CHEMISTRY

AT THE MACRO LEVEL

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY ALL ABOUT?
CHEMISTRY IN THE SERVICE OF SOCIETY

• FOOD
Agricultural chemistry is
involved in the production of many
agrochemicals such as fertilizers,
pesticides and herbicides and
animal feed additives, including
vitamins and antibiotics.
• WATER
The water source in the community can be river or
lake. Chemistry involved in water purification of a
community of a community water supply, when removing
impurities and eliminating toxic substances.
• SHELTER
The architects and engineers involved in
construction requires some knowledge of
chemistry, particularly the properties of
construction materials. Construction materials
include inorganic and mineral product such as
sand, bricks, cement, glass, steel, metal, roofing,
iron nails and screws, electrical wires and lighting
fixtures; organic materials such as wood, paint,
varnish, plastics, and sealants.
New construction materials: PVC,
polystyrene and other man made plastics.
• HEALTH AND SANITATION
Detergents have replaced soaps for laundry uses
because of better cleaning quality, especially when using
hard water like well-water. Detergents use, however,
introduces environmental problems. Certain types of
detergents (branched alkyl benzene sulfocates) are
nonbiodegradable. TPP builders in detergents contribute to
eventual eutrophication.
There is a variety of pesticides available in the
market for use at home. Before using any of these
chemical products, you must first read the labels for safe
handling and protection. Those who work in the health and
sanitation require basic knowledge of organic and
biochemistry.
Chemist have made significant contribution in the
development of drugs and medicines such as sulfa drugs,
antibiotics, anesthetics, steroids, and synthetic vitamins.
• CLOTHING
We ordinarily wear clothes made from plant
materials such as cotton, linen, and ramie; and
animal fibers such as wool, silk, and cashmere.
The main component of plant fabrics is cellulose.
This is the same materials used in paper
manufacturing. Animal fibers are mainly proteins;
hence, animal fibers are also called protein fibers.
Chemists have developed many synthetic
fibers such as rayons, dacrons, nylon, polyester,
polyamide, and acrylics. Synthetic fabrics
sometimes surpass the qualities of natural fabrics
in terms of strength, durability, softness, and
appearance.
• ENERGY
Communities need a continuous source of
energy for lighting and economic activities. The
Philippines derives energy mostly from imported
oil, volcanic sources, and waterfalls or dams. To
a little extent, biofuels like wood and farm wastes
are also used mostly in rural areas.
Petroleum oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
obtained from geologic deposits. These are
remains of plants and animals buried deep inside
the Earth under extreme pressure and heat.
• EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
As a student, you use many materials which are
products of chemistry– paper, pencil, ball pens, school
bags, laboratory desks, copying machine, and many
others.
Others:
• Computers
• Telephone
• Cellphones
• Radio
• TV
• Video machines
• etc
• Personal Care Products
You may be using different personal
care products– soaps, lotion, eye shadows,
lipsticks, shaving cream, hair gels and wax,
hair colors, etc. Face powders contains talc,
chalk, zinc oxide, titanium oxide and
selected pigment. Nail polish is pigmented
cellulose nitrate lacquer. Nail polish remover
contains either acetone or ethyl acetate.
• SPORT AND RECREATION
For recreation activities, there are new
materials like graphite-reinforced epoxy for fishing
rods and tennis racquets; nylon strings for guitar,
injection-molded polycarbonate for golf tees, a
core of cis-polybutadiene covered with copolymer
of ethylene and metacryllic acid for golf balls;
natural leader and synthetic leather for basketball
and volleyball; ABS plastics for football helmets,
polypropylene for surfacing of skating rinks; fiber
glass and reinforced plastics for bodies of bodies
of cars and boats.
• TRAVEL
We travel by air, land and water.
Chemical products have made possible the
modernization of all means of travel. These
include gasoline for car engines, synthetic
rubbers for car tires, nylon for boat sails,
fiber glass-reinforced polyester plastics for
ship bodies, graphite-reinforced epoxy resin-
composites for modern dirigibles, with
helium filled, neoprene-coted polyester
envelopes for lifting.
• DEFENSE AND SECURITY

ØIdentifying poisons
ØDNA tests
ØIdentifying dangerous drugs
ØAmmunitions
ØChemical explosives
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MATTER AND ITS

PROPERTIES
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• Discuss the particulate nature of
matter.
• Differentiate the three phases of matter
macroscopically and microscopically.
• Classify matter according to its
composition.
• Distinguish between physical and
chemical properties of matter.
• Relate the composition of a substance
to its properties
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What’s the
matter?
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• The physical material of the universe

• It is anything that has mass and
occupies space
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States of Matter
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Classifying matter according to

composition
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- study of MATTER and its changes;

also known as the “central science”
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Properties of Solid, Liquid and Gas

Property Solid Liquid Gas
Compressibility Negligible Low Highly
compressibility compressibility compressible

