Human Reproduction

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HUMAN REPRODUCTION–2
Oogenesis :
It is the process by which mature female gamete (ovum) develop from gamete
mother cells (oogonia) and it is initiated during embryonic development.
The process takes place in ovaries which are located near kidneys and attached
to lower abdominal cavity through mesovarium.
Structure of Ovaries
Outer layer called Germinal epithelium is composed of a single layer of
cubical cells.
Inner layer called tunica albuginea is composed of white fibrous connective
tissue.
Inner part of ovary called stroma is differentiated into two zones.
Outer peripheral part called cortex contains numerous spherical cells known
as ovarian follicles.
Inner part called medulla contains loose connective tissue, elastic fibres
and some smooth muscle fibres.
Uterine fundus
Uterine cavity
Isthmus
Fallopian
Ampulla tube
Infundibulum
Endometrium Ovary
Myometrium
Fimbriae
Perimetrium
Cervix
Cervical canal
Vagina
Oogenesis occurs in three stages

1. Multiplication phase
2. Growth phase
3. Maturation phase
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1. Multiplication phase :
During embryonic development primordial germ cells situated in the cortical
region of each ovary multiple mitotically to produce a couple of million gamete
mother cells (oogonia).
No more oogonia are formed after birth.
2. Growth phase :
Ovarian follicles consisting of an oocyte present at the cortical region gets
surrounded by some layers of follicular cells and granulosa cells derived from
the germinal epithelium lining the ovary.
Oogonial cells undergo divisions, then enter the prophase-I of the meiotic division
gets temporarily arrested at this stage and are called primary oocytes. They
remain arrested at this stage until a girl begins her first menstrual cycle.
Each primary oocyte then gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells and is
now called primary follicle.
A large number of these follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to
puberty. Therefore, at puberty only 60,000-80,000 primary follicles are left in
each ovary.
3. Maturation phase :
It is the longest phase in human.
With the onset of puberty, primary follicles begins to mature, gets surrounded
by layers of granulosa cells and a new theca and are now called secondary
follicle.
Secondary follicle soon transforms into tertiary follicle which is characterised by
a fluid filled cavity called antrum. The fluid of antrum is liquor folliculi which
gets organised into inner layer of oestrogen secreting cells, the theca interna
and an outer layer of connective tissue called theca externa.
(i) First maturation/meiotic division
At puberty, the primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows in size and
completes its 1st meiotic division.
It is an unequal division resulting in the formation of a large haploid secondary
oocyte and a tiny 1st polar body. The secondary oocyte retains bulk of the
nutrient rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte.
The 1st polar body may undergo degeneration due to lack of cytoplasm or may
divide.
The tertiary follicle further changes into the mature follicle or Graafian
follicle. The secondary oocyte forms a new membrane called zona pellucida
surrounding it.

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In the presence of LH hormone, the Graafian follicle now ruptures to release
the secondary oocyte developing (ovum) from the ovary by the process called
ovulation. After ovulation the ruptured follicle left in the ovary is converted to
a structure called corpus luteum, which secretes mainly progesterone.
Tertiary follicle
Primary follicle showing antrum
Blood vessels Graafian follicle
Ovum
Corpus
luteum
(ii) Second meiotic division

It takes place when a sperm fertilize the secondary oocyte.
It produces a 2nd polar body and a fertilized egg containing 46 chromosomes,
half of them coming from the sperm.
Chromosome
number Oogonia
per cell
Mitosis
46 differentiation
Fetal life Primary oocyte
1st meiotic
division
Birth (completed
Childhood prior to
Puberty ovulation)
23
First Secondary oocyte
polar body
Adult
reproductive Ovum
23
life Second
polar body

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Human Reproduction

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Oogenesis occurs in three stages

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Blood vessels Graafian follicle

(ii) Second meiotic division

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