w/Coarse Sand mixture assumes that all water is associated with the bentonite
10-3 ? 10-5
S-B Mixtures w/Sand Blend and that the sand particles are impervious inclusions within a
matrix of saturated bentonite and do not affect the fabric of the
10-4 10-6 bentonite. The hydraulic conductivity of such an ideal mixture
would be controlled by the hydraulic conductivity of the bento-
nite, which is controlled by the fabric and the void ratio of the
10-5 10-7
Trend curve bentonite, eb. The fundamental definition for eb is the volume of
voids attributed to the bentonite, Vvb, divided by the volume of
10-6 10-8 solid bentonite in the mixture, Vsb, or eb = Vvb / Vsb. The eb of an
gm
(m/s)
冋冉 冊 册
10-7 10-9
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 w 1
Total Void Ratio, e eb = Gsb 1+ − −1 共1兲
r dm rGss
Fig. 6. Geometric mean of measured hydraulic conductivity values where Gsb = the specific gravity of solids for the bentonite; Gss
versus total void ratio for sand-bentonite 共S-B兲 slurry mixtures = the specific gravity of solids for the sand; r = the ratio of the dry
Column 3
Void Ratio for Bentonite, e
Column 4 tonite content, BC, compare favorably with those based on Eq. 共1兲
Column 5 for different values of dm. Thus, the simple expression for eb
1.45 - 1.54
Column 6 given by Eq. 共1兲 for compacted S-B mixtures was equally valid
100
ρdm of Specimen Column 7 for the bentonite slurry mixed sand specimens evaluated in this
1.4 study.
0.97 0.59
0.71 ρdm = Only 6 of the 19 calculated values for eb for the S-B mixtures
1.6 0.54
0.5 in this study fell within the range of possible eb values based on
50 1.18
free swell 共i.e., 33ⱕ eb ⱕ 47兲, suggesting that the majority of the
1.02 specimens were nonideal mixtures. Based on Kenney et al.
1.0 共1992兲, such nonideal mixtures represent situations where some
1.34 - 1.44 1.5 1.25
1.75 of the void spaces between sand particles are not filled with ben-
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 tonite, but rather are filled only with water. However, unlike the
Bentonite Content, BC (%) compacted S-B specimens evaluated by Kenney et al. 共1992兲,
where water was added to the sand and bentonite mixtures during
Fig. 8. Bentonite content versus void ratio of bentonite for sand- compaction such that the bentonite likely was not fully hydrated,
bentonite slurry mixtures tested in this study superimposed on curves the bentonite in this study added in the form of a slurry was fully
for constant mixture dry density, dm 共g / cm3兲, based on Eq. 共1兲 hydrated during mixing. In the latter case, the existence of iso-
lated pores containing only water without bentonite is unlikely.
Rather, the more likely scenario is that eb ⬎ eb,f-s represents voids
masses of bentonite and sand 共i.e., BC/100兲; w = the density of between individual sand particles that actually are filled with ben-
water; and dm = the dry density of the mixture. tonite in suspension.
In contrast to an ideal S-B mixture, Kenney et al. 共1992兲 noted For example, values of eb based on the mass of bentonite
that nonideal S-B mixtures may contain insufficient and/or inad- suspended in water, eb,susp, can be calculated as a function of the
equately distributed bentonite resulting in the voids between sand bentonite content of the suspension, BCsusp, and the specific grav-
particles being partially filled with free water, forming holes or ity of the bentonite, as follows:
defects. Kenney et al. 共1992兲 indicated that these water-filled
holes, which can form channels if interconnected, increase the k 共1 − BCsusp兲
of compacted S-B mixtures, and reported some values of k for the eb,susp = Gsb 共3兲
BCsusp
S-B mixtures that were closer to that of the sand relative to that of
the bentonite. The results presented in Kenney et al. 共1992兲 show where BCsusp is defined in terms of mass of bentonite per total
that the higher values of k for S-B mixtures, as well as for speci- mass of the suspension 共i.e., water plus bentonite兲. Values of
mens of bentonite only, correspond with higher values of eb. eb,susp calculated in accordance with Eq. 共3兲 are based on the
Therefore, Kenney et al. 共1992兲 concluded that both an adequate assumption that the bentonite particles are fully suspended in
amount of bentonite and a sufficiently uniform distribution of the water, such that there is no settling of bentonite. Although the
bentonite within the mixture are required for low-permeability definition of BCsusp given by Eq. 共3兲 is the same as that previously
sand-bentonite mixtures. defined for the bentonite content of the slurry, BCs, different des-
Kenney et al. 共1992兲 also indicated that, for the ideal sand- ignations are used here to distinguish the bentonite suspended in
bentonite mixture, the free-swell void ratio of the bentonite, eb,f-s, the voids of the postmixed and permeated S-B specimens 共BCsusp兲
represents an upper limit on the value of eb. Values of eb greater from that suspended in the prepared bentonite slurries used in the
than the eb,f-s indicate that conditions for ideal mixtures do not mixing process 共BCs兲.