Volume Definite volume; Definite volume; Indefinite volume;

no change in no change in occupies the
volume even volume even entire volume of
upon transfer to a upon transfer to a the container
bigger container bigger container
Shape Definite shape; Indefinite shape; Indefinite shape;
maintains shape takes the shape takes the shape
even upon of the portion of of the container
transfer to the container it
another container occupies
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Classification according to state

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Classification according to composition

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Pure substance
ØAre always homogenous.
Ø contains only one type of matter and
have definite or constant composition
and consistent in chemical reaction.
Mixtures
• contains two or more substances
combined in such a way that the
properties of the components are
retained and are distinguishable.
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Classifying matter according to composition

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Element
- composed of only one type of atom.
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Compound
- composed of two or more elements.
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Homogeneous mixture
- composed of two or more pure
substances with uniform appearance
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Heterogeneous mixture
- composed of two or more pure substances but
with non-uniform appearance.
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Properties of Matter
Physical Properties. Some properties can be readily
measured with our senses, e.g. odor and color, instruments
are needed to measure other properties, such as electrical
resistivity , hardness, melting point, boiling point, density,
mass, volume, etc.
Chemical Properties. Describe the reactivity of a substance
towards other substances. Examples include:
Ethanol burns in air (reacts with oxygen in the air)
Sodium reacts vigorously with water,
Corrosion of metal parts (rust),
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is explosive
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Physical properties could be:

Intensive Properties
□ Independent of the amount of the substance that
is present.
Density, boiling point, color, etc.
Extensive Properties
□ Dependent upon the amount of the substance
present.
Mass, volume, energy, etc.
• Intrinsic Property
• Properties that are the same for all sample of
substance. This includes color, taste, melting
point and boiling point.
• Extrinsic Property
• Includes mass, volume and size could vary for
different samples of the same substance.
• Extensive Property
• Depends on the amount of matter in the system
• Intensive Property
• Are independent of the quantity of matter
Characteristic Properties: Used in
Identifying and Classifying Substances
• *A characteristic property is a chemical or physical
property that helps identify and classify substances.
• 1. Density: The density of an object is obtained by
dividing the mass by the volume. The densities of a
different kinds of matter such as plastic, wood, and
steel are all different. Scientists have already
determined the densities of many substances. The
known densities of the substances can be utilized in
comparing them with the density of an unknown
substance. You can gain information on the possible
identity of the unknown substance by finding any
matching densities.
2. Melting and Boiling Point. The melting point is the
temperature at which a substance changes from solid to
liquid, while the boiling point is the temperature at which a
substance changes from liquid to gas. Scientists determine
the melting or boiling point by heating a small sample of the
substance, keeping careful track of the temperature the
entire time. When they see a solid melt, they record the
temperature as the melting point. When they see a liquid
boil, they record the temperature as the boiling point. Then,
you could compare their melting point to a chart of known
melting points to determine their identity.
Moreover, melting, and boiling points can be used to
distinguish between pure substances and mixtures. Pure
substances have almost the same or sharp melting and
boiling points.
Mixtures melt and boil over a range of increasing
temperatures.
3. Magnetism. It is the force of attraction between a
magnet and a magnetic object. Some objects are attracted
to magnets, but some are not. A magnet can pick up a nail
but not a plastic cap or a wooden toothpick. There are
magnetic elements such as iron, cobalt, and nickel;
however, copper, aluminum, and zinc are not. Steel, which
contains iron, is also magnetic.
4. Solubility. Solubility measures how much of a
substance dissolve in a given volume of a liquid.
• For example, salt and sand have different solubilities in
water. If you add a spoonful of salt into a cup of water and
stir, the salt dissolves in the water very rapidly. However, if
you put a spoonful of sand into water and stir, the sand
settles to the bottom of the container as soon as you stop
stirring.
5.Heat Conductivity. It is a measure of the ability
of a substance to conduct heat. Different kinds of
materials respond to heat in different ways. Some
heat up very quickly, and others take a long time to
increase in temperature. This property is essential
in selecting materials for different uses. Aluminum
and iron are suitable materials for cooking pans
because they conduct heat well. However, various
materials are poor heat conductors. These are
usually used in household insulation, such as
keeping warm air inside a home on a cold day. The
rate of a substance's heat conductivity can be
measured and compared with the heat conduction
rate of a given substance.
6.Electrical Conductivity. It measures the amount
of electrical current a material can carry or its
ability to carry a current. Some substances
conduct electricity better than others. This means
that they allow electric charges to move through
them easily. Metal like copper is used to carry
electricity because it is a good conductor. Materials
that do not conduct efficiently, such as rubber and
plastics, obstruct the charge flow. The scientist
uses proper equipment in testing the electric
conductivity of an unknown substance.
Activity No. 1
• Classify each of the following properties as Physical or Chemical.
1. Sulfur is bright yellow.
2. Heated sulfur that is lowered in a jar of pale green chlorine gas
produces yellow-white fumes
3. It melts at 389.8 K.
4. It is insoluble in water.
5. It is solid at room temperature.
6. Silicon is hard.
7. Cadmium is poisonous.
8. Hydrogen catches fire when ignited in air.
9. Gallium liquefies at hand temperature.
10. Ice floats on water.
• Identify each of the following as Chemical
or Physical Change.
1. Ripening of banana
2. Mashing banana
3. Making concrete from sand, gravel and cement
4. Cooking oil solidifies inside the refrigerator
5. Milk turning sour
6. Aluminum is magnetized
7. Evaporating gasoline
8. Heating iron until it becomes red hot
9. Disappearance of mothballs
10. Dyeing of cloth
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Real-life Applications
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Instruction: Classify each of the materials. In the center column, state

