CHEMISTRY REVEIEWER Chemistry – is the study of matter and the

changes it undergoes.
DETERMINING TRAITS OF AN ELEMENT
THROUGH ATOMIC AND MASS NUMBER Matter – is anything that occupies space and
has mass.
53
I 131 Substance – is a form of matter that has
definite composition and distinct properties.
PROTONS 53
ELECTRONS 53
NEUTRONS 78 Mixture – is a combination of two or more
K2 L8 M18 N31 / substances in which the substances retain
ELECTRON
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
CONFIGURATION 0 4p65s2 4d10 5p5 their distinct identities.
VALENCE ELECTRON 1
VALENCE NUMBER +1 - Homogenous Mixture – composition
GROUP 17 of the mixture is the same throughout.
PERIOD 5
- Heterogenous Mixture – composition
BLOCK P
is not uniform throughout.
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION GUIDE
Physical means can be used to separate
pure components from a mixture. (e.g.
distillation, filtration, magnetism, etc.)

Element – is a substance that cannot be

separated into simpler substances by
chemical means. (144 elements, 82 occur
naturally on Earth, 32 were created by
ASSIGNING OXIDATION NUMBERS
scientists.) (Pure Element and Molecular

Condition ON Element).
1. Uncombined State 0
2.Combined State: Compound – is a substance composed of
- Group 1A, 2A, 3A +1, +2, +3 two atoms of two or more chemically united
- Hydrogen /(Hydride) +1 (-1)
- Oxygen / (Peroxide) -2 (-1) in fixed proportions.
- Halogens (not -1
bonded w/ Oxygen Physical Change – does not alter the
3. Algebraic Sum of ON
composition or identity of a substance.
- Neutral compound 0
Equal to
- Ions Chemical Change – alters the composition or
charge
identity of the substance(s) involved.
Extensive Property – depends upon how
much matter is being considered (mass,
length, volume).
Intensive Property – does not depend upon
how much matter is being considered
(density, temperature, color)
Scientific Method – is a systematic approach
to research
Hypothesis - is a tentative explanation for a
set of observations.
Law – is a concise statement of a relationship
between phenomena that is always the
same under the same conditions.
Theory - is a unifying principle that explains a
body of facts and/or those laws based on
them.
George Gamow (1940) – hypothesized that
the universe began with a gigantic explosion
or big bang.
Spectator Ions – atoms that did not undergo
redox reaction.
Atomic Mass – is the mass of an atom in
atomic mass units (amu)
Average Atomic Mass – is the weighted
average of all of the naturally occurring
isotope of the element.
The Mole (mol) – is the SI unit for the amount
of substance.
Molar Mass - is the mass of 1 mole of a
substance in grams.
- Avogadro’s Number
Molecular Mass – is the sum of the atomic
masses in a molecule.
Dimensional Analysis - is a problem-solving
method that uses the fact that any number
or expression can be multiplied by one
without changing its value.
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑞𝑡𝑦
𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑞𝑡𝑦 ×
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡𝑦
Formula Mass – is the sum of the atomic
masses in a formula unit of an ionic
compound.
Percent Composition of an element in a
compound is:
SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
1. SI (Systeme International) –
standard measurements accepted
internationally.
2. Metric (CGS) Gaussian System – uses
the power of 10 (b, Kb, Mb, Gb, Tb).
3. US Customary / English System – used
by most English-speaking countries
(lb, ft, in, slug, etc.).
 SI UNITS English System Units

METRIC SYSTEM PREFIXES

Prefix Symbol Power

Yotta Y 1024
Zetta Z 1021
Exa E 1018
Peta P 1015
Tera T 1012
Giga G 109
ENGLISH SYSTEM TO SI UNITS
Mega M 106
Kilo k 103
Hecto H 102
Deca da 101
Deci D 10-1
Centi C 10-2
Milli M 10-3
Micro µ 10-6
Nano n 10-9
Limiting Reagent – reactant used up first in
Pico p 10-12
the reaction.
Femto f 10-15
Atto a 10-18 Theoretical Yield – is the amount of product
Zepto z 10-21 that would result if all the limiting reagent
Yocto y 10-24 reacted.

Actual Yield – is the amount of product

actually obtained from a reaction.
 achieved (energy, pressure, volume,
temperature).

First Law of Thermodynamics - energy can

THERMOCHEMISTRY be converted from one form to another, but
cannot be created nor destroyed.
THERMOCHEMISTRY – is the branch of
thermodynamics that deal with the heat Redox reactions - are reactions in which one
absorbed or produced by a chemical species is reduced and another is oxidized.
reaction. Therefore, the oxidation state of the species
involved must change.
Energy – is the capacity to do work

Oxidation Reaction – part of the reaction

- Radiant Energy – comes from the sun
where loss of electrons and gain of oxidation
and is earth’s primary energy source.
number occur.
- Thermal Energy – is the energy
associated with the random motion Reduction Reaction – part of the reaction
of atoms and molecules. where gain of electrons and loss of oxidation
- Chemical Energy – is the energy number occur.
stored within the bonds of chemical
substances.
- Nuclear Energy – is the energy stored
in the collection of neutrons and
protons in the atom.
- Potential Energy – is the energy
available by virtue of an object’s
position.

Heat – is the transfer of thermal energy

between two bodies that are at different
temperatures.

Temperature – is the measurement of thermal

energy.

State Functions – are properties that are

determined by the state of the system,
regardless of how that condition was