exist due to water-filled voids within the mixture. The eb,f-s typi- Based on the assumption that BCsusp is the same as BCs for the
cally is determined from test procedures similar to those used to bentonite used in this study 共i.e., Gsb = 2.75兲, the limiting values of
determine the swell index 共i.e., ASTM D 5890兲, which typically eb,susp according to Eq. 共3兲 are 52.3, 43.1, and 36.5 for values of
ranges from 25 mL/2 g to 35 mL/2 g for sodium bentonites 共Lee BCs 共=BCsusp兲 of 0.05 共5%兲, 0.06 共6%兲, and 0.07 共7%兲, respec-
and Shackelford 2005a,b; Katsumi et al. 2007; Meer and Benson tively. Thus, in the case where bentonite can exist in suspension
2007兲. Based on the specific gravity of solids for the bentonite within the voids between sand particles, the upper limit on eb
共Gsb兲 used in this study of 2.75 共see Table 1兲, this range of free increases from the upper limit of 47 based on eb,f-s to 52.3 based
swell index values corresponds to values of eb,f-s ranging from 33 on BCs 共=BCsusp兲. This upper limit on eb of 52.3 encompasses an
to 47. additional 3 calculated eb values for the bentonite slurry mixed
As a result of the approach described by Kenney et al. 共1992兲, sand specimens evaluated in this study, such that 9 of the 19
the eb for each specimen tested in this study was calculated based calculated eb values were less than 52.3. Nonetheless, 10 of the
on the assumption that the volume of the voids for the mixed calculated eb values still fell within the range 52.3⬍ eb ⱕ 127.
specimen, Vv, equals the volume of the voids of the bentonite, Thus, the question remaining to be answered is how are such high
Vvb, or eb values possible?
One possible explanation, i.e., aside from experimental error,
Vv = Vt − Vss − Vsb = Vvb 共2兲
is that the injected bentonite slurry was diluted after mixing and
where Vt = the total volume of the mixed specimen; Vss = the vol- permeation such that BCsusp ⬍ BCs. For example, dilution of a 5%
ume of solids for the sand in the mixed specimen; and Vsb = the bentonite slurry to a 2.1% bentonite suspension within the mixed
specimen would result in an eb,susp of 128 based on Eq. 共3兲. In- this study also was evaluated. The results of the evaluation are
deed, the calculated values of BCsusp based on the measured shown in Fig. 9, where measured k is plotted versus eb for both
masses of bentonite and volumes of water for all 10 permeated the compacted bentonite and compacted S-B mixtures from Ken-
specimens where 52.3⬍ eb ⱕ 127 ranged from 2.1 to 4.3%, indi- ney et al. 共1992兲 as well as for the bentonite slurry mixed sand
cating that some dilution of the bentonite slurry had occurred specimens in this study. The estimated range in possible eb,f-s
during permeation. Such dilution conceivably could occur by pip- values also is shown in Fig. 9 for comparison.