whether the material is a pure substance or mixture. If the material is a
pure substance, further classify it either as an element or a compound
in the right column. Similarly, if the material is a mixture, further classify
it as homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Material Pure Substance Element, Compound,
Heterogeneous,
or Mixture Homogeneous

1.) Concrete

2.) Sugar + pure water

3.) iron filings

4.) limestone (CaCO3)

5.) orange juice with pulp

6.) Pacific Ocean

7.) Air inside the balloon

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8.) aluminum

9.) Magnesium

10.) acetylene (C2H2)

11.) tap water

12.) soil

13.) pure water

14.) chromium

15.) salt + pure water

16.) benzene

17.) muddy water

18.) baking soda (NaHCO3)

19.) brass (Cu mixed with Zn)

20.) sugar
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2.) Below is a short description of the element tungsten (W).

What are the physical and chemical properties of the element
are mentioned?
Tungsten has the highest melting point among the
elements. It melts at 3410 degree Celsius and boils at 5660
degree Celsius. Due to its extremely high melting point,
tungsten is used as a filament in electric lamps. Its density is
19.3 g/cm3 at 25 degree Celsius. In its pure form, tungsten is
steel gray to white in color. It can combine in air especially at
high temperature to form tungstic oxide. The metal is
commercially obtained by the reaction of tungstic oxide with
hydrogen or carbon.
SEPARATION METHODS
Separating Mixtures

• Substances in a mixture are physically combined, so

processes bases on differences in physical
properties are used to separate component
• Numerous techniques have been developed to
separate mixtures to study components
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• Filtration
• Chromatography
• Centrifuging
• Evaporating
• Crystallization
• Dissolving
• Decantation
• Sieving
• Flotation
• Physical Means
Filtration

• Used to separate heterogeneous

mixtures composed of solids and liquids
• Uses a porous barrier to separate the
solid from the liquid
• Liquid passes through leaving the solid
in the filter paper
Filtration can be used
to separate an
insoluble substance
from a soluble
substance
Distillation

• Used to separate
homogeneous mixtures
• Based on differences in
boiling points of
substances involved
Simple distillation
• Is a method used for the separation of components of a
mixture containing miscible liquids that boil without
decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling
points.
• The process involves heating a liquid to its boiling points,
and transferring the vapors and collecting the condensed
liquid in the container.
• In this process, when the temperature of a liquid rises, the
vapor pressure of the liquid increases. When the vapor
pressure of the liquid and the atmospheric pressure reach
at the same level, the liquid passes into its vapor state. The
vapors pass over the heated portion of the apparatus until
they come in contact with the cold surface of the water cold
condenser. When the vapors cools, it condenses and
passes down the condenser and is collected into the
receiver through the vacuum adapter.
Evaporation can
be used to
separate a solute
from the solvent
in a solution
Crystallization

• Separation technique that results

in the formation of pure solid
particles from a solution
containing the dissolved
substance
• As one substance evaporates,
the dissolved substance comes
out of solution and collects as
crystals
• Produces highly pure solids
• Rocky candy is an example of
this
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Centrifuging
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•Centrifuges rotate containers of

liquids to separate suspended
materials with different densities.
•Centrifuges separate different
components of human blood or milk and to
clarify solutions. A high speed separator
can rotate at great speed to separate fat
(cream) from milk.
•The spin drier in washing machines is a
type of centrifuge that throws out the
liquid by the "centrifugal force" of the
rotation.
A magnet
• Can be used to separate a magnetic
substance from a non-magnetic substance
Chromatography
• Separates components of a
mixture based on ability of each
component to be drawn across the
surface of another material
• Mixture is usually liquid and is
usually drawn across
chromatography paper
• Separation occurs because
various components travel at
different rates
• Components with strongest
attraction for paper travel the
slowest
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• Chromatography ( colour writing) is

used to separate small amounts of
chemicals so that they can be
analysed.
• Different substances or different
components move at different speeds
through a strip of wet paper a gel or a
gas.
Decantation

• Decanting is done to
separate particulates
from a liquid by allowing
the solids to settle to the
bottom of the mixture
and pouring off the
particle-free part of the
liquid. Another method
is to allow two
immiscible liquids to
separate and the lighter
liquid is poured off.
Sieving

• a porous material is used to separate particles of

different sizes.
• method is most commonly used to effect gross
separations, as of liquids from suspended crystals or
other solids.
• to accelerate filtration, pressure usually is applied.
• a series of sieves is stacked, with the screen of largest
hole size at the top