ing of the bentonite from the specimen during permeation and/or As indicated in Fig. 9, the resulting values of eb and k from
by the addition of permeation water to initially unsaturated speci- this study appear to form two separate groups of data. The data in
mens. However, the relatively low hydraulic gradients employed Group I are characterized by values of eb 共42.5ⱕ eb ⱕ 66.7兲 and k
during permeation 共i ⱕ 5兲 suggest that piping was not likely, and 共2.4⫻ 10−7 cm/ s ⱕ k ⱕ 1.3⫻ 10−6 cm/ s兲 that are lower than the
no evidence of piping was observed during permeation 共e.g., values of eb 共73.7ⱕ eb ⱕ 127兲 and k 共1.1⫻ 10−5 cm/ s ⱕ k ⱕ 6.8
cloudiness in the outflow兲. Although the actual degrees of satura- ⫻ 10−4 cm/ s兲 for the data in Group II. Thus, the calculated eb
tion of the postmixed specimens prior to permeation were un- values for the data in Group I range from slightly lower 共0.90⫻兲
known, the results of separate mixing tests reported by to somewhat higher 共1.4⫻兲 than the upper limit of eb that can be
Castelbaum 共2007兲 based on the same equipment, materials, and expected for ideal mixtures 共i.e., eb,f-s = 47兲, whereas the calcu-
methods as used in this study indicate that the postmixed degrees lated values of eb in Group II range from 1.6 to as much as 2.7
of saturation for 7 of the 10 column specimens with 52.3⬍ eb times the upper limit in eb values expected for ideal mixtures.
ⱕ 127 ranged from 50 to 98%. Thus, the calculated values of eb However, the distinction in the two groups of data from this
ranging from 52.3 to 127 likely can be attributed, in part, to study shown in Fig. 9 is more apparent in terms of k. For ex-
bentonite existing within a diluted suspension between individual ample, the lowest k value in Group II of 6.8⫻ 10−4 cm/ s is 523
sand particles within the mixed and permeated specimens. times, or 2.72 orders of magnitude, higher than the highest k
Although the specimens for this study were prepared by mix- value of 1.3⫻ 10−6 in Group I. This significant contrast in the
ing dry sand with bentonite slurries as opposed to compacting range of k values for the two groups of data suggests significantly
wetted mixtures of bentonite and sand, the potential use of eb to different behavior in terms of the role of the bentonite in control-
estimate the k of the bentonite slurry mixed sand specimens in ling the k of the bentonite slurry mixed sand specimens. For the
10-1 10 -3
Coarse Sand
Measured Hydraulic Conductivity, k (cm/s)
(cm/s)
gm
S-B Mixtures w/Sand Blend
m
10-4 10-6
k = 0.1k 10
-4
10
-6
m calc
k = 10k
10-5 m calc
10-7
-5 -7
10 10
10-6 10-8 Trend curve
gm
-6 -8
m
10 10
10-7 10-9
(m/s)
(m/s)
-9
10-8 10-10 10
-7
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10-8 10 -7
10 -6
10 -5
10 -4
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
Bentonite Content, BC (%)
Calculated Hydraulic Conductivity, k (cm/s)
calc
(b)
Measured Hydraulic Conductivity, k (m/s)
well as the regression equation based on all the data shown in Fig.
10-3 ?
k =k
10-5 9 关Fig. 10共b兲兴.
m calc
10-4 10-6
Effect of Bentonite Content
10-5 10-7
k = 10k
m calc k = 0.1k
m calc
The kgm values for the bentonite slurry mixed sand specimens are
10 -6 -8 plotted versus BC in Fig. 11. The resulting trend in the data
10
shown in Fig. 11 is similar to the trend in k versus e shown in Fig.
6, due to the linear e-BC relationship 共see Fig. 7兲. That is, low
m
10-7 10-9
10-8 10-10
10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 Variable (Column No.)
Coarse Sand (2)
BC = 6 % (6)
BC = 7 % (7)
BC = 1 % (4)
BC = 5 % (5)
calc
s
t
t
hydraulic conductivity based on regressions shown in Fig. 9 for sand-
bentonite 共S-B兲 slurry mixtures: 共a兲 regression based on S-B slurry
-1 -3
10 10
Coarse Sand
mixtures from this study; 共b兲 regression based on all data combined
Fine Sand
-2 -4
10 10
gm
loosely distributed within the voids between sand particles, but < 60 Low
-6 -8
10 10
compacted S-B mixtures from Kenney et al. 共1992兲, although
there is significantly more scatter in the data and the correspond-
ing coefficients of determination, r2, are much lower. Nonethe- 10
-7
10
-9